The other 50% of the Final Flashcards
Scientific Method, Chemistry of Life, Origins of life, cells, cell energetics, cell cycle, mitosis, meiossi, human development DNA and modern genetics, biotechnology, body systems (122 cards)
1
Q
What is a hypothesis?
A
A suggestive explanation that can be tested.
2
Q
What is a theory?
A
An explanation supported by scientific evidence and backed up by repeated testing and facts.
3
Q
What is genetic drift?
A
A random change in allele frequencies in a population.
4
Q
What is the bottleneck effect?
A
A type of genetic drift where a population undergoes a drastic reduction in size often due to a disaster.
5
Q
What is the founder effect?
A
A type of genetic drift where a new population is established by a small number of individuals separated from a larger population.
6
Q
How is fitness determined?
A
Fitness is determined by the number of offspring not lifespan.
7
Q
What is natural selection?
A
A mechanism of evolution with survival of the fittest.
8
Q
How do adaptations form in evolution?
A
Adaptations form when traits become more frequent within a population.
9
Q
What indicates interbreeding ability for some species?
A
Some species can interbreed and their offspring can reproduce.
10
Q
What is speciation?
A
The production of new species.
11
Q
What is allopatric speciation?
A
Speciation that occurs due to a geographic barrier.
12
Q
What is sympatric speciation?
A
Speciation that occurs without a geographic barrier due to behaviors breeding in different seasons or genetic incompatibility causing embryo or baby death.
13
Q
What is evolution?
A
Any change in the heritable traits within a population across generations.
14
Q
What is the relationship between all living things on Earth?
A
All living things on Earth are related.
15
Q
What are the four main proofs of evolution?
A
Comparative anatomy embryonic development fossil records DNA comparisons.
16
Q
Hypothesis definition
A
Suggested explanation that can be tested.
17
Q
Theory definition
A
An explanation backed by evidence and facts can still be additionally supported or refuted.
18
Q
Independent Variables
A
What you change dependent is what you measure.
19
Q
Control group role
A
Isn’t involved with the independent variable.
20
Q
Experimental group role
A
Is involved with the independent variable.
21
Q
Constants in an experiment
A
Factors that you want to be the same throughout the experiment.
22
Q
Parts of a complete graph
A
X-axis independent y-axis dependent and title.
23
Q
Proteins elemental composition
A
CHON and sometimes S.
24
Q
Proteins functions
A
Structure of cells and organs enzymes and hormones and built or repair tissues.
25
Protein monomers
Amino acids.
26
How protein monomers are distinguished
By their R group which represents the variable part of a monomer.
27
R group in diagrams
Just abbreviated as R unique to protein.
28
Nucleic acids elemental composition
CHOPN.
29
Nucleic acids function
Store genetic information in the form of DNA or RNA.
30
Adenine connection
Is also a part of ATP.
31
Lipids elemental composition
CHO.
32
Lipids functions
Serve as long-term energy cell membranes and thermal regulation.
33
Lipids monomer description
Don’t have an official monomer but most have glycerol or fatty acids.
34
Saturated fats characteristic
Have the maximum amount of hydrogens.
35
Unsaturated fats characteristic
Have a double bond between two carbons that can’t take a hydrogen.
36
Unsaturated fats state at room temp
Usually liquid at room temperature.
37
Carbohydrates elemental composition
CHO.
38
Carbohydrates functions
Short-term energy cellulose and chitin.
39
Carbohydrates monomers
Monosaccharides.
40
Two monosaccharides combined
Disaccharides.
41
More than two monosaccharides combined
Polysaccharides.
42
Nucleotides composition
Consist of a phosphate sugar and nitrogenous base.
43
Properties of water polarity
It is polar due to oxygen’s electronegativity.
44
Properties of water hydrogen bonding effect 1
Weak fast bonds between hydrogen and FON.
45
Properties of water hydrogen bonding effect 2
High surface tension so high heat capacity so more stable.
46
Properties of water hydrogen bonding effect 3
Expands when freezing which is why ice is less dense than water.
47
Properties of water hydrogen bonding effect 4
Cohesion sticks to itself and adhesion sticks to others.
48
Properties of water polarity effect
Its great at dissolving ionic and other polar compounds.
49
pH definition
The power of hydrogen.
50
pH and acidity
The more hydrogen the more acidic.
51
pH and alkalinity
The more OH- the more alkaline.
52
pH stability importance for enzymes
Important for enzymes which can denature.
53
Enzymes or Catalysts function
Proteins that speed up reactions.
54
How enzymes speed up reactions
They lower a reaction’s activation energy.
55
Activation energy definition
ATP that must be invested for a reaction to take place.
56
Enzyme substrate binding complex name
Enzyme substrate complex.
57
Enzyme optimal conditions
Have optimal temperature and pH depending on their role and location in the body ie peptin in stomach acid.
58
Origins of life Unit 3 RRREGNTS meaning
Respiration Regulation Reproduction Excretion Growth Nutrition Transport and Synthesis.
59
Three parts of Cell Theory
Cells are the most basic unit of life All living things have cells New cells come from preexisting cells.
60
Endosymbiotic theory explanation
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are membrane bound organelles because they were once single celled organisms engulfed by others and formed a symbiotic relationship.
61
Miller Urey experiment setup
A controlled environment created that simulated the primordial soup of early life.
62
Miller Urey experiment findings
Monomers originally thought to only form in living things like amino acids were discovered.
63
Miller Urey experiment proof
Proved that life was capable of being drawn from ideal conditions organic molecules can rise from inorganic precursors.
