The Spine Flashcards by Anna Koch

The vertebral column starts at the ______, goes to the ______ and accounts for / of the height of the body.

Skull
Pelvis
2/5

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The vertebral column encloses and protects the ______ _____ and while allowing the motor/sensory ______ to enter exit.

spinal cord

nerves

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The vertebral column is composed of how many bones?

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How are the bones f the vertebral column divided?

7-cervical
12-thoracic
5-lumbar
1-sacrum
1-coccyx

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The sacrum is made from how many fused sacral vertebrae?

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The coccyx is made from__ fused ________ bones.

coccygeal

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The body of a vertebra is also called the?

centrum

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Describe the body of a vertebra

Anterior portion: A mass of spongy bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone
It is a thick, disc-shaped area
It is weight bearing

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The vertebral arch is the…

The posterior portion of a vertebra

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The vertebral arch is composed of 2 ______ and 2 ______

lamina

pedicles

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Vertebral pedicles are ….

thick, short processes that angle away from the body leaving space for the spinal cord

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Vertebral lamina are, and form the…

they come back together to form the spinal process posteriorly

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The space formed by the lamina and pedicles is the?

vertebral foramen

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The vertebral foramen becomes the vertebral canal when»>

2 or more vertebrae are stacked

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Spinal nerves exit the spinal cord (on the side) through the _______ ______, formed by notches in the _____ of adjacent vertebrae.

intervertebral foramen

pedicles

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What are the 7 processes of a vertebra?

1 Spinous process
2 Transverse processes
2 Upper-Facing Processes: Superior Articular Processes
2 Lower-Facing Processes: Inferior Articular Processes

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The intervertebral disc is a _____ between the vertebra and is composed of these two parts.

pad

anulus fibrosis; nucleus pulposus

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1/4 of the height of the spinal column comes from the _______ _____.

Intervertebral discs

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The anulus fibrosis is:

Outer Portion of the intervertebral disc
A fibrous ring
Made from fibrocartilage

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The nucleus pulposus is:

Inner portion

Soft, pulpy, highly elastic gelatinous mass

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Why are the intervertebral discs important?

1- Permit various movements in the spinal column
2- Absorb vertical shock
They flatten, broaden, and bulge under compression

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How does a disc herniate? What does this pressure?

If the anulus fibrosus cracks, (usually posteriorly) then the nucleus pulposus protrudes out and now you have a herniated disc
This puts pressure on the spinal cord and nerves

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The _______ vertebra are the smallest and lightest of the vertebra.

cervical

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In general, C3-C6 have a _________ foramen in each _______ _______.

transverse

transverse process

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What passes through the transverse process?

A vertebral artery

The spinous process of C3-C6 is _______.

Bifid (has 2 little bulbs at the end)

The C1 is called the ______ and does not have a _______ (part of other vertebra).

Atlas | Body

Describe the appearance of the atlas

Actually a u-ring of bone, on each side there is a lateral mass that fits into the occipital condyle

Is there a disc between C1 and C2?

No.

The C2 is called the ______ and has a tooth-like process called the _______ that articulates with the _______.

Axis Dens Atlas

The dens is held in place by the ______ _______ of the atlas, and this joint is called the _________ joint.

Transverse ligament | Atlantoaxial

How can the dens cause injury?

The dens can be driven into the foramen magnum into the brain stem (medulla)

The C7 is called the ______ ______ because ......

Vertebra prominens | This spinous process is long and forms a prominent bump on the lower back of the neck

How is the C7 differentiated from C3-C6?

No bifid process

Each thoracic vertebra articulates bilaterally with the _____.

Ribs

The first 10 thoracic vertebra have _____ on the transverse process that articulate with the ______ of the ribs

Facets | Tubercles

On a vertebra, the _______ ______ are depressions with cartilage in them that articulate with ribs.

Costal facets

T11-T12 have no costal facets on the transverse process because ribs 11-12 only attach to the _______ _______.

