Theories Of Development

Question 1

___________ founder of the field of behaviorism

Answer 1

John B. Watson

Question 2

founder of psychoanalysis

Answer 2

Sigmund Freud

Question 3

developed the idea of observational learning

Answer 3

Albert Bandura

Question 4

little Albert experiment

Answer 4

John B. Watson

Question 5

developed the ecological systems perspective

Answer 5

Urie bronfenbrenner

Question 6

believed there was a critical period for attachment in infancy

Answer 6

John Bowlby

Question 7

believe the mind was organized through schemas

Answer 7

j. Piaget

Question 8

studied reinforcement and Punishment

Answer 8

B. F. Skinner

Question 9

developed a socio-cultural perspective on cognitive development

Answer 9

vygotsky

Question 10

developed a psychosocial theory of development that included eight developmental crises

Answer 10

Erik Erikson

Question 11

____________ a field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan

Answer 11

developmental science

Question 12

_________ is an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts Behavior.

Answer 12

theory

Question 13

theories continued existence depends on ________ _______

Answer 13

scientific verification

Question 14

______________ development, a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times

Answer 14

discontinuous development

Question 15

______________ development, a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with

Answer 15

continuous development

Question 16

four assumptions that make up the lifespan perspective

Answer 16

1) development is lifelong
2) development is multidimensional and multidirectional
3) development is highly plastic
4) development is affected by multiple interacting Force

Question 17

events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable and when they occur and how long they will last are called _______ ________ __________

Answer 17

age-graded influences

Question 18

________-________ _______: explain why people born around the same time tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times

Answer 18

history-graded influences

Question 19

age-graded and history graded influences are ________- meaning typical, or average because each affects large numbers of people in a similar way

Answer 19

normative influences

Question 20

___________ influences, are events that are irregular: they happened to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable.

Answer 20

non-normative influences

Question 21

this Theory emphasizes two related principles: natural selection and survival of the fittest

Answer 21

Darwin’s theory of evolution

Question 22

_________. ______ ______ one of the most influential American psychologist of the early 20th century, is generally regarded as the founder of the child study movement

Answer 22

G. Stanley Hall

Question 23

__________ approach, measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals, and is related averages are computed to represent typical development

Answer 23

normative approach

Question 24

according to the __________ perspective, people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.

Answer 24

psychoanalytic perspective

how do you spawn Flix are resolved determines the person’s ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety.

Question 25

__________ ________ : founder of the psychoanalytic perspective

Answer 25

Sigmund Freud

Question 26

along with Sigmund Freud another especially influential contributor to the psychoanalytic perspective is ______ _______

Answer 26

Erik Erikson

Question 27

_____________ Theory, emphasizes that how parents manage their child sexual and aggressive drives in their first few years is crucial for healthy personal development.

Answer 27

psychosexual Theory

Question 28

in Freud's theory between 3 and 6 years of age the _________, for conscience, develops as parents insist that children conform to the values of society

Answer 28

Superego

Question 29

the _______ the conscious rational part of personality, emerges in early infancy to redirect the IDS impulses so that they are discharged and acceptable ways

Answer 29

ego Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory

Question 30

The _____, the largest portion of the mines, is the source of basic biological needs and desires according to Freud's psychosexual theory

Answer 30

id

Question 31

According to Freud, the relations established among the __, _____, and _______ during the preschool years determine an individual's basic personality.

Answer 31

I'd, ego, and superego

Question 32

____ _____ developed the psychosocial Theory

Answer 32

Erik Erikson

Question 33

___________ emphasized that in addition to mediating between ID impulses and super ego demands, the ego allows an individual to become an active contributing member of society.

Answer 33

psychosocial Theory Erik Erikson

Question 34

North American behaviorism began in the early 20th century with the work of ______ _______.

Answer 34

John Watson

Question 35

according to ___________, directly observable events, stimuli and responses are the appropriate focus of study.

Answer 35

behaviorism

Question 36

____ ______ successfully hot dogs to salivate at the sound of a Bell by pairing it with the presentation of food. this led to the discovery of ________ _________

Answer 36

Ivan Pavlov classical conditioning

Question 37

in a historic experiment demonstrating classical conditioning _________ Todd Albert, and 11 month old infant to fear a neutral stimulus.

Answer 37

Watson

Question 38

another form of behaviorism was ____ _______ operant conditioning Theory

Answer 38

B.F. Skinner

Question 39

according to BF. Skinner's _______ _______ Theory frequency of behavior can be increased by following it with a variety of reinforcing reinforcers or decreased through punishment

Answer 39

operant conditioning Theory

Question 40

_______ ______ Theory, emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development.

Answer 40

social learning theory

Question 41

most influential social learning theory was devised by _______ ______

Answer 41

Albert bandura

Question 42

an example of ______ ________ is when hey baby claps her hands after her mother does so.

Answer 42

social learning

Question 43

______ ________ consists of procedures that combine conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses.

Answer 43

behavior modification

Question 44

if one individual eyes influenced research on tile development more than any other, it is Swiss cognitive theorist ______ ______

Answer 44

Jean Piaget

Question 45

according to Jean Piaget's _______-________ Siri, children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world

Answer 45

cognitive development theory

Question 46

according to Piaget as the brain develops and experiences expand, they move through four stages, each characterized by qualitative distinct ways of thinking. what are these four stages?

Answer 46

1) sensorimotor 2) preoperational 3) concrete operational 4) formal operational Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory