THE PERIODIC TABLE AND ATOM STRUCTURE

Question 1

Components:

Answer 1

electric field and magnetic field

Question 2

speed of light in a vacuum

Answer 2

c = 2.99792458 × 10^8 m/s
or 3.0 x 10 ^8 m/s

Question 3

symbol for frequency

Answer 3

v

Question 4

distance between two corresponding points on a wave

Answer 4

Wavelength

Question 5

a technique that has been developed to the point that it can be carried out using handheld units.

Answer 5

X-ray fluorescence (XRF)

Question 6

the small portion of the entire electromagnetic spectrum that our eyes can detect

Answer 6

Visible light

Question 7

Light best described as a _____ when light is imparting energy to another object

Answer 7

Particle

Question 8

As light intensity increases, the number of electrons increases ejected

Answer 8

e- versus l

Question 9

Carbon can be detected in an X-ray fluorescence experiment by monitoring the emission at a wavelength of 4.47 nm
➢ What is the frequency of this light?

Question 10

the small portion
of the electromagnetic radiation
spectrum detected by our eyes

Answer 10

Visible light

Question 11

MEMO:
Low frequency
Long wavelength
Small amplitude

Answer 11

MEMO:
High frequency
Short wavelength
Large amplitude

Question 12

is the number of cycles of the wave passing a given point per second, usually expressed in Hz

Answer 12

Frequency

Question 13

two components to electromagnetic radiation

Answer 13

an electric field and a magnetic field

Question 14

Described as a wave traveling through space

Answer 14

Visible light

Question 15

a more accurate term for what we usually refer to simply as “light.”

Answer 15

Visible light

Question 16

The photoelectric effect is used in

Answer 16

photocathodes

Question 17

Below some threshold frequency or ν0, no emitted photoelectrons are

Answer 17

e- versus v

Question 18

The fourth variable of light

Answer 18

velocity

Question 19

Long wavelengths will have fewer cycles “pass by” in one second, so they will have ____ frequencies

Answer 19

lower

Question 20

Depending on the situation, light is best described as a wave or a particle

Answer 20

Wave–particle duality

Question 21

➢ Samples are decomposed into atoms
➢ Different elements absorb different frequencies of light, leading to their
identification
➢ Amount of light absorbed is related to the quantity of each element present

Answer 21

atomic absorption spectroscopy or AAS

Question 22

has been described as a wave traveling through space

Answer 22

light

Question 23

Light one form of electromagnetic radiation, which consists of

Answer 23

oscillating electric and magnetic fields.

Question 24

The origin of the word electromagnetic lies in the

Answer 24

nature of light

Question 25

The kinetic energy of emitted electrons is independent of light intensity

Answer 25

KE versus I

Question 26

the size or height of a wave

Answer 26

amplitude

Question 27

the distance between corresponding points on adjacent waves.

Answer 27

wavelength

Question 28

Speed of light in a vacuum is

Answer 28

constant

Question 29

➢ Speed of light changes ➢ Light bends at an angle depending on its wavelength ➢ Light separates into its component colors in order of their wavelengths

Answer 29

Refraction

Question 30

Formula for c

Answer 30

c = λ × ν

Question 31

The photoelectric effect is not explained using a wave description but is explained by

Answer 31

modeling light as a particle

Question 32

Which plot in the photoelectron effect experiment is a step function? * KE versus intensity * KE versus wavelength * Number of electrons versus intensity * Number of electrons versus wavelength

Answer 32

* Number of electrons versus wavelength

Question 33

determines the brightness of the light

Answer 33

amplitude

Question 34

symbol for wavelength

Answer 34

λ

Question 35

For which type of light bulb is the light generated by excited gas atoms? * Incandescent bulb * Halogen bulb * Fluorescent bulb

Answer 35

* Fluorescent bulb

Question 36

characteristics that can describe any wave

Answer 36

Speed, wavelength, frequency, and amplitude

Question 37

can be carried out without the need to decompose or damage the sample

Answer 37

nondestructive testing

Question 38

the distance between "peaks" the distance between “valleys”

Answer 38

wavelength

Question 39

an important tool for nondestructive trace analysis

Answer 39

Handheld X-ray fluorescence or XRF instrument

Question 40

Formula for E

Answer 40

E = hv = hc/λ

Question 41

If information about the elemental composition of a part that is being used in a construction project is required, the part cannot be destroyed to determine its composition. Hence, what nondestructive testing analysis should be used?

Answer 41

X-ray fluorescence (XRF)

Question 42

the size or “height” of the wave

Answer 42

amplitude

Question 43

* Forms of electromagnetic radiation include

Answer 43

radio waves, microwaves, and X-rays

Question 44

Light is described as a collection of packets of energy called

Answer 44

photons

Question 45

it is a method that requires sample digestion

Answer 45

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)

Question 46

Electromagnetic radiation can be categorized in terms of its

Answer 46

wavelength or frequency

Question 47

occurs when light strikes a metal surface and causes electrons to be ejected

Answer 47

Photoelectric effect

Question 48

➢ Frequency is _______ proportional to wavelength

Answer 48

inversely

Question 49

As frequency increases, kinetic energy of emitted electrons increases linearly

Answer 49

KE versus ν

Question 50

the number of complete cycles of the wave passing a given point per second

Answer 50

frequency

Question 51

Light strikes the cathode and

Answer 51

ejects electrons

Question 52

is the bending of a wave when it passes from one medium to another of different refractive index

Answer 52

Refraction

Question 53

Frequency usually designated as ν and measured in units of

Answer 53

1/s, or hertz (Hz).

Question 54

Ejected electrons are collected at the

Answer 54

anode

Question 55

In XRF, Atoms in the sample are excited with

Answer 55

X-rays

Question 56

➢ Energy from the light is transferred to the electrons in the metal ➢ With sufficient energy, electrons break free from the metal ➢ When more energy is given to electrons, they travel faster and have higher kinetic energy as they leave the metal

Answer 56

Photoelectric effect

Question 57

defined as the product of frequency and wavelength

Answer 57

speed of light

Question 58

The lower wave in has a _____ amplitude than the upper wave.

Answer 58

larger

Question 59

The energy of a photon, E, is proportional to its frequency, ν

Answer 59

It is inversely proportional to the wavelength, λ

Question 60

In order to understand why a particular material, such an alloy, failed during the manufacture or use of a product requires ________ to detect chemicals that are present at extremely low levels in the alloy.

Answer 60

Trace analysis

Question 61

correspond to the color of the light

Answer 61

wavelength and frequency

Question 62

is the bending of a wave when it passes from one medium to another of different density

Answer 62

Refraction

Question 63

Many trace analysis techniques rely on _______________ and take advantage of the fact that atoms of different elements have specific and characteristic properties

Answer 63

microscopy or spectroscopy

Question 64

➢ Atoms in the sample are excited with X-rays ➢ Atoms then lose the excess energy by fluorescence, frequencies of which are characteristic for each element ➢ Fluorescence intensity is related to the quantity of an element present

Answer 64

Handheld X-ray fluorescence or XRF instrument

Question 65

Parts of Electromagnetic Spectrum

Answer 65

- Amplitude - Wavelength - Nodes - Electric vector - Magnetic vector - Direction of propagation

Question 66

is the energy holding an electron to a metal

Answer 66

Binding energy

Question 67

Particular pattern of wavelengths absorbed and emitted by an element

Answer 67

Atomic spectra

Question 68

Electrical current dissociates molecular H2 into excited atoms, which emit light that separates into ______ after being passed through a prism

Answer 68

four discrete wavelengths