The nose

Question 1

Label this

Innervation?

Answer 1

Facial nerve CN VII

Question 2

Label this

Answer 2

Question 3

Cartilage associated with the midline that helps to separate the nose into 2 nostrils?

Cartilage that helps to form the shape of the nostrils ?

Answer 3

septal cartilage

alar cartilage

Question 4

Blood supply to external nose?

Answer 4

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries (opthalmic)

Sphenopalatine + greater palatine arteries (maxillary)

Superior labial + lateral nasal (septal branch of facial)

Question 5

Innervation to external nose?

Answer 5

Bridge = opthalmic division (CN V1) –> infratrochlear + external nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal

Alae = maxillary division (CN V2) –> nasal branches of infraorbital

Question 6

Label this

Answer 6

Question 7

Label this

Answer 7

Question 8

What bones form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?

Answer 8

Maxilla,sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone + frontal bone.

Ethmoid bone = forms the superior and middle concha

but inferior concha is a separate bone

Question 9

Function of medial wall of nasal cavities?

What bones is it formed by?

Answer 9

Medial wall = is the septal wall that separates the nasal passage into 2 cavities

perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone = forms posterior part of septum

Vomer, palatine bones + maxilla = inferior part of septum

Question 10

Label this

Answer 10

Question 11

Label this

Answer 11

Question 12

Air passageway through nose?

What helps to equalise pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane?

Answer 12

Nostrils –> vestibule –> choanae –> nasopharynx

The nasopharynx contains openings of the auditory tubes
Tube leads to middle ear = allows air to be drawn into/expelled from the middle ear to the nasopharynx
This equalizes pressure

Question 13

Label this

What are the spaces between called?
Function?

Answer 13

Spaces between conchae = meatus i.e. superior, middle + inferior meatus

Filter + warm air, create turbulence

Question 14

Label this

Answer 14

Question 15

Space above superior concha called?

Answer 15

Sphenoethmoidal recess

Question 16

Paranasal sinuses?

Which bones are they found in?

Answer 16

Mucous lined spaces

Frontal, maxillary, ethmoid + sphenoid bones

Question 17

Label this

Answer 17

Question 18

Frontal sinus found?
Sphenoid sinus?
Maxillary sinus?
Ethmoid sinus?

Answer 18

Frontal sinus = frontal bone
Sphenoid sinus = body of sphenoid bone
Maxillary sinus = either side of nasal cavities
Ethmoid sinus = ethmoid bone, forms air cells instead of one large space

Question 19

Label this

conchae have been removed

Answer 19

Question 20

Fill in the blanks

Answer 20

(the infundibulum, semilunar hiatus, ethmoidal bulla and ostium are features of the wall of the meatus)

Question 21

What do posterior ethmoidal air cells form?

Answer 21

the bulge of the ethmoidal bulla

Question 22

Label the sinuses + their sensory innervations

Answer 22

Question 23

What is this photograph showing?

Answer 23

The middle meatus and the curve of the semilunar hiatus around the circular ethmoidal bulla

Question 24

Label the blood supply to the lateral wall of the nasal cavities

Branch from?

Answer 24

Branches of ophthalmic (ethmoidal), maxillary (sphenopalatine) and external carotid (facial) arteries all supply the lateral wall

Question 25

Label the blood supply to the medial wall of the nasal cavities Branch from? What is the orange area?

Answer 25

Branches of ophthalmic (ethmoidal), maxillary (sphenopalatine) and external carotid (facial) arteries all supply the medial wall (i.e. same as lateral wall) Kiesselbach's area - arteries anastamose with each other

Question 26

Label innervation to the lateral wall of the nasal cavities Supply derived from?

Answer 26

The lateral walls are supplied with sensory innervation by the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve. (the olfactory bulb communicating with the olfactory nerves can also been seen in the roof of the cavity)

Question 27

Label innervation to the medial wall of the nasal cavities Supply derived from?

Answer 27

The medial walls are also supplied by the trigeminal nerve.

Question 28

Label the venous drainage of the nasal cavities

Answer 28

Question 29

Venous drainage of the nasal cavities?

Answer 29

Nasal cavities drain into the facial vein, pterygoid venous plexus + cavernous venous sinus

Question 30

Olfactory nerve cells pass through? | Function?

Answer 30

Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone to reach olfactory bulbs and form olfactory tracts The cells detect odour

Question 31

Label

Answer 31

Question 32

Answer 32

Photograph A shows the left hemisection, where the nasal septum is still intact. The septum divides the left and right sides of the nasal cavities and is cartilaginous anteriorly (removed) and bony posteriorly (vomer and ethmoid bone). Photograph B shows the nasal cavities with part of the septum removed, the middle concha of the nose is now visible.

Question 33

Answer 33

When the septum is removed, the conchae (or turbinates) of the nose can be seen. The three concha act to cause the air to swirl as it hits the concha and therefore spend longer in the nasal cavity. This helps to warm the air and help it reach the olfactory nerves situated in the superior part of the nose. The nasal cavities are continuous with the nasopharynx. The auditory tube lies in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx (one each side) and communicates with the middle ear to equalise pressure either side of the tympanic membrane.

Question 34

Answer 34

There are spaces sitting between the conchae, each space is called a meatus. Each meatus lies beneath each concha except for the sphenoethmoidal recess which lies between the sphenoid and ethmoid bones above the superior concha. There is communication between the meatus and the paranasal sinuses that lie in the sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal and maxillary bones.

Question 35

Answer 35

Photograph A shows the sphenoid air sinus sitting inside the body of the sphenoid bone – it communicates with the sphenoethmoidal recess. This photograph also shows that the posterior ethmoidal air cells open into the superior meatus. Photograph B shows the close proximity of the ethmoidal air cells to the superior and middle conchae.

Question 36

Answer 36

Photograph A shows the middle concha being raised from the wall of the nasal cavity. The small holes associated with the ethmoidal bulla and hiatus semilunaris are communications with the anterior and middle ethmoidal air cells, the frontal air cells and the maxillary air cells. There is often variation in the exact position of the openings but all of these sinuses open into the middle meatus. Photograph B shows the inferior meatus being raised from the wall of the nasal cavity. The nasolacrimal duct that carries excess lacrimal fluid away from the eye opens into the inferior meatus.

Question 37

Answer 37

Photograph A shows the sphenoid air sinus lying in the body of the sphenoid bone and the pituitary fossa formed in the superior surface of the sphenoid bone. The ethmoidal air cells lie within the ethmoid bone and form many small air pockets instead of one large air filled space. The frontal sinus lies in the frontal bone and may be one membrane lined sinus or may form two almost separate sinuses. The maxillary sinus cannot be seen in this photograph as it lies inside the maxilla. Photograph B shows the maxillary sinus after the wall of the maxilla has been removed.