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Psychology > The Stats Test - Probability and Significance > Flashcards

The Stats Test - Probability and Significance Flashcards

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1
Q

Three types of data

A

Ordinal
Nominal
Interval

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2
Q

Ordinal data

A

Data that is in ranked order

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3
Q

Example of ordinal data

A

First to last

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4
Q

What measure of central tendency does ordinal data use?

A

Median

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5
Q

Nominal data

A

Data in frequencies that is put into categories

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6
Q

What measure of central tendency does nominal data use?

A

The mode

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7
Q

Interval data

A

Data that is in a fixed unit of measurement

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8
Q

Is interval data a subjective or objective way of gathering information? Why?

A

Objective because it isn’t based on interpretation

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9
Q

Example of interval data

A

KG or temperature

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10
Q

What measure of central tendency does interval data use?

A

Mean

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11
Q

Strength of the mean

A

Uses every value in the data

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12
Q

Limitation of the mean

A

Vulnerable to outliers affected by extreme scores

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13
Q

Strength of the median

A

Least affected by extreme scores

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14
Q

Limitations of the median

A

Doesn’t use every value in the data

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15
Q

Strength of the mode

A

Not affected by extreme scores

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16
Q

Limitation of the mode

A

Not based on all values

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17
Q

What does the range tell us?

A

The difference between the smallest value and the largest value

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18
Q

What does standard deviation tell us?

A

Tells us how far the spread of data/scores are from the mean

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19
Q

What will the values be if the SD is 3?

A

The values will be 3 above and 3 below the mean

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20
Q

What do we use statistical testing in psychology?

A

To see if the data is statistically significant or not and whether out hypothesis is supported or rejected

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21
Q

How can the likelihood of the results having occurred by chance be found?

A

By carrying out the test multiple times to see if the results are statistically meaningful

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22
Q

What will out hypothesis be if our findings are statistically significant? What will this show?

A

Our hypothesis will be supported, showing us that the study is predictable

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23
Q

How were Milgram’s results statistically significant?

A

Because 100% of the participants obeyed to 300V and 65% obeyed up to 450V, allowing the conclusion that we will obey orders of an authority figure even if we are unsure about what we are told to do

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24
Q

Probability in psychology (P) =

A

P = < or equal to 0.05

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25
What test is used when a hypothesis predicts a difference between co-variables or association?
Chi Square Test
26
Anagram for Chi Square Test
CANDI
27
C of CANDI
Chi Square
28
A of CANDI
Association
29
N of CANDI
Nominal
30
D of CANDI
Difference
31
I of CANDI
Independent groups
32
CANDI
Chi square Association Nominal Difference Independent groups
33
What data does the Chi Square Test deal with?
Nominal data
34
Formula for degrees of freedom
(Number of columns - 1) x (number of rows - 1)
35
Symbol for Chi Square
X squared
36
Unrelated t test anagram
UNIITD
37
U and N of UNIITD
Unrelated
38
I of UNIITD
Independent groups
39
I of UNIITD
Interval data
40
T of UNIITD
Time
41
D of UNIITD
Difference
42
UNITD
Unrelated Independent groups Interval data Time Difference
43
Related t test anagram
DIRRT
44
D of DIRRT
Difference
45
I of DIRRT
Interval
46
First R of DIRRT
Repeated measures
47
Second R and T of DIRRT
Related T
48
DIRRT
Difference Interval Repeated measures Related T
49
What is the MIDO anagram used for?
The Mann-Whitney experiment
50
M of MIDO
Mann-Whitney
51
I of MIDO
Independent
52
D of MIDO
Differences
53
O of MIDO
Ordinal
54
MIDO
Mann-Whitney Independent Differences Ordinal
55
Way of remembering MIDO
MIDO is the “psychology dog”
56
Anagram used for the Wilcoxon test
WORD
57
W of WORD
Wilcoxson
58
O of WORD
Ordinal
59
R of WORD
Repeated measures
60
D of WORD
Difference
61
WORD
Wilcoxson Ordinal Repeated measures Difference
62
Anagram for Pearson’s r
CIP
63
C of CIP
Correlation
64
I of CIP
Interval
65
P of CIP
Pearson
66
CIP
Correlation Interval Pearson
67
If you’re trying to find the correlation of two variables where one is the ordinal level of data and one is the interval level of data, what test do you use?
Spearman’s Rho
68
In psychology what is the default p value?
Default probability value is 0.05
69
What does the 0.05 default p value mean?
Means you are 95% sure that your results were not due to chance
70
The lower the p value, the more…
Confident you are about the results not being due to chance
71
When studying humans, why isn’t the p value 0.01?
Because you cannot predict what every human’s behaviour will be like due to factors such as individual differences, free will and human error
72
Why do we use statistical tests in psychology?
To establish whether or not the results of an experiment were due to chance
73
Stringent
Strict or precise
74
The more stringent the level of significance is, the more…
Challenging it is to get your results to show that your hypothesis is supported
75
The less stringent the level of significance is, the less…
Challenging it is to get your results to show that your hypothesis is supported
76
In what scenario would a high p value be suitable?
Drug testing because you need to ensure the drug works before giving it to patients
77
What does using a 0.05 level of significance minimise?
Minimises the chance of making a type 1 or 2 error
78
Type 1 error
When the p value is very large there is a danger that we will take a chance result and decide it’s significant when it’s not
79
What is type 1 error also known as?
False positive
80
What is a chance result?
A result not representative of other results
81
What does type 1 error make easier to do?
Makes it easier to get the results looking like they were statistically significant when there is a bigger margin of error
82
Type 2 error
When the p value is very small there is a danger that we will take a significant result and decide that it was caused by chance
83
What is type 2 error also known as?
False negative
84
When is a type 2 error likely to occur?
When the level of significance is too stringent, making it harder to provide support for the hypothesis, meaning you could potentially reject a valid hypothesis

Psychology (104 decks)

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