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Anatomy 3001 > Thoracic Cavity > Flashcards

Thoracic Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three compartments of the thoracic cavity called?

A

The left pleura, the right pleura and the mediastinum

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2
Q

What is parietal pleura attached to?

A

The thorax wall, the fascia at the thoracic inlet at the 1st rib and T1, the fibrous pericardium and other mediastinal structures and the diaphragm.

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3
Q

What are the borders of the superior mediastinum?

A

Behind manubrium, between inlet and plane between sternal angle and T4/5.

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4
Q

What are the borders of the inferior mediastinum?

A

Inferior to the transeverse plane between sternal angle and T4/5 and superior to the diaphragm.

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5
Q

What can the inferior mediastinum be further divided into?

A

The anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum

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6
Q

What are the structures located to the right of the mediastinum?

A

Inferior Vena Cava, Superior Vena Cava and the arch of azygos (structures which relate to the Right atrium and veins)

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7
Q

What are the structures located to the left of the mediastinum?

A

Left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, arch of aorta and the thoracic aorta, (related to left ventricle and arteries)

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8
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

A fibro-serous sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels.

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9
Q

What are the functions of the pericardium?

A

It anchors the heart to surrounding tissues without compromising cardiac movement. It prevents overfilling (overexpansion) of the heart.

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10
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium called?

A

The serous pericardium and the fibrous pericardium.

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11
Q

Where does the adventitia of the great vessels fuse?

A

The apex of the heart.

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12
Q

What is the structure called that blends with the fibrous pericardium inferiorly?

A

The cental tendon of the diaphragm (pericardiophrenic ligament).

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13
Q

Where does the parietal layer reflect in on itslef?

A

The roots of the great vessels

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14
Q

What is the visceral layer of the pericardium also known as?

A

The epicardium

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15
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity located?

A

Between parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium.

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16
Q

How much fluid is contained inside the pericardial cavity?

A

10-15 ml

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17
Q

Where is the pericardial fluid produced?

A

The serous pericardium

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18
Q

Where does the sensory supply of the pericardium come from?

A

The phrenic nerve

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19
Q

Where do vasomotor fibres which supply the pericardium come from?

A

The vagus nerve and the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerve (sympathetic)

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20
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve enter the mediastinum?

A

Between venous and arterial planes (subclavian a/v)

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21
Q

What does the phrenic nerve lie between in the mediastinum?

A

Between the fibrous pericardium and parietal pluera

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22
Q

What does the phrenic nerve supply sensory fibres to?

A

The mediastinal and parietal pleura. The peritoneum and pleura related to the central tendon of the diaphragm.

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23
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve refer pain to?

A

Back of neck, supraclavicular region and shoulder tip (C3,4 and 5) dermatomes.

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24
Q

What passes through the caval opening?

A

The inferior vena cava and the right phrenic nerve. The opening is in the central tendon.

25
Q

What is the superior vena cava formed from?

A

The right and left brachiocephalic veins.

26
Q

Where is the left subclavian artery located coming off of the aortic arch?

A

Posterior and to the left of the trachea.

27
Q

What is located in the posterior mediastinum?

A

Vertebral bodies, proximal costal segments, proximal segments of intercostal vessels, proximal segments of intercostal nerves, sympathetic chain with its ganglia.

28
Q

Where is the thoracic aorta located?

A

Between the level of the sternal angle and aortic hiatus. Lies on the left of the thoracic vertebral bodies, but moves to midline in lower thorax.

29
Q

What are visceral branches of the thoracic aorta?

A

Oesophageal arteries, bronchial arteries, pericardial branches, mediastinal branches, superior phrenic artery.

30
Q

How many bronchial arteries are there?

A

3 (2 on the left and 1 on the right)

31
Q

What is the muscular components of the different parts of the oesophagus?

A

Upper 1/3 - striated muscle
Middle third - half striated and half smooth
Lower third - smooth muscle

32
Q

What is the epithelia of the oesophagus composed of

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

33
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

The left brachiocephalic vein (junction at which the internal jugular and subclavian vein meet/Pirogoff’s angle)

34
Q

Where does the thoracic duct cross over to the left side

A

T4/5 (crosses behind the oesophagus)

35
Q

Blood from the upper and middle third of the oesophagus drains into what veins?

A

The azygos, hemiazygos, accessory hemiazygos vein

36
Q

Blood from the lower third of the oesophagus drains into what veins

A

The left gastric vein

37
Q

What is the anastamoses between the veins of the middle and lower veins called?

A

The port-systemic or portocaval anastomosis

38
Q

Where does the thoracic duct start?

A

At the cisterna chyli

39
Q

What are the 4 constrictions of the oesophagus?

A
  • Upper oesophageal sphincter
  • Arch of aorta
  • Left main bronchus
  • The diaphragm (oesophageal hiatus)
40
Q

What do the veins of the upper and middle thirds of the oesophagus drain into?

A
  • Oesophageal veins
  • Azygos
  • Hemiazygos
  • Accessory hemiazygos
41
Q

What do the veins of the lower third of the oesophagus drain into?

A

The left gastric vein

42
Q

What are the anastamoses between veins of the middle and lower thirds called in the oesophagus?

A

Porto-systemic or portocaval anastamosis

43
Q

What occurs posterior to the sternoclavicular joint?

A
  • Formation of the brachiocephalic veins by the internal jugular and subclavian veins (both left and right)
44
Q

What occurs posterior to the 1st right costal cartilage?

A
  • Formation of the superior vena cava by right and left brachiocephalic veins
45
Q

What occurs posterior to the 2nd right costal cartilage?

A
  • The arch of the azygos vein joins the superior vena cava
46
Q

What occurs posterior to the 3rd right costal cartilage?

A

Superior vena cava enters the right atrium

47
Q

Oesophageal varices can be a result of what condition?

A

Liver disease

48
Q

What structure do the left and right vagus nerves form a plexus around?

A

The oesophagus

49
Q

Where do the left vagus nerves lie on the oesophagus?

A

Anteriorly on the oesophagus (anterior vagal trunk)

50
Q

Where do the right vagus nerves lie on the oesophagus?

A

Posteriorly on the oesophagus (posterior vagal trunk)

51
Q

What nerves create the oesophageal plexus?

A
  • Anterior and posterior vagal trunk fibres (parasympathetic) plus sympathetic fibres
52
Q

Where do the superior and inferior tracheobronchial nodes receive lymph from?

A

The lung

53
Q

Where can the tracheobronchial lymph nodes be found?

A
  • Clustered around the trachea and oesophagus
54
Q

Where can the anterior mediastinal lymph nodes be found?

A
  • Around the brachiocephalic veins
55
Q

Where can the posterior mediastinal lymph nodes be found?

A
  • Behind the heart and adjacent to the oesophagus
56
Q

Describe the pathway for lymph drainage from the lungs?

A
  • Pulmonary nodes
  • Bronchopulmonary nodes
  • inferior and superior tracheobronchial nodes
  • Paratracheal nodes
  • Bronchomediastinal lymph trunks
57
Q

What areas of the body do not drain lymph into the thoracic duct?

A
  • Right sided thorax
  • Right upper limb
  • Right side of the head
  • Right side of the neck
58
Q

What is Pirogoff’s angle?

A

Junction between the internal jugular and subclavian vein

59
Q

LYMPH NODES AND LYMPH DRAINAGE

A

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Anatomy 3001 (14 decks)

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