Brain

Question 1

Answer 1

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Question 2

Answer 2

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Question 3

Answer 3

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Question 4

Answer 4

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Question 5

what is corpus callosum?

other tracts?

Answer 5

white matter tract that connects the cerebral hemispheres

Association tracts = between gyri of the same hemisphere
Commisural tracts/fibres = from one hemisphere to the corresponding region of the other
Projection fibres = from cerebrum to thalamus, brainstem etc

Question 6

basal ganglia function?

found?

Answer 6

Regulate initiation and termination of body movements. Also thought to be involved with memory, planning and emotional response (via the limbic system)

found deep in brain except substantia nigra which is found in midbrain

Question 7

Answer 7

internal capsule separates the globus pallidus and putamen from the caudate nucleus

The large ‘hole’ in the middle of the section is the lateral ventricles that are usually filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Question 8

diencephalon

Answer 8

The diencephalon lies deep in the brain and is composed of 3 areas – the largest is the thalamus that is involved with a large number of functional pathways. The hypothalamus plays a role in autonomic regulation of the body and links the nervous system to the endocrine system via its communication with the pituitary gland. The epithalamus is also called the pineal gland

Question 9

midbrain connects?

parts?

Answer 9

Connects pons and medulla to diencephalon

Superior colliculi = visual tracking, scanning
Inferior colliculi = auditory startle reflex
Substansia nigra = control sub-conscious muscle action
Red nuclei = co-ordinate muscle movement

Question 10

midbrain

Answer 10

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Question 11

nerves from midbrain?

Answer 11

origin of cranial nerves III and IV

Question 12

Answer 12

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Question 13

Answer 13

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Question 14

pons function?

nerves?

Answer 14

Pontine nuclei = co-ordination and maximising voluntary motor output. Also tracts such as pneumotaxic which help to control breathing.

origin of cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and vestibular part of VIII

Question 15

medulla function?

nerves?

Answer 15

Contains the pyramids (motor tracts); cardiovascular centres (rate/force heartbeat and diameter of vessels); breathing centres; nuclei concerned with touch, pressure and vibration. The olives = proprioception (joint and muscle position)

origin of cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII and cochlear part of VIII

Question 16

Answer 16

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Question 17

between lobes of cerebellum?
function?
connections?

Answer 17

Vermis between lobes

Controls sub-conscious aspects of skeletal muscle movements and co-ordinates complex sequences
Regulate posture and balance

Superior cerebellar peduncle = midbrain to cerebellum.
Middle cerebellar peduncle = pons to cerebellum.
Inferior cerebellar peduncle = medulla to cerebellum

Question 18

Answer 18

has important communications with the hypothalamus. It sits under a small piece of dura covering the sella turcica

Question 19

function pituitary gland?

Answer 19

releases growth hormone

releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenising hormone (LH) – reproductive cycle

Question 20

blood supply brain?

pathway?

Answer 20

The blood supply to the brain is from the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries = circle of Willis

The vertebral arteries ascend the neck through the foramina in the transverse processes of the cervical vertebra and join close to the foramen magnum to form the basilar artery.
The internal carotid is a terminal branch of the common carotid artery that passes into the carotid canal (one each side) and through the cavernous venous sinus

Question 21

Answer 21

The colours of the vessels correspond to the areas they supply on the diagrams of the brains on this slide.

Question 22

Answer 22

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Question 23

Answer 23

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Question 24

dura function? other layers?

Answer 24

The dura lines the skull, protects the brain and forms the dural venous sinuses.

The arachnoid covers the surface of the brain and carries blood vessels.

The pia adheres to the surface of the brain – going into the sulci and around the gyri.

Question 25

Answer 25

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Question 26

falx cerebri? Sinus? what covers cerebellum?

Answer 26

The dura is folded to create supporting structures around the brain. The falx cerebri lies between the cerebral hemispheres and carries the inferior sagittal dural venous sinus in its lower border (shown by the star) tentorium cerebelli covers the cerebellum

Question 27

blood supply to meninges?

Answer 27

Anterior meningeal artery from the ethmoid branches of the internal carotid supplies the dura of the anterior fossa. Middle meningeal artery from the maxillary artery passes through the foramen spinosum to supply the dura with blood. It is the major vessel supplying the dura and if damaged will lead to an extra-dural hematoma (compresses brain). Posterior meningeal artery from the occipital artery supplies the dura of the posterior fossa.

Question 28

nerve supply dura?

Answer 28

trigeminal nerve mainly | but also C2, C3 (carried by hypoglossal + vagus)

Question 29

dural venous sinuses function?

Answer 29

drain blood from the brain and channel it into the internal jugular vein

Question 30

each sinus found between? star? possible danger?

Answer 30

Each sinus is formed either between the periosteum of the skull and the dura (eg, sigmoid sinus) or between two layers of dura (eg, inferior sagittal sinus) There is an area called the confluence of the sinuses (star) which collects the blood and passes it to the transverse and sigmoid sinuses. From there the blood from the brain drains into the internal jugular veins Communication between emissary veins of scalp and superior sagittal sinus, and between cavernous sinus and facial/inferior orbital veins are a possible route of infection into the meninges (bacterial meningitis).

Question 31

Answer 31

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Question 32

CSF made by? | ventricles?

Answer 32

ependymal cells There is one ventricle inside each of the cerebral hemispheres = lateral ventricles one between the 2 parts of the thalamus = 3rd ventricle one related to the cerebellum and brainstem = 4th ventricle

Question 33

CSF circulation?

Answer 33

CSF circulates through the ventricles and into the sub-arachnoid space Constantly re-cycled through arachnoid villi (granulations) into the dural venous sinuses

Question 34

ependymal cells found?

Answer 34

ependymal cells are clumped together as choroid plexus that hang inside the ventricles and create CSF

Question 35

Answer 35

arachnoid granulations | where the superior sagittal dural venous sinus lies in a living individual