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CAB- History Empire Development of Imperialism > The Suez Canal and Egypt > Flashcards

The Suez Canal and Egypt Flashcards

1
Q

When was the American Civil War?

A

1861-1865

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2
Q

In the 1870s how many of Egypt’s imports were from Britain?

A

40%

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3
Q

When were 40% of Egypt’s imports from britain?

A

the 1870s

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4
Q

How much shorter was the route to India via the Suez Canal as opposed to via cape.

A

6,000 miles

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5
Q

Britain and Egypt (4)

A
  1. In 1857, the idea that Egypt would fall under British control would probably have been laughed at. (2)
  2. British Interest in Egypt (2)
  3. Isma’il Pasha’s Modernisation Programme (3)
  4. Importance of the Suez Canal (2)
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6
Q

Britain and Egypt (4)
1. In 1857, the idea that Egypt would fall under British control would probably have been laughed at. (2)

A

a. Although British traders used Egypt as a route. (2)
b. Britain had been largely hostile to the Muslim rulers of Egypt.

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7
Q

Britain and Egypt (4)
1. In 1857, the idea that Egypt would fall under British control would probably have been laughed at. (2)
a. Although British traders used Egypt as a route. (2)

A

i. For centuries between Europe and Asia.
ii. From 18th C as a key route to India.

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8
Q

Britain and Egypt (4)
2. British Interest in Egypt (2)

A

a. Increased during American Civil War (1861-1865) (2)
b. British companies invested in Egyptian cotton production and it’s modernization programme. (2)

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9
Q

Britain and Egypt (4)
2. British Interest in Egypt (2)
a. Increased during American Civil War (1861-1865) (2)

A

i. British mills were starved of raw cotton.
ii. Egypt’s cotton was of high quality and thus now in high demand.

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10
Q

Britain and Egypt (4)
2. British Interest in Egypt (2)
b. British companies invested in Egyptian cotton production and it’s modernization programme. (2)

A

i. Trading interactions grew.
ii. By 1870s, 40% of Egypt’s imports were from Britain.

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11
Q

Britain and Egypt (4)
3. Isma’il Pasha’s Modernisation Programme (3)

A

a. He came to power in Egypt in 1863
b. Committed to modernization programme initiated by Muhammad Ali Pasha (ruler from 1805-1848) who had already: (2)
c. Embarked on various projects, including: (5)

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12
Q

Britain and Egypt (4)
3. Isma’il Pasha’s Modernisation Programme (3)
b. Committed to modernization programme initiated by Muhammad Ali Pasha (ruler from 1805-1848) who had already: (2)

A

i. Established a professional army.
ii. Extended Egyptian rule through the Sudan.

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13
Q

Britain and Egypt (4)
3. Isma’il Pasha’s Modernisation Programme (3)
c. Embarked on various projects, including: (5)

A

i. Irrigation
ii. Railways
iii. Schools
iv. Street lighting
v. Creating of the Suez Canal

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14
Q

Britain and Egypt (4)
4. Importance of the Suez Canal (2)

A

a. Benefited British seafarers and merchants, especially those trading with India and China
b. Route to India was 6,000 miles shorter than it would be via the Cape.

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15
Q

Who obtained the agreement with Egypt to set up the Suez Canal Company?

A

Ferdinand de Lesseps

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16
Q

When did Ferdinand de Lesseps and the Government of Egypt get the agreement for the Suez Canal Company done?

A

1854-1856

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17
Q

The original Suez Canal Company agreement meant that the Egyptian government got what percentage of the profits?

A

15%

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18
Q

When was the Suez Canal Company set up?

A

1858

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19
Q

When did work begin on the Suez Canal?

A

1859

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20
Q

How long did they take to complete the Suez Canal?

A

10 years

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21
Q

When did Isma’il put the Egyptian shares up for sale?

A

1875

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22
Q

How much was Isma’il offering for the Egyptian shares?

A

£4 million

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23
Q

Who was the British Prime Minister who bought the Egyptian shares for the Suez Canal?

A

Benjamin Disraeli

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24
Q

The Suez Canal- a new passage to India (7)

A
  1. Ferdinand de Lesseps and the Creation of the Suez Canal Company (3)
  2. Work began on the canal in 1859. (1)
  3. British Scepticism towards Suez Canal (2)
  4. Immediate and Dramatic Effect of the Suez Canal on World Trade (3)
  5. Isma’il Pasha’s Sale of Egypt’s Share in the Canal (3)
  6. Benefits of Britain’s share are explained in “British Expansion in Africa”.
  7. Control of the canal encouraged further British interest in Egypt.
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25
Q

The Suez Canal- a new passage to India (7)
1. Ferdinand de Lesseps and the Creation of the Suez Canal Company (3)

A

a. Ferdinand de Lesseps obtained an agreement from Egypt to create a company to construct a canal for international shipping. (3)
b. The Suez Canal Company was set up in 1858.
c. Shares in the project were made available internationally.

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26
Q

The Suez Canal- a new passage to India (7)
1. Ferdinand de Lesseps and the Creation of the Suez Canal Company (3)
a. Ferdinand de Lesseps obtained an agreement from Egypt to create a company to construct a canal for international shipping. (3)

A

i. In 1854-1856.
ii. Lesseps was a Frenchman.
iii. The original agreement said that 15% of the annual profits were reserved for the Government of Egypt.

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27
Q

The Suez Canal- a new passage to India (7)
2. Work began on the canal in 1859. (1)

A

a. Was completed 10 years later.

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28
Q

The Suez Canal- a new passage to India (7)
3. British Scepticism towards Suez Canal (2)

A

a. The British did not buy many shares.
b. They thought the canal would be unsuitable for large ships.

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29
Q

The Suez Canal- a new passage to India (7)
4. Immediate and Dramatic Effect of the Suez Canal on World Trade (3)

A

a. Reduced profits of British traders in the Cape who operated warehouses for storing goods.
b. Way fewer people passing their point when travelling but were rather going through the Suez Canal.
c. No longer so many people trading with British Colonies.

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30
Q

The Suez Canal- a new passage to India (7)
5. Isma’il Pasha’s Sale of Egypt’s Share in the Canal (3)

A

a. Pasha is facing lots and lots of debt.
b. In 1875, Isma’il Pasha sought a buyer for Egypt’s share in the canal for £4 million.
c. The British Prime Minister, Benjamin Disraeli, purchased Egypt’s share.

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31
Q

Before Isma’il sold the shares in the suez canal, how many shares were held by frenchmen? (2)

A
  1. 50% French (not one individual but lots of small groups)
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32
Q

When was Isma’il deposed?

A

1879

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33
Q

Before Isma’il sold the shares in the suez canal, how many shares were held by Egyptians? (2)

A
  1. 44% Egyptian Government
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34
Q

Before Isma’il sold the shares in the suez canal, how many shares were held by Ottomans? (2)

A
  1. 6% private wealthy Ottoman Individuals
35
Q

In 1869, what proportion of the ships using the Suez Canal are British?

A

3/4

36
Q

In which year were 3/4 of the ships using the Suez Canal British?

A

1869

37
Q

When did Isma’il put the shares up for sale?

A

1875

38
Q

how big were Isma’il’s debts that he was willing to put the governments shares in the suez canal up for sale?

A

a. 100 million

39
Q

How much did Disraeli buy Egypts shares for?

A

b. £4,000,000

40
Q

Movements made. (5)

A
  1. Conservative (pro-imperial) PM Benjamin Disraeli. Knows that British needs to have a stake in the Canal.
  2. By 1875, the leader Ismail had massive debts (Egypt’s debts in total) (2)
  3. Disraeli immediately bought up the shares. (2)
  4. Once The British have a controlling share in the canal, they start to pay more attention to the rest of Egypt. (3)
  5. His justifications that he says afterwards. (4)
41
Q

After Isma’il was deposed who was appointed the new khedive?

