Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Backup Gen > Thorax > Flashcards

Thorax Flashcards

(78 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Which nerves in Superior MEdaistinum

A

Vagus
Phrenic
LEFT RCL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sup Viscera

A

Trachea
Oesophagus
Thoracic Duct
Thymus and Thymic Remnants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The nerve in the middle mediastinum

A

Phrenic Nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Posterior Mediastinum Border

A

T5-T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nerves in Posterior Mediastinum

A

Vagus

Splanchnic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Superior MEdiastinum upper and lower boundaries

A

Jugular notch / Upper border of T1

to
Sternal angle lower border of T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

VEssels and viscera in posterior

A

Oesophagus
Thoracic duct

Azygous on right
Hemi + Accessory Azy on left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Angle of Louis

A
  1. Bifurcation of trachea (Carina of trachea)
  2. Bifurcation of pulmonary trunk
  3. Beginning and end of arch of aorta [aortic arch]
  4. Azygos vein enters the superior vena cava
  5. Superior vena cava enters the right atrium
  6. Crossing over of the thoracic duct from the right side to the left
  7. Left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around aortic arch
  8. Level of ligamentum arteriosum
    9 2nd anatomical constriction of the oesophagus
    10.Thymus or thymic remnants
  9. Placement of central line tip
  10. Demarcates superior and inferior mediastinum
  11. Landmark for counting ribs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Oesopgaus levels

A

Oesopgaus levels
Cervical: C6-T1 3-5cm
Thoracic: T1-T10
Abdominal T11-T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Oesophagus constriction distances

A

Oesophagus constriction distances

3 constrictions
• Cricopharyngeal sphincter (15 cm)
• Aortic arch and L main bronchus (23 cm)
• LOS (40 cm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Oesophagus Blood supply:

A

Blood supply:
• Cervical — Inferior thyroid A
• Thoracic — Bronchial and oesophageal branches of thoracic aorta
• Abdominal — Ascending branches from left gastric A and inferior phrenic arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Oesophagus Microanatomy

A

Microscopic Anatomy: • Layer 1: Mucosa • Innermost layer • Stratified squamous epithelium 4 squamous epithelium
• Layer 2: Submucosa • Contains larger blood vessels, nerve plexus, oesophageal glands
• Layer 3: Muscle fibres • Inner circular and outer longitudinal fibres
• Layer 4: Fibrous layer • Dense connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thorascopic sympathectomy – division of

A

Thorascopic sympathectomy – division of parietal pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Most anterior and Most posterior to lung root

A

Phrenic nerves most anterior and vagus most posterior to lung root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Phrenic - levels supplies

A

Phrenic - C3,4,5 - Diaphragm, sensation central diaphragm and pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Phrenics are anterior to…

A

Phrenic
Lt – ant to 1st of subclavian artery
Rt – anterior to scalenus anterior

Both posterior to subclavian vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CABG median sternotomy – division of

A

CABG median sternotomy – division of interclavicular ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Safe triangle -

A

latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, superior to the nipple and apex at the axilla, 6th IC MAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pulmonary arteries = which pharyngeal pouch

A

Pulmonary arteries = 6th Pharyngeal pouch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Origin of trachea =, Carina bifurcates at

A

Origin of trachea = C6, Carina bifurcates at T5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lung met with clear cells =

A

Lung met with clear cells – renal primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Increased lung compliance =

A

Increased lung compliance = Older age, COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Widespread mets, big bronchial tumour, paraneoplastic syndrome
Least likely to resect!

A

Small Cell Lung Ca: Widespread mets, big bronchial tumour, paraneoplastic syndrome
Least likely to resect!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Small Cell Carcinoma