Vertebral bodies

Describe the spinous process of a thoracic vertebra

Spinous processes are relatively pointed and angled dow

The bodies of thoracic vertebrae are _____than cervical vertebrae, but smaller than _______ vertebrae.

Bigger | Smaller

Describe a lumbar vertebra

Largest and strongest vertebrae | Thick and stout body

Describe the spinous process of a lumbar vertebra

Blunt, square-ish spinous process that comes relatively straight out

Where does the spinal cord end?

L3.

The sacrum is a ______-shaped bone, made of ____ fused vertebrae, that fuse at age _____.

triangle 5 16

The ala of the sacrum is:

“wing” large, rough, wing-like extensions

What part of the sacrum articulates with L5?

Superior articular process

Describe the median sacral crest

Only visible in posterior view | The spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae have fused into a ridge

What is the sacral canal?

Like a vertebral canal, runs through through the sacrum | Contains spinal nerve roots

The sacral canal ends at the _____ ______.

Sacral hiatus

The posterior sacral foramina transmit what?

Dorsal rami of sacral-spinal nerves

The anterior sacral foramina transmit what?

Ventral rami of sacral-spinal nerves

What condition occurs if the vertebral arch does not close dorsally?

Spina bifida

At what age does the coccyx fuse? And what bird is it alleged to resemble?

Age 20-30 | The bill of the cuckoo bird

What are the three spinal ligaments?

Anterior longitudinal Posterior longitudinal Nuchal

The anterior longitudinal ligament is:

A broad sheath along the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies

The posterior longitudinal ligament is:

Narrow sheath along posterior surface of vertebral bodies

The nuchal ligament:

Attaches at external occipital protuberance | Binds the skull to the vertebral column (along the tips of the spinal processes)

After C7 the nuchal ligament is called the _________ ligament which runs to the _______.

Supraspinous | Sacrum

Why is the spine curved? What is it's shape as a baby?

Curves increase strength, flexibility, balance, and resilience C-Shaped

Scoliosis is:

A lateral deviation of the spine

Kyphosis is:

Exaggerated thoracic curvature “hunchback”

Lordosis is:

Exaggerated lumbar curvature “swayback”

Define the bony thorax

Ribcage area providing a protective enclosure | The vertebrae are posterior; ribs are lateral; sternum is anterior

The manubrium of the sternum is:

triangular superior portion

The superior margin of the sternum is also called the ______ ______ and can be felt _______.

Jugular notch | midline

The body of the sternum is called the ______ and is the middle and largest portion.

gladiolus

Describe the xiphoid process

Inferior and smallest portion

Where the manubrium meets the gladioulus there is a landmark called the ______ ______. What is this used to find?

Sternal angle | 2nd rib

What ribs attach to be manubrium of the sternum?

1 and 2

What ribs attach to the body of the sternum?

Parts of the 2nd. | 3-7

How to ribs 8-10 attach to the sternum?

Thru the costal cartilage of rib 7.

Where do ribs 11 and12 attach anteriorly?

Do not attach to the sternum; ends are embedded in lumbar musculature

How many pairs of "true" ribs are there? What makes them "true"?

7 pairs | They attach directly to the sternum.

How many pairs of "false" ribs are there? What makes them false?

5 pairs | They do not attach to the sternum

What are the "floating ribs"?

The last of the false ribs, and do not attach at all to the sternum

What is costal cartilage?

A flexible cartilage that permits the thoracic cavity to expand during respiration Connects the ribs to the sternum

What is the head of a rib?

articulates with the bodies of two adjacent vertebrae

What is the neck of a rib?

narrowing between the head and tubercle

What is the tubercle of a rib?

articulates with the costal facet on the same # rib | eg 9th rib to T9 transverse process

What is the body of a rib?

main part of the rib

What is the angle of a rib? Why is it notable?

Point of greatest curvature in body of rib | Weakest part of the rib

What is the sternal end of a rib?

where rib attaches to costal cartilage (and to sternum)

What is a separated rib?

A rib that is separated from it’s costal cartilage

The Spine Flashcards

(83 cards)