A

Tewfiq

42
Q

Movements made. (5)
2. By 1875, the leader Ismail had massive debts (Egypt’s debts in total) (2)

A

a. 100 million pound debts
b. SO, he puts the Egyptian Shares for the Canal up for sale.

43
Q

Movements made. (5)
4. Once The British have a controlling share in the canal, they start to pay more attention to the rest of Egypt. (3)

A

a. They have the control because all of the other shares are owned by small groups.
b. So, any votes that they make the British Government wins.
c. Because they are effectively one person owning the shares and so all of that shares’ worth is voting for one thing.

44
Q

Movements made. (5)
3. Disraeli immediately bought up the shares. (2)

A

a. Doesn’t consult parliament. Just buys it by borrowing money from a personal friend.
b. £4,000,000

45
Q

Movements made. (5)
5. His justifications that he says afterwards. (4)

A

a. It’s not to do with money (although there is money to be made)
b. A hostile power should not be in charge to a strategic route to India.
c. Allows for other dependencies.
d. MAINTENANCE

46
Q

After Tewfiq was made khedive, by how much was the army reduced?

A

1/3

47
Q

Who led the nationalist rebellion?

A

Colonel Arabi Pasha and his fellow army officers

48
Q

How many Europeans were living in Egypt?

A

100,000

49
Q

How many Europeans were killed in the first Alexandra revolt?

A

50

50
Q

When were 50 Europeans killed on the streets of Alexandria?

A

June 1882

51
Q

Arabi Pasha demanded what proportion of all men come to Kafr el-Dawwar?

A

1/6

52
Q

What place could British troops access once Chief Sir Garnet Wolsey secured the Suez Canal?

A

Tel el-Kebir

53
Q

How long does the battle at Tel el-Kebir last?

A

less than 1 hour

54
Q

Once Britain retook Cairo, who did it make it’s puppet ruler?

A

Tewiq

55
Q

What’s a puppet ruler?

A

A ruler who has to act as they are told (in this case by Britain)

56
Q

Who was installed as the first consul-general?

A

Major Evelyn Baring

57
Q

What nickname was given to Evelyn Baring?

A

Overbaring

58
Q

When was the convention of London?

A

1885

59
Q

When was Egypt a client state?

A

1882-1914

60
Q

How are client states sometimes referred to?

A

veiled protectorate

61
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)

A

 New System (3)
 Rebellion and Shift (2)
 Violence (6)
 Occupation and New Egypt (3)

62
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 New System (3)

A
  1. Ismail Gets Deposed. (4)
  2. New Khedive is Tewfiq. (3)
  3. Measures introduced to help economy. (2)
63
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 New System (3)
1. Ismail Gets Deposed. (4)

A

a. 1879
b. Deposed by an Ottoman Sultan.
c. Not surprising due to continuous economic mismanagement.
d. More broadly a result of both domestic (Turkish??? Could be Egyptian?) and Anglo-French pressure.

64
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 New System (3)
2. New Khedive is Tewfiq. (3)

A

a. Son of Ismail
b. It was British Money and support that kept Egypt going.
c. Thus, B had a lot of influence.

65
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 New System (3)
3. Measures introduced to help economy. (2)

A

a. Taxes put on Egyptian food and goods.
b. Army reduced to 1/3 of its size.

66
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 Rebellion and Shift (2)

A
  1. Nationalist Rebellion. (2)
  2. Tewfiq forced to appoint Arabi’s allies into government positions. (3)
67
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 Rebellion and Shift (2)
1. Nationalist Rebellion. (2)

A

a. The measures that were put in place caused lots of unemployment and thus caused the Nationalist Revolution.
b. Led by Colonel Arabi Pasha and his fellow army officers.

68
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 Rebellion and Shift (2)
2. Tewfiq forced to appoint Arabi’s allies into government positions. (3)

A

a. They have a strong anti-European stance.
b. Provokes British concerns. (4)
c. Festers many political tensions

69
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 Rebellion and Shift (2)
2. Tewfiq forced to appoint Arabi’s allies into government positions. (3)
b. Provokes British concerns. (4)

A

i. Trade
ii. Investment
iii. 100,000 Europeans living in Egypt.
iv. The Canal route to India.

