The Heart

Question 1

Arteries carry blood ____ the heart

Answer 1

away from

Question 2

veins carry blood ______ the heart

Answer 2

back to

Question 3

What are the great vessels?

Answer 3

the arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart

Question 4

Where do the two side-by-side pumps of the heart pump blood to?

Answer 4

• one pump directs blood to the lungs

- one pump directs blood to most body tissues

Question 5

How is blood pressure generated?

Answer 5

contraction and relaxation of heart walls

Question 6

What is blood pressure?

Answer 6

the force of the blood pushing against the inside walls of blood vessels

Question 7

What does the pulmonary circulation consist of?

Answer 7

right side of the heart and the pulmonary arteries and veins

Question 8

Where does the pulmonary circulation move blood?

Answer 8

to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart

Question 9

What does the systemic circulation consist of?

Answer 9

left side of the heart and arteries and veins

Question 10

Where does the systemic circulation move blood?

Answer 10

to most body tissues and back to the right side of the heart

Question 11

Where is the position of the heart?

Answer 11

Slightly left of midline deep to the sternum in a compartment of the thorax known as the mediastinum

Question 12

What is the posterosuperior surface of the heart mainly composed of, and what is this surface called?

Answer 12

• mainly left atrium

- base

Question 13

What is the superior border formed by?

Answer 13

• great arterial vessels

- superior vena cava

Question 14

What is the inferior conical end of the heart called?

Answer 14

apex

Question 15

What is the inferior border formed by?

Answer 15

the right ventricle

Question 16

The heart is enclosed within a tough sac called the _______.

Answer 16

pericardium

Question 17

Name and describe the two parts of the pericardium.

Answer 17

• fibrous pericardium: tough outer sac

- serous pericardium: composed of parietal and visceral layers; forms pericardial cavity

Question 18

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall, from superficial to deep?

Answer 18

• epicardium
• myocardium
• endocardium

Question 19

Describe the epicardium.

Answer 19

consists of the visceral layer of the serous pericardium and areolar connective tissue

Question 20

Describe the myocardium.

Answer 20

• cardiac muscle

- thickest of the 3 layers

Question 21

Describe the endocardium.

Answer 21

internal surface of the heart chambers and external surface of the heart valves

Question 22

The anteroinferior borders of the atria form a muscular extension called the _____.

Answer 22

auricle

Question 23

What is the coronary sulcus?

Answer 23

a groove that separates the atria and ventricles

Question 24

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

Answer 24

• right atrium
• right ventricle
• left atrium
• left ventricle

Question 25

Name the 4 valves of the heart.

Answer 25

- right atrioventricular - pulmonary semilunar - left atrioventricular - aortic semilunar

Question 26

Where does the right atrium receive venous blood from?

Answer 26

- the heart - the muscles - systemic circulation

Question 27

Name the 3 veins that drain into the right atrium.

Answer 27

- superior vena cava - inferior vena cava - coronary sinus

Question 28

What separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?

Answer 28

right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

Question 29

When is the right AV valve forced closed?

Answer 29

when the right ventricle begins to contract (prevents back flow)

Question 30

What is the name of the thick wall that separates the right and left ventricles?

Answer 30

interventricular septum

Question 31

What is the trabeculae carneae?

Answer 31

large, irregular muscular ridges on inner walls of ventricles

Question 32

What do the papillary muscles of the right ventricle do?

Answer 32

anchor chordae tendineae attached to the right AV valve cusps

Question 33

What are atrioventricular valve cusps?

Answer 33

triangular flaps that hang down into the ventricle

Question 34

What is the function of the chordae tendineae?

Answer 34

prevent the cusps from flipping into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts

Question 35

What is the smooth area at the superior end or roof of the ventricle called?

Answer 35

conus arteriosus

Question 36

What separates the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk?

Answer 36

pulmonary semilunar valve

Question 37

What separates the left atrium and the left ventricle?

Answer 37

left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid, mitral valve)

Question 38

When is the left AV valve forced closed?

Answer 38

When the left ventricle contracts

Question 39

What separates the left ventricle and the aorta?

Answer 39

aortic semilunar valve

Question 40

Which ventricle has a thicker wall?

Answer 40

left is 3x thicker than right

Question 41

Describe the right and left coronary arteries.

Answer 41

- travel within the coronary sulcus | - supply the heart wall muscle with oxygen and nutrients

Question 42

Why does the heart contract as a single unit?

Answer 42

all connected with gap junctions

Question 43

What are gap junctions made up of?

Answer 43

intercalated discs

Question 44

What is autorhythmicity?

Answer 44

capable of initiating its own heartbeat independent of external nerves

Question 45

What is the sinoatrial (SA) node or the pacemaker, and where is it located?

Answer 45

- special cardiac muscle cells that initiates autorhythmicity - right atrium next to SVC

Question 46

Describe the path that an impulse takes in the heart.

Answer 46

- via gap junctions to left atrium and the atrioventricular (AV) node located in the floor of the right atrium - AV bundle or bundle of His, which extends into the interventricular septum - AV bundle divides into left and right bundles - purkinje fibres that begin at the apex of the heart and spread the impulse superiorly to all of the ventricular myocardium

Question 47

What innervates the heart?

Answer 47

- sympathetic (ANS) | - parasympathetic (ANS)

Question 48

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

Answer 48

does not initiate a heartbeat, but can increase or decrease the rate of the heartbeat

Question 49

What is the cardiac cycle?

Answer 49

the time from the start of one heartbeat to the initiation of the next

Question 50

What is systole?

Answer 50

contraction of a chamber

Question 51

What is diastole?

Answer 51

relaxation of a chamber

Question 52

Describe the blood flow through the heart.

Answer 52

- superior and inferior vena cava - right atrium - right atrioventricular valve - right ventricle - pulmonary semilunar valve - pulmonary trunk and arteries - gas exchange in the lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - left atrioventricular valve - left ventricle - aortic semilunar valve - aorta - systemic arteries - gas and nutrient exchange in peripheral tissues - systemic veins