thorax

Question 1

what does the thorax include?

Answer 1

sternum, costal cartilages, ribs, thoracic vertebrae, structures they enclose

Question 2

what structures are at the top and bottom of the thorax?

Answer 2

superior thoracic aperture and inferior thoracic aperture

Question 3

the thorax is split into 3 compartments, what are they?

Answer 3

left pleural cavity, right pleural cavity and mediastinum

Question 4

what is the bone running down the centre of the chest called?

Answer 4

the sternum

Question 5

what does the sternum contain?

Answer 5

manibrium, sternum, xiphoid process

Question 6

what holds the chest together?

Answer 6

costal cartilage

Question 7

what is the large dip between the neck and collar bone known as?

Answer 7

jugular notch

Question 8

what are ribs 1-7 classified as?

Answer 8

true ribs

Question 9

what are ribs 8-10 classified as?

Answer 9

false ribs

Question 10

what are ribs 11-12 classified as?

Answer 10

floating ribs

Question 11

what is the main function of ribs?

Answer 11

respiration

Question 12

what is the name for the central compartment t of the thoracic cavity (excluding lungs)?

Answer 12

mediastinum

Question 13

the mediastinum is sub categorised into 2 sections, what are these?

Answer 13

superior and inferior mediastinum

Question 14

the inferior mediastinum is sub categorised into 3 sections, what are these?

Answer 14

anterior, middle and posterior

Question 15

what structures are contained within the superior mediastinum?

Answer 15

great vessels, phrenic and vagus nerves, sympathetic trunk, part of thymus

Question 16

what structures are contained within the anterior mediastinum?

Answer 16

fat and some thymus

Question 17

what structures are contained within the middle mediastinum?

Answer 17

heart

Question 18

what structures are contained within the posterior mediastinum?

Answer 18

descending thoracic aorta, hemiazygous veins, thoracic duct, oesophagus, vagus and splanchnic nerves

Question 19

what is the 1st branch of the aorta?

Answer 19

coronary arteries

Question 20

what do the left and right brachiocephalic veins do?

Answer 20

return blood to superior vena cava

Question 21

what does the brachiocephalic artery divide into?

Answer 21

carotid and subclavian arteries

Question 22

which vein drains head and neck?

Answer 22

internal jugular vein

Question 23

which arteries supply the arms?

Answer 23

subclavian

Question 24

which vein drains pulmonary trunk and breast tissue?

Answer 24

internal thoracic vein

Question 25

which structure surround the heart and holds everything in place?

Answer 25

pericardium

Question 26

the vagus nerve branches in the thorax, where does the left branch supply?

Answer 26

gut

Question 27

what does the trachea divide into?

Answer 27

2 principle bronchi

Question 28

where do the diaphragm muscle fibres arise from and converge towards?

Answer 28

arise radially from the costal margin and converge to insert into central tendon

Question 29

the muscle of the diaphragm us higher on what side and why?

Answer 29

right - position of liver beneath

Question 30

which type of muscle does the diaphragm consist of?

Answer 30

skeletal

Question 31

which nerve supplies the diaphragm?

Answer 31

phrenic (cervival nerve 3, 4 and 5)

Question 32

what happens to the diaphragm muscle during inspiration?

Answer 32

muscle flattens to increase capacity of thoracic cavity

Question 33

what happens to the diaphragm muscle during expiration?

Answer 33

diaphragm returns to dome shape

Question 34

fold in the diaphragm enclose what?

Answer 34

oesophagus and inferior vena cava

Question 35

what happens to intra-abdominal pressure during contraction?

Answer 35

increased

Question 36

what happens to thoracic pressure during contraction?

Answer 36

decreased

Question 37

what does the thoracic cage consist of ?

Answer 37

12 ribs, manibrium, sternum and xiphoid process

Question 38

what structure is used for palpitations of trachea to assess position?

Answer 38

jugular notch

Question 39

where is the manubriosternal joint?

Answer 39

2nd rib

Question 40

internal thoracic arteries are used for what clinical procedure?

Answer 40

coronary artery bypass

Question 41

what is the function of connective tissue in the mediastinum?

Answer 41

allow cushioning and small degree of movement

Question 42

why are there no valves in the vena cava?

Answer 42

blood falls in the direction of gravity

Question 43

how many valves are in the aortic valve

Answer 43

3

Question 44

where is the aortic sinus?

Answer 44

above aortic valve

Question 45

what do coronary arteries arise from?

Answer 45

aortic sinus

Question 46

when do aortic valves close?

Answer 46

ventricular diastole

Question 47

what may the right av valve and left av valve be known as?

Answer 47

right - tricuspid valves | left - bicuspid

Question 48

when do tricuspid valves close?

Answer 48

ventricular systole

Question 49

what are valves kept in place by?

Answer 49

chordae tendinae holding valves vie papillary muscles

Question 50

what is the name for an abnormal heart sound?

Answer 50

murmur

Question 51

how many coronary arteries are there?

Answer 51

2

Question 52

what is unique about coronary arteries?

Answer 52

they are end arteries

Question 53

what would occur if coronary arteries were completely occluded?

Answer 53

myocardial infarction

Question 54

what is the function of coronary arteries?

Answer 54

supply heart with oxygenated blood

Question 55

how much bigger is the left ventricle compared to the the right?

Answer 55

3x

Question 56

what kind of artery is the aorta?

Answer 56

elastic

Question 57

what is the name for the prominence of the aorta as it changes direction in the chest?

Answer 57

aortic knuckle

Question 58

why does the aorta not collapse during ventricular systole?

Answer 58

elastic recoil

Question 59

what branches of the aorta pass into the neck?

Answer 59

brachiocephalic trunk, left common artery and left subclavian artery

Question 60

what kind of innervation does the phrenic nerve provide to the diaphragm?

Answer 60

muscular - diaphragm | sensory - fibrous pericardium and peritoneum

Question 61

what is the function of the arterial system?

Answer 61

deliver oxygenated blood round body

Question 62

what are the 3 main types of vessel in arterial system?

Answer 62

elastic, muscular and arterioles

Question 63

give examples of elastic arteries?

Answer 63

aorta, common carotid, subclavian, pulmonary

Question 64

give examples of muscular arteries?

Answer 64

radial femoral, coronary, cerebral

Question 65

what is the function of the venous system?

Answer 65

collecting system

Question 66

what is the structural difference of veins compared to arteries?

Answer 66

veins have less elastic and muscle in their walls