The Heart Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
The area between the two pleural cavities is the:
A
mediastinum
2
Q
The broad posterior part of the heart is the:
A
base
3
Q
The apex is the
A
inferior left corner
4
Q
The top of the heart is at the level of the:
A
second costal cartilage
5
Q
The fibrous pericardium is composed of:
A
dense connective tissue
6
Q
Which layer of pericardium is on the surface of the heart?
A
visceral
7
Q
The pericardial cavity is between the __ layers.
A
parietal and visceral
8
Q
Severe pericarditis can cause:
A
cardiac tamponade
9
Q
Another name for the visceral layer is the:
A
epicardium
10
Q
Which layer is composed of endothelium?
A
endocardium
11
Q
Which layer is composed of cardiac muscle?
A
myocardium
12
Q
Has pectinate muscles
A
atria
13
Q
Has thin walls
A
atria
14
Q
Has trabeculae carneae
A
ventricles
15
Q
Pumping chambers
A
ventricles
16
Q
Has thick walls
A
ventricles
17
Q
Receiving chambers
A
atria
18
Q
The chamber that forms most of the anterior surface.
A
Right ventricle
19
Q
The chamber on the posterior side of the heart.
A
Left atrium
20
Q
The chamber with the thickest walls.
A
Left ventricle
21
Q
The chamber that forms the entire right border of the heart.
A
Right atrium
22
Q
Involved in pulmonary circulation.
A
Right atrium, Right ventricle
23
Q
Involved in systemic circulation.
A
Left atrium, Left ventricle
24
Q
Receives blood from the SVC, IVC and coronary sinus.
A
Right atrium
25
Receives blood from the pulmonary veins.
Left atrium
26
Receives blood from the left atrium.
Left ventricle
27
Receives blood from the right atrium.
Right ventricle
28
Strings attached to the AV valve cusps
Chordae tendineae
29
Wall between the two atria
Interatrial septum
30
Wall between the two ventricles
Interventricular septum
31
“Little ear” at medial corner of atria
Auricle
32
Groove between the atria and ventricles
Coronary sulcus
33
Muscular ridges in the atria
Pectinate muscles
34
Muscular ridges in the ventricles
Trabeculae carneae
35
Bumps of muscle attached to strings
Papillary muscles
36
Depression in the interatrial septum
Fossa ovalis
37
Pathway of Blood through the Heart
Superior vena cava, Right atrium, Tricuspid valve, Right ventricle, Pulmonary semilunar valve, Pulmonary trunk, Pulmonary artery, R. lung (arterioles, capillaries, venules), Pulmonary vein, Left atrium, Bicuspid (mitral) valve, Left ventricle, Aortic semilunar valve, Ascending aorta
38
The part of a heartbeat when the chambers contract is called:
systole
39
The part of a heartbeat when the chambers relax is called:
diastole
40
Which chambers contract first?
atria
41
Chordae tendineae attach to:
atrioventricular valves
42
The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is the:
bicuspid
43
The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is the:
tricuspid
44
Valves with pouch-like cusps are the:
semilunar valves
45
Which valves close when atrial pressure is less than ventricular pressure?
AV
46
Which valves close when ventricular pressure is less than arterial pressure?
semilunar
47
Semilunar valves are named for:
the vessel they are in.
48
Valves function to:
prevent backwards flow of blood
49
Closing of the semilunar valves causes the:
second heart sound (dup)
50
Closing of the AV valves causes the:
first heart sound (lub)
51
The fibrous skeleton surrounds and strengthens the:
heart valves
52
Intrinsic Conduction System
Sinoatrial node; pacemaker (right atrium near SVC), Atrioventricular node ( interatrial septum above tricuspid valve), Atrioventricular bundle (bottom of interatrial septum), Right and left bundle branches (sides of interventricular septum), Purkinje fibers (throughout myocardia of ventricles).
53
Which structure provides the only conduction pathway between the atria and ventricles?