A

15% of lung cancers

60% already have mets on presentation
poor prognosis

PROXIMAL hilar mass - neuroendocrine cells - paraneoplastic

STRONG LINK TO SMOKING

(Both SCC acronyms are proximal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Non Small-Cell
Majority - 85% Adenocarcinoma 38% - PERIPHERAL lung tissue - glandular tissue SCC (20%) - close to main bronchi - airway epithelial change from COLUMNAR CUBOIDAL to SQUAMOUS ``` Large CC (55) RAPID GROWTH - proximal or peripheral (Big boy does whatever he wants - peripheral or central) ```
26
Lung
``` Heart Brain Liver Adrenal Glands Bone ```
27
Paraneoplastic
Small Cell and Squamous - Ectopic Cushing's - stimualte adrenals - Increase ADH - stimulate kidneys to retain hormone - PTH like substance - hypercalcaemia - Hyperpulmonary osteoarthropahty - clubbing - Inflammatory myopathy - muscle weakness
28
Stabbed to the right of the Manubriosternal joint –
Stabbed to the right of the Manubriosternal joint – right recurrent nerve damage
29
Normal FEV1/FVC =
Normal FEV1/FVC = 70%
30
Burns – electrolyte and CO drop...
Burns – hypokalaemia and lose CO 50% in 30 minutes
31
Central tendon of diaphragm – derived form
Central tendon of diaphragm – derived form septum transversum
32
suture for chest drains
2/0 silk for chest drains
33
Mesothelioma
Asbestos – Mesothelioma – NOT smoking Mesothelial cells of lung pleura Investigation: pleural biopsy, CT Scanning, (PET Scanning if surgery considered)
34
Lung cancer: non-small cell management Surgery contraindications
Surgery contraindications Assess general health Stage IIIb or IV (i.e. metastases present) FEV1 < 1.5 litres is considered a general cut-off point* Malignant pleural effusion Tumour near hilum Vocal cord paralysis SVC obstruction * However if FEV1 < 1.5 for lobectomy or < 2.0 for pneumonectomy then some authorities advocate further lung function tests as operations may still go ahead based on the results
35
Left main bronchus is at
Left main bronchus is at T6
36
ARDS = Pulmonary wedge / Swan Ganz
ARDS = Pulmonary wedge / Swan Ganz <18mmHg
37
Stab in parasternal left L4
Stab in parasternal left L4 – RV
38
Stab L4 MCL -
Stab L4 MCL - LV
39
National Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening Programme
``` Started 2013 65 yr invited for USS > 3cm enter surveillance 3.0-4.5cm invited for annual USS >4.5cm for 3 monthly USS ``` Men - referred for treatment at 5.5cm Women referred for treatment at 5.2cm
40
False aneurysm – not
False aneurysm – not expansile – not all muscular layers
41
ABPI of 0.3, ulcer without venous insufficiency -
ABPI of 0.3, ulcer without venous insufficiency - Chronic obliterative arterial disease
42
Median sacral artery –
L4
43
IVC formed
at L5
44
Occlude common iliac bleeding point with
Occlude common iliac bleeding point with digital pressure and consider direct sutured repair with 5/0 polypropylene
45
dressing for Ray diabetic foot amputation
VAC dressing for Ray diabetic foot amputation
46
Asian females - Large vessel granulomatous arteritis
Takayasu – Asian females - Large vessel granulomatous arteritis
47
Pathophysiology of AAA
Loss of intima, elastin from media | proteolytic activity, lymphocyte infiltration
48
>50yo infra-renal AA size in males and females What size considered aneurysmal?
F 1.5cm and M 1.7cm. >3cm = aneurysmal
49
Incisura
Incisura – elastic recoil of aorta on arterial line trace
50
Femoropopliteal bypass graft:
3,000 units of unfractionated heparin, 3 minutes prior to cross-clamping
51
for cardiopulmonary bypass
30,000 units of unfractionated heparin for cardiopulmonary bypass
52
Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome
Varicose Veins + Port wine stains! | +Bone/soft tissue hypertrophy
53
Aortic rupture distal to left subclavian...
Aortic rupture distal to left subclavian more likely, ones prior would not survive
54
Temporal artery biopsy – not diagnostic in
Temporal artery biopsy – not diagnostic in 50%
55
PTFE graft - to minimise neointimal hyperplasia
PTFE graft – neointimal hyperplasia – use a Millar Cuff
56
Marfann’s aorta –
Marfann’s aorta – medial cystic necrosis
57
During a SFJ dissection - you at high risk of
Damage to the deep Deep internal pudendal artery
58
Post-transplant infections...
<6months CMV >6months lymphoproliferative EBV
59
AAA rupture rates
F 1.5cm and M 1.7cm. >3cm = aneurysmal 5-6cm 25%, 6-7cm 35%, >7cm 75%
60
Thyroid ima –
Thyroid ima – brachiocephalic artery.
61
Brachial artery embolectomy – nerve at risk
Brachial artery embolectomy – Median Nerve Risk
62
has the most musculi pectinate
RA has the most musculi pectinate
63
Persistent Left SVC – drains via
Persistent Left SVC – drains via coronary sinus
64
Conus arteriosus –
Conus arteriosus – infundibulum – LVOT
65
Normal Stroke Volume
50-110ml, 70ml for 70kg
66
Inferior MI + Systolic Murmur = think..!
Inferior MI + Murmur = Proximal Aortic Dissection! Creation of false lumen between intima + media
67
Apple green birefringence with polarised light =
Apple green birefringence with polarised light = amyloidosis
68
Bainbridge reflex =
Bainbridge reflex is the increase in heart rate mediated via atrial stretch receptors that occurs following a rapid infusion of blood
69
Stop unfractionated heparin how long before surgery
Stop unfractionated heparin 6 hours before surgery
70
Great cardiac vein runs in
Great cardiac vein runs in the anterior IV groove - largest tributary of the coronary sinus.
71
Thebesian veins drain into
chambers directly
72
J waves are pathognomonic of
J waves are pathognomonic of hypothermia.
73
1st heart sound =
Mitral and Tricuspid Valve closure =
74
Proximal LAD occlusion – good conduit for bypass
Proximal LAD occlusion – internal mammery artery - good conduit for bypass!
75
Endocarditis – typical organism is..
strep viridians!
76
Middle cardiac vein - accompanies the
Middle cardiac vein - accompanies the posterior I-V artery within the posterior IV groove
77
Verapamil – contraindicated in
tachycardias
78
Sodium thiopentone – can cause
Sodium thiopentone – myocardial depression

Backup Gen (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions