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Russia Edexcel History A Level COPY > Theme 4 (social) > Flashcards

Theme 4 (social) Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

when was the Russian civil war

A

1918-21

war communism same timespan

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2
Q

decree forcing unemployed people into any offered work

A

1918 (war communism)

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3
Q

launch of NEP

A

1921

announced at 10th party congress (ended war communism)

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4
Q

rise in unemployment under NEP (since NEP didnt stress full employment like war communism)

A

1926: 1 million unemployed

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5
Q

when did the soviet government announce full employment

A

1930

first government to do so in peacetime

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6
Q

rise in hired workers under industrialisation

A

1926: 11.6 million
1937: 27 million

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7
Q

when was unemployment benefit cancelled

A

1930 (since ‘full employment’ had been reached)

Trade unions left to pay for sick leave / injury compensation

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8
Q

low productivity of soviet factories (early Stalin)

A

1927: average soviet worker produced half what the average British worker did

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9
Q

work passport system introduced

A

1932

Harder for people to change jobs

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10
Q

failure of work passport system

A

1937: 30% workers still change jobs 4 times a year

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11
Q

guarantee of employment for all soviet workers

A

1936 constitution

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12
Q

absenteeism made a criminal offence

A

1939

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13
Q

rise in gulag population after the war

A

1945: 1.5 million
1953: 2.5 million
prisoners of war used extensively in the reconstruction period

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14
Q

increase in population of Moscow (early Stalin)

A

1929: 2.2 million
1936: 4.1 million

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15
Q

increase in population of Magnitogorsk (early Stalin)

A

1929: 25
1932: 250,000

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16
Q

statistics to show low quality of rented units under Stalin

A

1936
only 6% had more than 1 room
5% of people lived in a kitchen or corridor
25% of people lived in dormitories

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17
Q

housing shortage made worse by WW2

A

1942-43: Stalingrad lost 90% of its housing

1941-44: siege of Leningrad, Leningrad lost 1/3 of its housing

1945: 25 million left homeless

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18
Q

typhus outbreak (early bolshevik period)

A

1918-20
6 million died
spread by lice

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19
Q

rise in trained doctors under Stalin

A

1928: 70,000 (many had fled after revolution)
1940: 155,000

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20
Q

cholera epidemic

A

1921

successfully contained by compulsory vaccination

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21
Q

rise in real wages under Brezhnev

A

1967-77

real wages rose 50%

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22
Q

increase in consumption under Khrushchev

A

consumption per capita increased 3.8%

1956-64

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23
Q

when was the minimum wage introduced in USSR

A

1957

Khrushchev

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24
Q

growth of party membership (caused by nomenklatura system)

A

1953: 7 million
1980: 17 million

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25
increase in state welfare spending 1950-80
increased fivefold
26
when did peasants receive a pension
only under the Brezhnev era
27
increase in annual amount if housing space produced under Khrushchev
1951: 178 million square metres 1961: 394 million square meters (1951 - 61 housing space doubled) *Khrushchev slums, so not good quality*
28
rise in farmers wages under Khrushchev + Brezhnev
by the 1970s, collective farmers wages only 10% lower than industrial workers
29
uprising in Hungary leads to soviet invasion
1956 Tanks (same year as secret speech - Hungary for change)
30
serious protests in Czechoslovakia lead to soviet invasions
1968 | Military
31
high divorce rates under Brezhnev
1979 | 34% marriages end in divorce
32
attempted assassination of Brezhnev
1969
33
alcoholism in the 80s
1982: average adult consumes 18 litres of spirits per year (2X 1970 figure) 1987: estimated 20 million alcoholics in USSR. High levels of domestic abuse
34
early decrees made with the intention of gender equality
1917 | divorce made easier, abortion legalised, marital permission laws abolished, equal pay, maternity leave
35
what % of divorces initiated by men?
70% | often to leave pregnant women (unwanted babies)
36
how many women fought in the Red Army (civil war)
70,000
37
campaign for the unveiling of women
1927 (targeted Muslim areas, difficult) | Lead to 'honour killings' of the women involved by their families, government forced to take a softer approach 1930
38
when did the party close down Zhenotdel
1930 | claimed sexual equality had been achieved
39
rise of women in the workforce (industrialisation)
1928: 3 million 1940: 13 million
40
what % of university places were reserved for women
1929: government reserves 20% of higher education places for women (14% already women) 1940: 40% of those studying engineering were women
41
production of tanks and aircrafts in WW2
94,000 aircrafts | 73,000 tanks
42
statistics to show low female involvement in the party
1932: 16% party members were women 1939: female delegates at party congress exceeds 10% for the first time
43
when were women given the vote in Russia
1917
44
1920s high abortion rates
Moscow 1920s | abortions outnumbered birthed 3:1
45
when was Stalin's great retreat
1936 - divorce more expensive - abortion illegal - unregistered marriage not valid - man gays illegal
46
increase in divorce price after great retreat
1935: 4 roubles 1937: 50 roubles
47
increase in number of creche places (pre-great retreat)
creche places doubled 1928-30
48
abortion legalised again (after great retreat)
1955 | Khrushchev wanted to lessen financial strain on the family
49
decline in population growth under Brezhnev
1982: population grew 0.8% per year. Average family has 2.4 children (vs 2.9 in 1959)
50
reasons for not banning alcohol in 80's (despite all the problems it made)
9% of GDP came from vodka sales
51
statistics to show how education was underfunded in early bolshevik years
teachers poorly paid 1 teacher per 40 children only 1 pencil per 60 students provided by Narkompros
52
failures of early attempt to increase education
by 1926, the average child had just 2.77 years of education
53
when were church schools taken over by the government
1918
54
growth in number of children in education ( early Stalin)
1929: 14 million 1931: 20 million
55
schools destroyed by ww2
82,000
56
adult education under Khrushchev
1964: over 2 million adults attending Rabfaks
57
illiteracy under the Tsar
65% population illiterate 14/17 illiterate are women 88% children do not finish primary school
58
increase in literacy (Stalin - Khrushchev). urban and rural
1939: 94% and 86% 1959: 99% and 98% (figures likely overstated but still a massive achievement)
59
when were all schools required to offer vocational courses
under Khrushchev | 1955-65
60
Komsomol (Young Communist League) membership
1929: 2.3 million 1940: 10.2 million 1982: 40 million
61
labour exchanges (job centres) set up
1918 | War communism, any unemployed must take all work offered to them
62
decrease in working hours
1957 Khrushchev decreases working hours | By 1960 working week 41 hours (vs 48 in 1956)
63
regular wages implemented for collective farmers
1966 | Brezhnev
64
work passport system extended to rural population
1974 | same year Brezhnev changes economic targets to focus on cost and profit rather than production
65
gender discrimination after civil war
many men returning were better trained than those who worked during civil war. 70% of those fired were women
66
labour shortages in first 5 year plan
1932 labour shortages | high targets + many new factories (building projects) caused labour shortage in 1932
67
how did Stalin combat labour shortages (first 5 year plan)
1931: wage different depending on skill level 1932: work passport system 1934: piecework introduced (paid by amount you produce) --> not great work incentive as little to actually buy with this money
68
living costs under Stalin
very low, most families spent less than 8% of income on rent. Living conditions still poor (no space, electricity, hot water)
69
social benefits provided by Trade Unions
2 weeks paid holiday, often cheap subsidised vacations to state resorts sick pay given
70
soviet healthcare
``` widely available, not always high quality good sanitation (sanitary inspectors given the same status as doctors) Not free, but low subsidised costs ```
71
literacy levels by 1980s
99% | caused by compulsory education for ages 7-15 (Stalin 1930)
72
protests in Poland over food prices
1980 | had to use martial law
73
when was the family code
1918 | gives women greater rights within marriage
74
postcard divorces made legal
started in 1926 (revoked 1936 great retreat) | 1926: 50% of marriages end in divorce 70% divorces initiated by men to leave unwanted children
75
1944 extension on great retreat
- tax on single people - divorce made more complex (must visit a councillor to try fix it) - 'mother heroines' for 10+ children
76
first women to be a full member of the presidium (politburo)
Ekaterina Furtseva | 1957
77
family code places restrictions on divorce (Brezhnev)
1968 - 1 month notice before a wedding can happen - divorce illegal if woman is pregnant or has given birth within the year
78
the socially active woman
magazine targeted at the female social elite (1930s onwards)
79
women who fought in WW2
80,000 | most in medical but some as pilots, machine gunners, and tank crews
80
first woman in space
Valentina Tereshkova, 1963
81
new marriage law gives equal status for registered and unregistered marriages
1927 | revoked 1936 great retreat
82
'double burden' under Khrushchev
49% workforce women | Khrushchev traditional values stresses that women should still do all domestic work (double burden for working mums)
83
statistics to show which fields were female dominated by 1985
70% of medical doctors were women 75% of university employees were women 65% of art and culture employees were women *pay in female dominated fields was lower*
84
statistic to show that women were only targeted for low paying jobs in late 50s/early 60s
August 1958 6400 women recruited only 450 had well paid professional jobs
85
statistics to show low status of women in agriculture in 70s/80s
1970: 72% of the Soviet union's lowest-paid farmers were women 1980: only 2% of farm managers were women

Russia Edexcel History A Level COPY (5 decks)

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