The Internet, the WWW, and Encryption Flashcards by Hannah Emery

What does DNS stand for?

Domain Name System

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What does the DNS do?

Translates domain names into IP addresses

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What is IANA?

The internet assigned numbers authority

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What is IANA responsible for?

Managing of root DNS servers
Coordination of allocation of IP addresses
Protocol assignments

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What is ICANN?

The internet corporation for assigned names and numbers.

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What are root servers?

Authoritative name servers that are responsible for the functionality of the DNS as well as the entire Internet.

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What is the World Wide Web?

A system of interconnected documents and resources (hypermedia), like websites and videos, that are accessible through the internet.

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What is HTML?

Hypertext markup language. It describes the content contained within a web page in the form of HTML elements. HTML files can be made using any text editor.

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What is a web browser?

A software application that allows users to access and view content on the World Wide Web by interpreting HTML.

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What is a web server?

A computer system that hosts websites and delivers web content to users over the internet.

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What is HTTP?

Hypertext transfer protocol. It is structured text responsible for communication across the World Wide Web (between web browsers and web servers).

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What is the current version of HTML?

HTML 5

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What are elements in HTML?

Tags enclosed in angled brackets. HTML tags come in pairs, a start tag and an end tag, with content being located between the tags.

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What does ‘DOCTYPE html’ mean in HTML?

A declaration that the document type is HTML

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State 6 common tags in HTML

describes a HTML document

provides information about a document

provides a document title

describes the page content

describes a heading

describes a paragraph

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How are headings described in HTML?

They are defined by the <h1> to <h6> tags where <h1> is most important and <h6> is least important.

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What does the <a> tag do?</a>

Define HTML links

Why is scripting required in addition to HTML?

It makes websites interactive.

What are the 2 types of scripting?

Client-side scripting
Server-side scripting

What is client side scripting?

Scripting processed entirely in browser, often embedded in HTML code or also in a separate file (external script). The clients web browser executes the script.

Give 3 examples of client-side scripting languages

JavaScript
ActionScript
Dart
VBScript
Typescript
Python

What are the advantages of client-side scripting?

+ Fast becasue the code can be run immediately
+ More interactive due to the speed
+ Simple as the scripting languages are relatively simple and easy to learn
+ Versatile as several languages can interact with one another in the same web page
+ Reduced server load due to the script being run on the client

What are the disadvantages of client-side scripting?

Security: code is executed on users computers which can be used for malicious purposes
Compatability: will be run in a variety of client browsers so more quality assurance is required to ensure it works predictably

What is server-side scripting?

Scripting processed at the web server level one the client submits a request. Different web servers process different requests, then the resulting HTML is passed back to the web server. The server then sends the resulting page to the client.

Give 3 examples of server-side scripting languages

- ASP / ASP.NET - ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML) - JavaScript - Perl - PHP

What are the prerequisites for server-side scripting?

- The web server must have the appropriate scripting engine installed - The web page must have the correct file extension

What are the advantages of server-side scripting?

+ Well adapted to work with databases (which are extremely common on the web) + No issues with client browser compatibility + Can be run independently of client PC settings + Script cannot be seen in client browser becasue it is stripped from HTML cose by the parser (scripiting engine)

What are the disadvantages of server-side scripting?

- It requires scripting software to in installed on the server - Page loading can sometimes be slow if the server is busy and scripts are processing large amounts of data

What is XML?

eXtensible Markup Language. It is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a human and machine readable format. It is designed to describe teh content and structure of data in a document.

What is data encryption?

A way to ensure that only authorised parites can view information. It denies the message content to interceptors by making it unreadable.

Give examples of where data encryption important?

- When sensitive information needs to be sent accross the internet in a secure manner ( e.g. credit card information or private correspondence) - Protecting data stored on servers

Data encryption does not prevent interception of data __ _______.

In transit

What are the 2 main types of data encryption?

- Symmetric - Asymmetric

What is symmetric encryption?

The application of a secret key to the text of a message, changing the content in some way. If the sender and recipient both know the key then all messages can be easily decrypted.

Give 2 examples of symmetric encryption algorithms

The Data Encryption Standard (DES) The Advances Encryption Standards (AES)

What is asymmetric encryption?

The application of two related keys (a key pair) with one public key freely available to anyone and another private key kept secret. The two keys are mathematically linked.

Give an example of how a messafe would be encrypted and decrypted using asymmetric encryption

A message encrypted by the public key can only be decrypted by applying the same algorithm, but by using the matching private key and vice versa.

Give an example of an asymmetric encryption application

Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of asymmetric encryption?

+ There are no worries about passing public keys over the internet + It can be used as a precursor to symmetic encryption - It is slower than symmetric encryption because it requires much more processing power

What is transport layer security?

A cryptographic protocol that provides secure communication over a computer network, primarily used to encrypt data exchanged between a client and a server.

What are security certificates (public key certificates)?

An electronic document that binds a public key to a specific entity, verifying that the public key belongs to that entity.

What are digital signatures?

A cryptographic method used to verify the authenticity and integrity of a digital message or document.