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Psychology > The Stats Test - Probability and Significance > Flashcards

The Stats Test - Probability and Significance Flashcards

1
Q

Three types of data

A

Ordinal
Nominal
Interval

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2
Q

Ordinal data

A

Data that is in ranked order

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3
Q

Example of ordinal data

A

First to last

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4
Q

What measure of central tendency does ordinal data use?

A

Median

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5
Q

Nominal data

A

Data in frequencies that is put into categories

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6
Q

What measure of central tendency does nominal data use?

A

The mode

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7
Q

Interval data

A

Data that is in a fixed unit of measurement

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8
Q

Is interval data a subjective or objective way of gathering information? Why?

A

Objective because it isn’t based on interpretation

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9
Q

Example of interval data

A

KG or temperature

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10
Q

What measure of central tendency does interval data use?

A

Mean

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11
Q

Strength of the mean

A

Uses every value in the data

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12
Q

Limitation of the mean

A

Vulnerable to outliers affected by extreme scores

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13
Q

Strength of the median

A

Least affected by extreme scores

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14
Q

Limitations of the median

A

Doesn’t use every value in the data

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15
Q

Strength of the mode

A

Not affected by extreme scores

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16
Q

Limitation of the mode

A

Not based on all values

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17
Q

What does the range tell us?

A

The difference between the smallest value and the largest value

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18
Q

What does standard deviation tell us?

A

Tells us how far the spread of data/scores are from the mean

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19
Q

What will the values be if the SD is 3?

A

The values will be 3 above and 3 below the mean

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20
Q

What do we use statistical testing in psychology?

A

To see if the data is statistically significant or not and whether out hypothesis is supported or rejected

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21
Q

How can the likelihood of the results having occurred by chance be found?

A

By carrying out the test multiple times to see if the results are statistically meaningful

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22
Q

What will out hypothesis be if our findings are statistically significant? What will this show?

A

Our hypothesis will be supported, showing us that the study is predictable

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23
Q

How were Milgram’s results statistically significant?

A

Because 100% of the participants obeyed to 300V and 65% obeyed up to 450V, allowing the conclusion that we will obey orders of an authority figure even if we are unsure about what we are told to do

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24
Q

Probability in psychology (P) =

A

P = < or equal to 0.05

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25
Q

What test is used when a hypothesis predicts a difference between co-variables or association?

A

Chi Square Test

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26
Q

Anagram for Chi Square Test

A

CANDI

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27
Q

C of CANDI

A

Chi Square

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28
Q

A of CANDI

A

Association

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29
Q

N of CANDI

A

Nominal

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30
Q

D of CANDI

A

Difference

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31
Q

I of CANDI

A

Independent groups

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32
Q

CANDI

A

Chi square
Association
Nominal
Difference
Independent groups

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33
Q

What data does the Chi Square Test deal with?

A

Nominal data

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34
Q

Formula for degrees of freedom

A

(Number of columns - 1) x (number of rows - 1)

35
Q

Symbol for Chi Square

A

X squared

36
Q

Unrelated t test anagram

A

UNIITD

37
Q

U and N of UNIITD

A

Unrelated

38
Q

I of UNIITD

A

Independent groups

39
Q

I of UNIITD

A

Interval data

40
Q

T of UNIITD

A

Time

41
Q

D of UNIITD

A

Difference

42
Q

UNITD

A

Unrelated
Independent groups
Interval data
Time
Difference

43
Q

Related t test anagram

A

DIRRT

44
Q

D of DIRRT

A

Difference

45
Q

I of DIRRT

A

Interval

46
Q

First R of DIRRT

A

Repeated measures

47
Q

Second R and T of DIRRT

A

Related T

48
Q

DIRRT

A

Difference
Interval
Repeated measures
Related T

49
Q

What is the MIDO anagram used for?

A

The Mann-Whitney experiment

50
Q

M of MIDO

A

Mann-Whitney

51
Q

I of MIDO

A

Independent

52
Q

D of MIDO

A

Differences

53
Q

O of MIDO

A

Ordinal

54
Q

MIDO

A

Mann-Whitney
Independent
Differences
Ordinal

55
Q

Way of remembering MIDO

A

MIDO is the “psychology dog”

56
Q

Anagram used for the Wilcoxon test

A

WORD

57
Q

W of WORD

A

Wilcoxson

58
Q

O of WORD

A

Ordinal

59
Q

R of WORD

A

Repeated measures

60
Q

D of WORD

A

Difference

61
Q

WORD

A

Wilcoxson
Ordinal
Repeated measures
Difference

62
Q

Anagram for Pearson’s r

A

CIP

63
Q

C of CIP

A

Correlation

64
Q

I of CIP

A

Interval

65
Q

P of CIP

A

Pearson

66
Q

CIP

A

Correlation
Interval
Pearson

67
Q

If you’re trying to find the correlation of two variables where one is the ordinal level of data and one is the interval level of data, what test do you use?

A

Spearman’s Rho

68
Q

In psychology what is the default p value?

A

Default probability value is 0.05

69
Q

What does the 0.05 default p value mean?

A

Means you are 95% sure that your results were not due to chance

70
Q

The lower the p value, the more…

A

Confident you are about the results not being due to chance

71
Q

When studying humans, why isn’t the p value 0.01?

A

Because you cannot predict what every human’s behaviour will be like due to factors such as individual differences, free will and human error

72
Q

Why do we use statistical tests in psychology?

A

To establish whether or not the results of an experiment were due to chance

73
Q

Stringent

A

Strict or precise

74
Q

The more stringent the level of significance is, the more…

A

Challenging it is to get your results to show that your hypothesis is supported

75
Q

The less stringent the level of significance is, the less…

A

Challenging it is to get your results to show that your hypothesis is supported

76
Q

In what scenario would a high p value be suitable?

A

Drug testing because you need to ensure the drug works before giving it to patients

77
Q

What does using a 0.05 level of significance minimise?

A

Minimises the chance of making a type 1 or 2 error

78
Q

Type 1 error

A

When the p value is very large there is a danger that we will take a chance result and decide it’s significant when it’s not

79
Q

What is type 1 error also known as?

A

False positive

80
Q

What is a chance result?

A

A result not representative of other results

81
Q

What does type 1 error make easier to do?

A

Makes it easier to get the results looking like they were statistically significant when there is a bigger margin of error

82
Q

Type 2 error

A

When the p value is very small there is a danger that we will take a significant result and decide that it was caused by chance

83
Q

What is type 2 error also known as?

A

False negative

84
Q

When is a type 2 error likely to occur?

A

When the level of significance is too stringent, making it harder to provide support for the hypothesis, meaning you could potentially reject a valid hypothesis

Psychology (96 decks)

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