The Industrial Revolution

Question 1

Why did the industrial revolution start in Britain. Five reasons

Answer 1

1. Population explosion
2. Raw materials fork. The colonies
3. New farming methods
4. Coal and iron industry
5. Inventions

Question 2

Why did the population rise in Britain

Answer 2

Fewer famines from food colonies.

Death rate decreased.

Rise in birth rate.

Plagued ended, Black Death gone.

Medical discoveries such as small pox vaccination

Question 3

What were the disadvantages to the old farming method, open field system

Answer 3

Wasted time travelling between fields.

Weeds spread easily.

Animals destroyed crops.

Farmers could not use new ideas

Question 4

Who invented the four field system

Answer 4

Charles Townshend

Question 5

What were the advantages of the four field system

Answer 5

Food supply increased as no field left fallow.

Cattle did not have to be killed each winter because of more food.

Spare food to feed cows.

More meat available

Question 6

Explain the enclosure act

Answer 6

Allowed rich landlords to enclose their land.

Commons and crop growing lands were brought together in a single farm surrounded by a fence

Question 7

Give the advantages and disadvantages to the enclosure act

Answer 7

Advantages……. Reduces disease More food Higher rent for landlords Disadvantages……. Small farmers could not afford high rent Labourers had little rights and there was less work available

Question 8

Who invented selective breeding and what as it?

Answer 8

Robert Bakewell invented selective breeding where he took the largest and strongest two animals and bred them. This produced bigger offspring. Used for lambs, cattle and horses

Question 9

Give five inventions and their inventors in the textile industry. Explain what each did.

Answer 9

1. John Kay- the flying shuttle (faster weaving of threads)
2. James Hargreaves - spinning jenny ( eight times quicker than spinning wheel)
3. Richard Arkwright - water frame ( spun hundreds of threads at a time, powered by a water wheel.)
4. Samuel Crompton - spinning mule ( faster spinning)
5. Edward Cartwright - power loom ( allowed cloth be made as quick as thread was spun.)

Question 10

Who invented the steam engine

Answer 10

James Watt

Question 11

What was coal used for during the industrial revolution?

Answer 11

Used to heat water to make steam.

Used to power locomotives ( train puller) and steam ships.

Burnt to make coke which was used to smelt iron ore.

Question 12

Explain smelt

Answer 12

To separate a metal ex. Iron from the rock ex. Iron ore

Question 13

Explain Coke

Answer 13

Coal without all the harmful gases

Question 14

What were two dangers of mining during the industrial revolution

Answer 14

Flooding - Water coming into the mines but invention of steam engines allowed water to be pumped out.

Explosions - carbon gas built up in mine and exploded when in contact with a flame.

Davy safety lamp reduced risk of explosions

Question 15

Where were factories built over time

Answer 15

They were built beside water at first to power the factories but then began to set up by coal mines.

Question 16

What was used to smelt iron?

Answer 16

Charcoal was used to extract the iron from the iron ore but this was an expensive method. Coke was then used instead. The smelted iron was then beat with a hammer to get rid of impurities.

Finished iron in called Wright iron

Question 17

Explain pig iron.

Answer 17

Iron produced from smelting before impurities are removed.

Question 18

What were the advantages of steel?

Answer 18

Cheaper than iron.

Stronger Less likely to crack, flexible.

Question 19

Describe living conditions for working class people during the industrial revolutions outside of work.

Answer 19

Rapid increase in the size of cities caused overcrowding. Many families lived in a single room within larger houses. Some factory owners built houses for workers close to their factory.

People and families had little belongings and no clean water. Water was carried from polluted river nearby.

There were open drains on the streets which were infested with rats.

Diet of the working class was bread, cheese, porridge and potatoes.

Question 20

What diseases were common around the industrial revolution for the working class people

Answer 20

Most common was typhoid (caused by using dirty water).

Tuberculosis was caused because of damp living conditions.

