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Anatomy & Physiology > Nervous System II > Flashcards

Nervous System II Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What are the parts of a neuron?

A

Dendrite, cell body, axon, axon hillock, axoplasm, axolemma, end bulb

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2
Q

What does a dendrite do?

A

Receives information

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3
Q

What does the cell body of a neuron do?

A

Receives information

Has the nucleus, organelles, and the metabolic center

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4
Q

What does an axon do?

A

Sends information

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5
Q

What does the axon hillock do?

A

Initiates the signal out

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6
Q

What is the axoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm in the axon

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7
Q

What is the axolemma?

A

The cel membrane of an axon

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8
Q

What is the end bulb?

A

Where chemical transmission happens

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9
Q

What are the three polarities of a neuron?

A

Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

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10
Q

A bipolar neuron is….

A

Rare in the body

Found in the eye, olfactory, inner ear

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11
Q

Most sensory neurons are…..

polarity

A

Unipolar

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12
Q

Multipolar neurons are…..

A

Most common in the body

Most neurons in the brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

What are the three protective coatings of neurons?

A

Endoneurium
Perineurium
Epineurium

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14
Q

What is endoneurium?

A

A protective sheath around a single axon

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15
Q

What is perineurium?

A

Protective coating surrounding a fascicle of axons running in the same direction

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16
Q

What is epineurium?

A

A protective coating surrounding the whole spinal nerve

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17
Q

What do neurons produce and transmit?

A

Electrochemical signals

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18
Q

What is the lifespan of a neuron?

A

A lifetime- extreme longevity

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19
Q

Can neurons divide?

A

No, they’re amitotic

exceptions apply

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20
Q

What is a neuron’s metabolic rate?

A

High…need lots of O2 and glucose

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21
Q

How many neurons in a human?

A

1 trillion

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22
Q

What is neuroglia?

A

Cells that support, protect and nourish neurons

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23
Q

What is the ratio of neuroglia: neurons?

A

50:1

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24
Q

Name the 5 neuralgia cells

A 
Schwann cell
Oligodendrocyte
Microglia
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
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25
What does a Schwann cell do?
Forms a myelin sheath in the PNS | These cells “wrap” their membrane around an axon, leaving most of their cytoplasm and organelles pushed to the side
26
What is the composition of myelin?
80% lipid | 20% protein
27
The gap between Schwann cells is the ________ of _______ and exposes the ____________.
Nodes of Ranvier | axolemma
28
What is the neurilemma?
The cytoplasm towards the outside of the myelin in a Schwann cell; or the sheath of Schwann
29
What does an oligodendrocyte do?
Forms a myelin sheath in the CNS
30
Whats does an oligodendrocyte look like?
An octopus
31
How many processes can an oligodendrocyte have and what is their function?
Up to 15. One cell makes many sheaths nearby | Each process reaches out to a nearby nerve fiber (axon) and spirals around it like a Schwann
32
Myelin sheaths in the PNS are formed by ___________ ______ while in the CNS they are formed by ______________.
Schwann cells | Oligodendrocyte
33
What is a microglia?
A phagocytic cell in the CNS
34
Microglia are a type of _______ | cell
Macrophage
35
What do microglia develop from?
Develop from a white blood cell called monocyte
36
Who do microglia do?
Wander through the CNS, phagocytizing dead material and foreign matter Are thought to do a full check-up of the brain a few times a day
37
What does a concentration of microgleal cells indicate?
Become concentrated in areas damaged by infection, trauma, or stroke. So their presence is a clue to the location of an injury site.
38
What is the most abundant neuroglial cell?
Astrocyte
39
What shape are astrocytes?
Star shaped
40
The extensions of astrocytes are called _________ ______and form __________ __________ with the epithelial cells of blood capillaries.
Perivascular feet | Tight junctions
41
Perivascular feet and tight junctions help form the _______ _______ _______.
Blood brain barrier.
42
What does the blood brain barrier do?
The BBB strictly controls which substances are able to get from the bloodstream into nervous tissue.
43
How to astrocytes promote neuron growth and synaptic formation?
By nourishing neurons and secreting growth factors
44
What can astrocytes absorb? And why?
They can absorb K+ and neurotransmitters- to prevent them from reaching excessive levels
45
What is an ependymal cell?
Line brain ventricles (small spaces in the brain) and the central canal in spinal cord
46
What does an ependymal cell look like?
Resemble a simple cuboidal epithelium, but no basement membrane and instead contain root-like processes that penetrate the underlying nervous tissue
47
What do ependymal cells do?
Non-ciliated Ependymal cells, or specialized ependymal secrete CSF, Ciliated cells move CSF around
48
What is the resting potential of a neuron?
-70mV
49
Stimulation of a neuron changes the ________ of it's _______.
Permeability | Cell membrane
50
What are the stages of electrical neurotransmission?
Depolarization Repolarization Hyperpolarization
51
What is depolarization?
1st: Na+ flows in. Then the Na+ gates close.
52
What is repolarization?
K+ flows out
53
What resets the Na+ and K+ balance of the cell? Why is this important?
The Na+K+ pump | The cell can retransmit once the balance is realigned
54
Why does hyperpolaziation occur?
Because the K+ channel closes more slowly
55
What is the electrical threshold of a neuron? Why is it important?
-55mV. If the threshold is not met, no signal is sent
56
When an atom is myelinated the impulse goes faster, this is called __________ __________.
Saltatory Conduction
57
In a myelinated cell, where do Na+ and K+ change positions?
Only at the nodes of Ranvier
58
What are some neurotransmitters in the CNS?
ACh or acetylcholine NE or norepherine DA or dopamine GABA
59
What are some neurotransmitters in the PNS?
ACh or acetulcholine | NE or norepherine
60
How many known neurotransmitters are there?
100+
61
Why is Ca++ important to nerve transmission?
It cant occur without it.
62
What is AChE?
Acetylcholinesterase
63
What does AChE do?
Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme found on the membrane and in the synaptic gap. It "eats" extra ACh
64
What does AChE break ACh into?
Acetate and choline.
65
What is the synaptic gap?
Space between two synapses.

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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