64
Viruses characteristics 1
Have DNA or RNA and evolve over time.
65
Viruses characteristics 2
Don’t have cellular structures don’t maintain homeostasis and can’t reproduce without a host.
66
Viruses structure
Just a protein coat surrounding some DNA or RNA.
67
Recall the function of mitochondria
Generates most of the chemical energy needed to power a cell’s biochemical reactions.
68
Recall the function of lysosomes
Break down waste materials and cellular debris.
69
Recall the function of peroxisomes
Break down fatty acids and amino acids and detoxify harmful substances.
70
Recall the function of chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis in plant and algal cells.
71
Recall the function of golgi apparatus
Modifies sorts and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
72
Recall the function of RER
Produces proteins for the rest of the cell and helps in folding and modifying proteins.
73
Recall the function of SER
Synthesizes lipids metabolizes carbohydrates and detoxifies drugs and poisons.
74
Recall the function of centrioles
Involved in cell division in animal cells forming spindle fibers.
75
Recall the function of cytoskeleton
Maintains cell shape aids in cell movement and plays roles in intracellular transport.
76
Recall the function of nucleus
Houses the cell’s genetic material DNA and controls cell growth and reproduction.
77
Recall the function of nucleoid
Region in prokaryotic cells where genetic material is concentrated.
78
Recall the function of vesicle
Transports substances within the cell or to the outside.
79
Recall the function of flagellum
Aids in cell motility or movement.
80
Recall the function of plasmid
Small circular DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA in bacteria.
81
Recall the function of fimbria
Hairlike appendages that allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces.
82
Recall the function of vacuole
Stores water nutrients and waste products in plant fungal and some animal cells.
83
Recall the function of central vacuole
Large plant cell organelle that stores water maintains turgor pressure and helps in waste disposal.
84
Recall the function of cell membrane
Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
85
Recall the function of cell wall
Provides structural support and protection to plant fungal and bacterial cells.
86
Organelles present in animal cells not plant cells
Centrioles lysosomes.
87
Simple diffusion characteristics
Really small nonpolar stuff like oxygen and really small polars like water can just flow from high to low concentration.
88
Osmosis definition
The simple diffusion of water.
89
Facilitated diffusion characteristics
Without energy molecules can move from high to low concentration via protein channels activated by hormones.
90
Facilitated diffusion examples
Things like sugars amino acids ions.
91
Active transport characteristics
Protein channels powered by energy ATP can force molecules ions sugars amino acids.
92
Active transport direction of movement
Moves molecules from a low to high concentration against the concentration gradient.
93
Cell membrane stability and permeability
Stable and selectively permeable due to hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads.
94
Fluid mosaic model description
Describes the structure of the membrane as a flexible dynamic mosaic of both lipids and proteins where components can shift around.
95
Endocytosis definition
Taking in materials using vesicles.
96
Phagocytosis definition
When a particle is engulfed.
97
Pinocytosis definition
When fluids along with material dissolved in them are pinched and brought into the cell inside fluid-filled vesicles.
98
Receptor mediated endocytosis definition
When receptors grab particles and drag them inwards.
99
Exocytosis definition
When a vesicle is formed around materials the vesicle finds to the cell membrane and in turn spits everything out.
100
Photosynthesis first step
The light dependent reactions.
101
Light dependent reactions first event
Light excites chlorophyll releasing electrons.
102
Light dependent reactions electron replacement
An electron is taken from water to make up for the electron that leaves.
103
Light dependent reactions electron movement
As the released electrons move down the electron transport chain H+ is pumped in.
104
Light dependent reactions Photosystem I role
They reach photosystem 1 where they are re-energized and delivered to NADP+ to become NADPH.
105
Light dependent reactions ATP generation
The accumulated H+ rushes out of the thylakoid through ATP synthase generating ATP.
106
Light dependent reactions location
Inside the thylakoid.
107
Light independent reactions name
The Calvin cycle.
108
Calvin cycle first step carbon fixation
Rubisco binds a carbon to RuBP the unstable 6 carbon splits in half x2 3phosphoglycerate.
109
Calvin cycle second step reduction
ATP and NADPH modify the 3 carbon structures into G3P the product.
110
Calvin cycle G3P fate
Some G3P leaves the cycle but most of it stays and is turned back into RUBP using some of the ATP.
111
Calvin cycle G3P product transformation
Some G3P that exits is turned into glucose the goal product.
112
G3P complex sugar formation
Can be converted into more complex sugars like cellulose or stored as starch.
113
G3P other uses
Other forms of carbohydrates can be made from G3P and be used to make other CHO molecules.
114
How many CO2 carbons enter for one net G3P?
3 carbons from 3 CO2 molecules.
115
Total carbons after CO2 combines with RuBP?
18 carbons from 3 CO2 and 3 RuBP.
116
How many 3-phosphoglycerates are formed from 3CO2 and 3RuBP?
6 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate each with 3 carbons total 18 carbons.
117
How many G3P molecules are produced from 6 3-phosphoglycerates?
6 molecules of G3P each with 3 carbons total 18 carbons.
118
How many G3P molecules are the net output of the cycle?
1 G3P molecule 3 carbons.
119
How many G3P molecules are recycled to regenerate RuBP?
5 G3P molecules 15 carbons.
120
How many RuBP molecules are regenerated from 5 G3P?
3 RuBP molecules 15 carbons.
121
Light dependent reactions location details
Happen in the thylakoid the disks inside the chloroplasts.
122
Light independent reactions location details
Happen inside the stroma fluid outside the thylakoid inside the chloroplast.