AV bundle
54
Damage to the AV node or AV bundle, as in a heart block, causes:
the ventricles to beat too slowly
55
Under the microscope, cells of the nodes and AV bundle look like:
small cardiac muscle cells
56
Where are Purkinji fibers located?
between the endocardium and myocardium
57
Slows heart rate
parasympathetic
58
Increases heart rate and force of contractions
sympathetic
59
Fibers are branches of the vagus nerve
parasympathetic
60
Fibers come from the cervical and upper thoracic chain ganglia
sympathetic
61
Innervates SA node, AV node, coronary arteries and cardiac musculature throughout heart
sympathetic
62
Innervates only the SA node, AV node, and coronary arteries
parasympathetic
63
Influenced by the cardioinhibitory center of the medulla
parasympathetic
64
Influenced by the cardioacceleratory center of the medulla
sympathetic
65
The first vessels to branch off the aorta are the:
coronary arteries
66
What artery supplies the right atrium?
right coronary
67
The two branches of the left coronary artery are the:
anterior interventricular and circumflex
68
What artery supplies the medial portion of the right and left ventricles?
anterior interventricular
69
What artery supplies the left atrium and posterior part of the left ventricle?
circumflex
70
Which vessel receives blood from the great, middle and small cardiac veins?
coronary sinus
71
The coronary sinus empties its blood into the:
right atrium
72
An accumulation of fatty deposits in the arteries supplying the heart wall
Coronary artery disease
73
Thoracic pain caused by inadequate oxygenation of heart muscle cells
Angina pectoris
74
Death of cardiac muscle cells, often caused by blockage of a coronary artery
Myocardial infarction
75
Condition in which the heart enlarges greatly while its pumping efficiency progressively declines; cause unknown, but may involve a feedback loop of sympathetic stimulation
Congestive heart failure
76
Enlargement or failure of the right ventricle due to elevated pressure in the pulmonary circuit
Cor pulmonale
77
An arrhythmia in which the ventricles undergo rapid, random firing of electrical impulses within ventricular cardiac muscle
Ventricular fibrillation
78
An arrhythemia in which multiple waves of impulses circle within the atrial myocardium, randomly stimulating the AV node
Atrial fibrillation
79
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, usually confined to the heart valves; may be bacterial, fungal or autoimmune.
Endocarditis
80
a) Explain why the pulmonary arteries are blue and the pulmonary veins are red on charts and models. What does the color indicate about the blood each of these vessels carries?
b) Explain why the pulmonary arteries are arteries even though they are blue and the pulmonary veins are veins even though they are red. What is this telling us about the direction of blood flow?
a) Pulmonary arteries are blue because they carry deoxygenated blood that has just returned from the systemic circulation to the lungs where it will pick up oxygen. The pulmonary veins are red because the blood they carry is rich in oxygen.
b) Pulmonary arteries are arteries because they carry blood away from the heart, which is the definition of an artery. Pulmonary veins, like all other veins, carry blood back towards the heart from a capillary bed.
81
Both pulmonary arterial hypertension (p. 580) and the congenital heart defect that occurs in tetralogy of Fallot (p. 583) lead to enlargement of the right ventricle. Explain what these two conditions have in common and why this causes the right ventricle to enlarge.
In both these conditions the right ventricle is working against a higher than normal pressure to push blood into the lungs, either because of high pulmonary pressure or because of stenosis (narrowing) of the entry to the pulmonary trunk. Because the right ventricle is working harder, the myocardium enlarges to try to overcome the increased resistance it is working against (like any other muscle that must work harder). Unfortunately, overtime the myocardium of the right ventricle becomes exhausted and eventually fails.
82
A myocardial infarction will sometimes cause damage to the SA node. Assuming this is the only part of the intrinsic conduction system that is damaged, a) what structure will be the new pacemaker of the heart, and b) would you expect the patient’s resting heart rate to be faster, slower or the same as normal? Why? (p. 577-578)
a) If the SA node is damaged, the AV node will take over as the pacemaker of the heart.
b) In this cause the resting heart rate will tend to be slower because the intrinsic rate of depolarization of the AV node is slower than that of the SA node.