In 1832 there was an outbreak of cholera in Britain.

Many people died young because of living conditions and work.

Question 21

What did workers do on their Sunday off.

Describe their leisure activities.

Answer 21

Many people drank heavily to forget their harsh lives.

They drank beer, gin or cider. Other leisure activities included gambling, dogfighting and bare knuckle fighting. Soccer also became popular.

Question 22

Why did children of the working class not attend school.

Answer 22

Very few working class children went to school as they worked in factories or mines. Families needed their wages to survive.

Question 23

Describe the factory owners living conditions

Answer 23

Factory owners lived in the country away from pollution and they had big houses and had servants. Their children were well educated. Boys took over the family business and girls were privately tutored and taught good manners, painting and needlework. The factory owner got rent from tenants (workers) in the city

Question 24

Describe the conditions in the textile mills

Answer 24

Mills extremely noisy. Dust caused lung disease and the air was hot and damp and windows were closed to preserve cotton.

More women and children were employed than men. Many offices and workers were allowed break for dinner.

Many people were killed or lost a limb working. Many children had to repair broken threads and often got serious injuries.

Supervisor would beat workers!!

Question 25

How much were workers paid and how long did they work in factories?

Answer 25

People worked six days a week from 5:30 to 8 at night. This included women and children. Their wages were extremely low.

Question 26

Describe the conditions in the coal mines.

Answer 26

Workers got miner’s lung and many died. People had poor eyesight from working in the dark. Many miners were killed by floods or explosions. Conditions were damp.

Question 27

Describe what children did in the coal mines

Answer 27

Children worked in mines from age of five. These were called trappers and they opened and shut doors in the tunnels to prevent buildup of explosive gas in mines.

Eight year olds became hurriers who dragged wagons of coal from coal face to shaft. At seventeen you began digging coal at the coalface.

Question 28

How long did people work in the coal mines?

Answer 28

Fourteen hours a day.

Question 29

Who was Robert Owens

Answer 29

Thought that workers would work better if they had better conditions and pay.

He built good houses for his workers and schools for their children.

He received a large profit. Some owners started to follow his example but very few.

Question 30

Who was Edwin Chadwick

Answer 30

Edwin wrote a report on the causes of the cholera epidemic. People were shocked that dirty water, bad drains and working conditions were the cause of many diseases.

They put pressure on the government to change conditions. Edwin thought every town should have a clean water system. In 1848 cholera epidemic broke out and Public Health Act was passed. Gradually cities got cleaner and people healthier.

Question 31

What law was introduced in 1833 which improved Working conditions?

Answer 31

Children under thirteen had to attend school for two hours a week and could only work 55 hours a week.

Question 32

What law was passed in 1842 and 1844 which improved Working conditions?

Answer 32

1842- women and children were not to work in mines.

1844-Women and children had a set number of hours they could work.

Question 33

What law was brought in in 1847 which improved Working conditions?

Answer 33

Women and children under eighteen could only work ten hours a day.

Question 34

What were the new developments in canals during the industrial revolution

Answer 34

Canals were now built because they were the cheapest way to transport goods. James Bradley built a canal for duke of bridgewater who was transporting coal to manchester

Question 35

When did a steam ship cross the sea

Answer 35

In 1819 a steam ship crossed the Atlantic, what used to take six weeks only now took 10 days

Question 36

What were the effects of the transport revolution?

Answer 36

Iron and steel production increased greatly.

Less time it took for goods to be transported from factory goods could be made cheaper.

Goods were cheaper for poorer classes.

Question 37

What were the results of the agricultural revolution?

Answer 37

More food produced Fewer laborers needed on the land because of machinery- more factory workers.

Enough food to feed increasing population

Question 38

When and by whom was the seed drill invented?

Answer 38

Jethro Tull invented the seed drill.

Pulled by horse or cow it made a furrow and dropped seeds into it. The seed was then covered in soil to protect it from birds.