The gastrointestinal system

Question 1

What are the four layers of the GI tract?

Answer 1

Mucosa (inner layer), submucosa, Muscularis, serosa.

Question 2

What is the mucosa layer?

Answer 2

The mucous layer in direct contact with the contents of the GI tract.

Question 3

What is the submucosa layer?

Answer 3

contain blood and lymphatic vessels to receive nutrients

Question 4

What is the serosa layer?

Answer 4

Covers the organs of the abdomen.

Question 5

What are proteases?

Answer 5

Enzyme that break down proteins.

Question 6

What are lipases?

Answer 6

Enzyme that break down lipids.

Question 7

Where is the liver situated?

Answer 7

In the Right upper quandrant.

Question 8

What are the three salivary gland and where are they located?

Answer 8

The parotid (anterior ear), submandibular (floor mouth), Sublingual (under tongues)

Question 9

What are the salivary amylase job?

Answer 9

Digest carbs,

Question 10

What is the job of the lingual lipase?

Answer 10

Begin digestion the triglycerides.

Question 11

What is the lyzozymes job?

Answer 11

kill bacteria protection from infection.

Question 12

What control the salivation?

Answer 12

The parasympathetic system.

Question 13

How many layer of muscle does the stomach has?

Answer 13

3

Question 14

What are the two sphincter of the stomach?

Answer 14

The lower esophageal, and the pyloric

Question 15

What is the four main section of the stomach?

Answer 15

Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus.

Question 16

What are the four exocrine gland cells?

Answer 16

Mucus neck cells, Chiefs cell, Parietal cells, G cells.

Question 17

What does mucus neck cells do?

Answer 17

Secrete mucus.

Question 18

What does the Chief cells do?

Answer 18

Secrete inactive pepsinogen

Question 19

What does the parietal cells do?

Answer 19

Produce HCL and intrinsic factor

Question 20

What does G cells do?

Answer 20

Produce gastrin hormone.

Question 21

What activate pepsinogen?

Answer 21

HCL

Question 22

What does gastrin do?

Answer 22

Control acid release in the stomach.

Question 23

What nutriment stays in the stomach the longest? Which one stays the shortest?

Answer 23

Protein (the longest), carbs (the shortest)

Question 24

Where is the pancreas attached to the GI tract?

Answer 24

The duodenum

Question 25

what is the name of the duct formed with the pancreas and the liver?

Answer 25

The hepatopancreatic duct.

Question 26

What is a pancreatitis?

Answer 26

The inflammation of the pancreas causing abdominal pain

Question 27

When do gall stone can occur?

Answer 27

When bile contains excessive cholesterol or inadequate bile salt.

Question 27

How does a pancreatitis is created?

Answer 27

It is when the enzymes secreted by the pancreas stays in the pancreas.

Question 28

What is the function of the liver in digestion and in metabolism?

Answer 28

Emulsification: Bile salts break down large lipid molecules into smaller ones Blood glucose: glycogenesis.

Question 30

What is cirrhosis?

Answer 30

Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism.

Question 31

True or False: Hepatitis can be caused by viruses, alcohol, and certain medications.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

What are the main types of viral hepatitis?

Answer 32

The main types of viral hepatitis are Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E.

Question 33

What is portal hypertension?

Answer 33

Portal hypertension is increased blood pressure in the portal venous system, often due to cirrhosis.

Question 34

What is the primary cause of Hepatitis A?

Answer 34

Hepatitis A is primarily caused by consuming contaminated food or water.

Question 35

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a symptom of cirrhosis? A) Fatigue B) Jaundice C) Increased appetite D) Swelling in legs

Answer 35

C) Increased appetite

Question 36

What is the role of the liver in the body?

Answer 36

The liver processes nutrients, filters blood, and produces bile, among other functions.

Question 37

True or False: Chronic Hepatitis B can lead to cirrhosis.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Fill in the blank: Alcoholic liver disease can lead to _____ and cirrhosis.

Answer 38

steatosis

Question 39

What is the most common cause of liver disease globally?

Answer 39

Chronic viral hepatitis, particularly Hepatitis B and C.

Question 40

Multiple Choice: Which disease is characterized by autoimmune damage to the liver? A) Hepatitis A B) Autoimmune hepatitis C) Hepatitis C D) Cirrhosis

Answer 40

B) Autoimmune hepatitis

Question 41

What lifestyle change can help prevent cirrhosis?

Answer 41

Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption can help prevent cirrhosis.

Question 42

What is the primary treatment for Hepatitis C?

Answer 42

Direct-acting antiviral medications are the primary treatment for Hepatitis C.

Question 43

Fill in the blank: Hepatitis _____ is transmitted through blood and can lead to chronic infection.

Answer 43

B

Question 44

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a complication of cirrhosis? A) Diabetes B) Ascites C) Hypertension D) All of the above

Answer 44

D) All of the above

Question 45

True or False: Hepatitis E is primarily a chronic condition.

Answer 45

False

Question 46

What is the function of bile produced by the liver?

Answer 46

Bile helps in the digestion and absorption of fats.

Question 47

Fill in the blank: The liver is responsible for detoxifying _____ from the blood.

Answer 47

toxins

Question 48

True or False: Cirrhosis is reversible.

Answer 48

False

Question 49

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 49

The nephron.

Question 50

True or False: Each kidney contains approximately one million nephrons.

Answer 50

True.

Question 51

Fill in the blank: The nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a __________.

Answer 51

renal tubule.

Question 52

What is the primary function of the glomerulus?

Answer 52

To filter blood and form urine.

Question 53

Multiple choice: Which part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorbing water and solutes?

Answer 53

Proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 54

What hormone regulates water reabsorption in the nephron?

Answer 54

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Question 55

True or False: The loop of Henle is involved in the concentration of urine.

Answer 55

True.

Question 56

What is the primary role of the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 56

To further regulate sodium and potassium levels.

Question 57

Fill in the blank: The collecting duct plays a crucial role in __________.

Answer 57

water reabsorption.

Question 58

Multiple choice: Which structure connects the nephron to the renal pelvis?

Answer 58

Collecting duct.

Question 59

What does RAAS stand for?

Answer 59

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Question 60

True or False: RAAS is primarily involved in the regulation of blood pressure.

Answer 60

True

Question 61

Fill in the blank: The hormone __________ is produced by the adrenal glands and promotes sodium retention.

Answer 61

aldosterone

Question 62

Which enzyme is responsible for converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?

Answer 62

Renin

Question 63

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a primary effect of angiotensin II? A) Vasodilation B) Increased heart rate C) Vasoconstriction D) Decreased sodium reabsorption

Answer 63

C) Vasoconstriction

Question 64

What is the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in RAAS?

Answer 64

It converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II.

Question 65

True or False: RAAS can lead to increased blood volume.

Answer 65

True

Question 66

Short Answer: Name one condition that can be treated by targeting the RAAS.

Answer 66

Hypertension

Question 67

Fill in the blank: Angiotensin II stimulates the release of __________ from the adrenal cortex.

Answer 67

aldosterone

Question 68

Multiple Choice: Which drug class is commonly used to inhibit the RAAS? A) Beta-blockers B) ACE inhibitors C) Diuretics D) Calcium channel blockers

Answer 68

B) ACE inhibitors