The Fundus

Question 1

what are the components of the fundus

Answer 1

scelera

choroid

tapetum

RPE (pigment)

neurosensory retina

Question 2

what species have a holangiotic retinal vascular pattern

Answer 2

canine

feline

also bovine, caprine, and ovine

Question 3

which retinal vascualr pattern do rabbits have

Answer 3

merangiotic

Question 4

what are the hallmarks of fundus disease

Answer 4

retinal hemorrhage

rentinal detachment

vascular changes

altered tapetal reflectivity

altered pigmentation

altered optic nerve head appearance

Question 5

causes of retinal hemorrhage

Answer 5

anemia

systemic hypertension

hyperviscosity

diabetes

chorioretinitis

coagulopathy

trauma

retinal detachment

Question 6

retinal hemorrhage that has a keep boat shape is located _______

Answer 6

pre-retinal

Question 7

retinal hemorrhage within the nerve fiber layer has what appearance

Answer 7

flame shaped

Question 8

hemorrhage within the retina has what appearance

Answer 8

dot-blot

Question 9

sub-retinal hemorrhage has what pattern

Answer 9

diffuse, irregular

looks like a coverslip that has been placed on a drop of blood

Question 10

what shoud your inital work up for retinal hemorrhage include

Answer 10

CBC/CHEM

PT/aPTT

blood pressure

Question 11

what are the 2 types of detachment

Answer 11

bullous = medical disease

rhegmatogenous = surgical disease

Question 12

bullous detachment

Answer 12

multifocal

serious

common early sign of feline hypersensitive retinopathy

Question 13

treatment for bullous detachment

Answer 13

treat underlying cause and hypertensive therapy

Question 14

which breed commonly gets rhegmatogenous detachment with vitreous degeneration (vitreoretinopathy)

Answer 14

shih tzu

Question 15

attenuation (thinning) of retinal vasculature is seen with

Answer 15

retinal degeneration

Question 16

increased tortuosity of vasculature is commonly a result of ___

Answer 16

hypertension

hyperviscosity

Question 17

hyperreflective tapetum is due to

Answer 17

retinal thinng

retinal degeneration/scarring; retinal detachment/tear

Question 18

causes of hyporefelctive tapetum

Answer 18

increased retinal thickness

folding, edema, infiltrates, effusion

Question 19

characterisitics of progressive retinal atrophy (PRA)

Answer 19

bilateral & symmetrical

initial night blindness

gradual loss of vision

not treatment

Question 20

clinical signs of progressive retinal atrophy (PRA)

Answer 20

slow/incomplete PLRs

narrowing and loss of retinal blood vessels

tapetal hyper-reflectivity

optic nerve atrophy

secondary cataract formation

Question 21

sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS)

Answer 21

bilateral & symmetrical

sudden loss of vision

acute photoreceptor death

dilated pupils - PLR often (+) but sluggish

Question 22

signalment of SARDS

Answer 22

middle/older dogs

obesity/wt gain

PU/PD/PP

CBC/CHEM abnormalities suggestive of Cushing’s (majority do not have Cushing’s disease)

Question 23

Feline Central Retinal Degeneration may be associated with _____

Answer 23

dietary taurine deficiency

“vegan cats”

Question 24

which drugs can have an adverse reaction causing retinal degeneration

Answer 24

enrofloxacin in cats

Question 25

what dis?

Answer 25

**Chorioretinitis - active lesion** * poorly circumscribed, raised, grey-white areas of edema or cellular infiltrate* * hyper reflective over the tapetum* * pale over pigmented non-tapetum*

Question 26

what dis?

Answer 26

**Chorioretinitis - inactive lesion** *well circumscribed, flat, scarring*

Question 27

treatment of chorioretinitis

Answer 27

address specific cause if unknown anti-microbial (if indicated) anti-inflammatory

Question 28

clinical findings with optic neuritis

Answer 28

abnormal PLR peripheral blindness (affects part of the visual pathway that is shared with the PLR)

Question 29

differential for optic neuritis

Answer 29

infectious (distemper, toxo, neospora, ehrilichia, fungal - blasto, cryptococcus) inflammatory (GME, immune mediated/idiopathic) neoplastic (lymphoma)

Question 30

what is the main goal as a clinician with blindness

Answer 30

establish of the blindness is the result of an opthalmological or neurological disease

Question 31

peripheral blindness

Answer 31

visual pathway shared with PLR eye, optic nerve, optic chiasm, proximal optic tract

Question 32

central blindness

Answer 32

visual pathway is not shared with PLR +/- abnormal behavior, seizures, sensory or postural deficits

Question 33

T/F PLR can be preserved in retinal disease that spare the inner retina

Answer 33

**True**