The Nervous, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems

Question 1

Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell. Examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 1

Organelles

Question 2

The parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell.

Answer 2

Mitochondria

Question 3

A part of the body, such as a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response.

Answer 3

Effector Site

Question 4

Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium.

Answer 4

Electrolytes

Question 5

Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system.

Answer 5

Afferent Pathway

Question 6

A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

Answer 6

Efferent Pathway

Question 7

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.

Answer 7

Mechanoreceptors

Question 8

Receptors that responds to pain

Answer 8

Nociceptors

Question 9

Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement.

Answer 9

Somatic Nervous System

Question 10

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.

Answer 10

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 11

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.

Answer 11

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 12

Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Answer 12

Muscle Spindles

Question 13

A specialized sensory receptor sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.

Answer 13

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

Question 14

A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture.

Answer 14

Osteoporosis

Question 15

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column.

Answer 15

Axial skeleton

Question 16

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle.

Answer 16

Appendicular skeleton

Question 17

Scientific explanation of how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone.

Answer 17

Wolff’s Law

Question 18

Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.

Answer 18

Osteoclasts

Question 19

Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue.

Answer 19

Osteoblasts

Question 20

Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach.

Answer 20

Processes

Question 21

Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and assist with movement.

Answer 21

Intervertebral Discs

Question 22

Composed of the largest segments in the spinal column

Answer 22

Lumbar spine

Question 23

Composed of 12 vertebrae located in the upper and middle back

Answer 23

Thoracic Spine

Question 24

Form a flexible framework and provides support and motion for the head

Answer 24

Cervical Spine

Question 25

Composed of three to five small, fused bones

Answer 25

Coccyx

Question 26

Composed of five vertebrae that fuse togetherr as the body develops

Answer 26

Sacrum

Question 27

Movement of a limb that is visible.

Answer 27

Osteokinematics

Question 28

The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.

Answer 28

Arthrokinematics

Question 29

A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule.

Answer 29

Synovial Joints

Question 30

Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.

Answer 30

Nonsynovial Joints

Question 31

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

Answer 31

Ligament

Question 32

A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body.

Answer 32

Collagen

Question 33

A specialized cartilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth.

Answer 33

Growth Plate

Question 34

Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle.

Answer 34

Fascicles

Question 35

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle.

Answer 35

Perimysium

Question 36

Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle.

Answer 36

Endomysium

Question 37

Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as the “deep fascia.”

Answer 37

Epimysium

Question 38

Protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles.

Answer 38

Myoglobin

Question 39

The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction.

Answer 39

Actin

Question 40

The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction.

Answer 40

Myosin

Question 41

The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines. (Functional unit of the muscular system or Connection points)

Answer 41

Sarcomere

Question 42

The specialized site where the nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers.

Answer 42

Neuromuscular junction

Question 43

A neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction.

Answer 43

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 44

A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body.

Answer 44

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 45

Muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue.

Answer 45

Type 1 muscle fibers

Question 46

Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue.

Answer 46

Type 2 muscle fibers

Question 47

Motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all.

Answer 47

All-or-nothing principle