70
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 Violence (6)

A
  1. A series of revolts. (3)
  2. Intervention. (2)
  3. Arabi Pasha declares war.
  4. Kafr el-Dawwar (7)
  5. British Forces secure Suez Canal. (3)
  6. Battle that defeats Arabi’s forces. (4)
71
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 Violence (6)
1. A series of revolts. (3)

A

a. 50 Europeans killed on the streets of Alexandria.
b. June 1882
c. This was followed by a series of other revolts across Egypt.

72
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 Violence (6)
2. Intervention. (2)

A

a. British Prime Minister William Gladstone (liberal) feels he has to intervene.
b. British Naval forces sent to continuously attack Alexandra.

73
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 Violence (6)
4. Kafr el-Dawwar (7)

A

a. He demands a sixth of all men come to Kafr el-Dawwar.
b. It blocks the British’s path to Cairo.
c. Battle
d. The British were winning.
e. The British commander had an unfortunate (for him) misunderstanding.
f. This allowed for Arabi’s troops to gain the upper hand and ultimately force the British Troops to withdraw.
g. More Egyptian than British casualties.

74
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 Violence (6)
5. British Forces secure Suez Canal. (3)

A

a. Cairo now cannot be reached via Kafre el-Dawwar (and by proxy Alexandria).
b. Has to be done via the Suez Canal.
c. British Commander in Chief Sir Garnet Wolsey secures the Suez Canal.

75
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 Violence (6)
6. Battle that defeats Arabi’s forces. (4)

A

a. This allows them to get to Tel el-Kebir.
b. There is a battle that lasts less than an hour.
c. Britain retakes Cairo.
d. Restores Tewfiq as a puppet ruler. (1)

76
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 Violence (6)
6. Battle that defeats Arabi’s forces. (4)
d. Restores Tewfiq as a puppet ruler. (1)

A

i. A ruler who has to act as they are told (in this case by Britain)

77
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 Occupation and New Egypt (3)

A
  1. Occupation (more or less) Begins. (4)
  2. Convention of London. (3)
  3. Client State (5)
78
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 Occupation and New Egypt (3)
1. Occupation (more or less) Begins. (4)

A

a. This was supposed to be temporary.
b. Was without clearly defined intentions.
c. Major Evelyn Baring installed as Consul General. (2)
d. Tewfiq forced to: (3)

79
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 Occupation and New Egypt (3)
1. Occupation (more or less) Begins. (4)
c. Major Evelyn Baring installed as Consul General. (2)

A

i. Britain’s highest governmental representative in an overseas territory.
ii. He was nicknamed “Overbaring”.

80
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 Occupation and New Egypt (3)
1. Occupation (more or less) Begins. (4)
d. Tewfiq forced to: (3)

A

i. Make a government that was in Britain’s favour.
ii. Employ British military personnel to supervise army.
iii. Rely on British advisors.

81
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 Occupation and New Egypt (3)
2. Convention of London. (3)

A

a. 1885
b. Confirms Britain’s influence.
c. Secured an international Loan for the Egyptian Government

82
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 Occupation and New Egypt (3)
3. Client State (5)

A

a. 1882-1914
b. Sometimes referred to as a “veiled protectorate”. (1)
c. This is under the veil of Ottoman and Home rule.
d. Baring led from behind a screen of Egyptian ministers.
e. He was helped by a group of English Administrators.

83
Q

The Establishment of British Control in Egypt (4)
 Occupation and New Egypt (3)
3. Client State (5)
b. Sometimes referred to as a “veiled protectorate”. (1)

A

i. A state controlled by another in an indirect manner.

84
Q

Can you just give me some facts about Sudan? (4)

A

a. Borders Egypt
b. The river Nile flows through it.
c. Theories that it has a lot of gold.
d. The Suez Canal also goes past it.

CAB- History Empire Development of Imperialism (11 decks)

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