tissue part 2

Question 1

This refers to the structural modifications along the lateral, apical and basal surfaces of the epithelium

Answer 1

surface specializations

Question 2

Lateral surface specializations includes

Answer 2

glycocalyx, junctional complexes, lateral interdigitations and gap junctions.

Question 3

Basal surface specializations includes

Answer 3

basal lamina/basement membrane, caveolae and hemidesmosomes

Question 4

Apical surface specializations includes

Answer 4

microvilli and cilia.

Question 5

the most common junctional complexes.

Answer 5

macula adherens

Question 6

These are little bodies that are distributed in a spotty way around individual cells.

Answer 6

Macula adherens or Desmosomes

Question 7

macula means

Answer 7

spot

Question 8

Under the TEM, macula adherens is composed of

Answer 8

several dark and light parallel lines representing the layers a cell membrane of adjacent cells.

Question 9

It anchors cells to each other; gives the epithelium coherence and strength

Answer 9

macula adherens

Question 10

cytoplasmic folds on the lateral surfaces of adjacent cells that interdigitate with each other.

Answer 10

lateral interdigitations

Question 11

not for adhesion but for communication between adjacent cells. They are 20 angstrom in size and the site for lowered resistance to passage of ions.

Answer 11

gap junctions

Question 12

the non-living amorphous substance produced by epithelial cells.

Answer 12

basement membrane

Question 13

the basement membrane is made up of

Answer 13

proteoglycans particularly sulfate, laminin, fibronectin, and type 4 collagen

Question 14

why is the basement membrane not identifiable under light mirsocope in HE sections

Answer 14

because it is thin

Question 15

Under the TEM, basement membrane is consists of an

Answer 15

electron dense basal lamina made up of fine filament

Question 16

a bulb-like invaginations of the basal cell membrane that may contain mitochondrion and associated with active transport of finished products at slower rate.

Answer 16

basal folds or caveola

Question 17

is a half desmosome facing the basement membrane.

Answer 17

hemidesmosome

Question 18

long, finger-like cytoplasmic projections from the apical or luminal border of epithelial cells, giving the epithelium a striated or brush border.

Answer 18

microvilli

Question 19

They are much smaller (10 μm long and 1 μm thick) than cilia (10-100 μm long and at least 10 μm thick) and lack microtubules.

Answer 19

microvilli

Question 20

hair-like processes projecting from the apical border of the epithelial cell.

Answer 20

cilia

Question 21

2 types of cilia

Answer 21

kinocilia and stereocilia

Question 22

a motile cilia that helps in the movement of materials along a sheet of epithelium.

Answer 22

kinocilia

Question 23

They increase the surface are of the epithelium for absorption.

Answer 23

kinocilia

Question 24

structurally similar to microvilli except that the stereocilia are long and branched. It is restricted to the lining of the epididymis and vas deferens and the receptor hair cells of the auditory and vestibular system in the inner ear.

Answer 24

stereocilia

Question 25

they are nonmotile structure which increase epithelial surface area and facilitate movement into and out of cells

Answer 25

stereocilia

Question 26

a type of epithelium that covers the outer surfaces of the body and organs; lines the lumen of tubular organs.

Answer 26

surface epithelium

Question 27

an epithelial sheet containing one layer

Answer 27

simple

Question 28

are thin, flat cells with centrally located round to oval, basally located nucleus. cells have fried egg shape and irregular outlines

Answer 28

squamous cell

Question 29

cells that are approximately as tall as they are wide and with round to oval, centrally located nucleus.

Answer 29

cuboidal cells

Question 30

distinctly taller that they are wide with oval nucleus located basally.

Answer 30

columnar cells

Question 31

composed of one layer of extremely thin, flat cells with an almost visible cytoplasm and a clearly visible round to oval nucleus bulging prominently.

Answer 31

simple squamous epithelium

Question 32

Highly suited to line structures with filtering/transporting function, like the parietal layers of the glomerular capsule, blood vessels (endothelium) and body cavities (mesothelium), where a "slick‘ surface facilitates flow of fluids.

Answer 32

simple squamous epithelium

Question 33

Because of its delicate structure, the epithelium cannot withstand "wear and tear”.

Answer 33

simple squamous epithelium

Question 34

composed of one layer of cuboidal (square) cells. This form of epithelium function as secretory absorptive cells and is found in several types of renal tubule, endocrine glands (thyroid follicles) and exocrine glands.

Answer 34

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 35

cells also comprise the nonsecretory/nonabsorptive linings of tubules like

Answer 35

ducts of glands, the retinal pigment epithelium,the surface of the ovary as germinal epithelium, on the surface of the lens and in small bile ducts

Question 36

undergoes constant functionally dependent development and regression.

Answer 36

simple vuboidal epithelium on luminal surface

Question 37

consists of cells that are distinctly taller than they are wide. The nuclei are predominantly oval (their long axis being aligned with the apical–basal cell axis) and may occupy a basal, central or apical position

Answer 37

simple columnar cells

Question 38

typically associated with absorption or secretion.

Answer 38

simple columnar cells

Question 39

one layer of typical columnar cells lining the medium-sized ducts of exocrine glands

Answer 39

simple columanar with typical columnar cells

Question 40

[One layer of fan-shaped mucus-secreting columnar cells with wide vacuolated apex and narrow base containing oval nucleus

Answer 40

SCE with mucus secreting columnar cells

Question 41

has vacuolated apical cytoplasm in H&E section due to dissolution of mucin secretion by alcohol during tissue dehydration

Answer 41

SCE with mucus secreting columnar cells

Question 42

Fan-shape because the apical regions of adjacent cells expand uniformly with the accumulation of mucin granules exerting equal pressure against each other. Lines the glandular portion of the stomach],

Answer 42

SCE with mucus secreting columnar cells

Question 43

[One layer of secretory (goblet) and absorptive (typical columnar) cells; goblet cells like a wine goblet with an expanded theca (apical region) that contains mucin granules and a narrow stem (basal region) that contains a dense granules, interspersed between typical columnar cells;

Answer 43

SCE with secretory and absorptive cells

Question 44

Lines the small and large intestines

Answer 44

SCE with secretory and absorptive cells

Question 45

[One layer of secretory and ciliated columnar cells; Secretory columnar cell presents apical bleb (bead-like cytoplasmic projection) in the apical border;

Answer 45

ciliated columnar cells

Question 46

presents Kinocilia (hair-like projections) in the apical border and lines the fallopian tube].

Answer 46

ciliated columnar cells

Question 47

a special form of single-layered surface epithelium in which all cells are in contact with the basal lamina, yet not all reach the free surface.

Answer 47

pseudostratified epithelium

Question 48

The cell nuclei lie at different levels, such that the cells appear to be arranged in two or more ‘rows’. This creates the false impression that the epithelium is multi-layered (stratified).

Answer 48

psuedostratified

Question 49

widespread in the respiratory tract (respiratory epithelium) where the apical cell surface features numerous cilia.

Answer 49

pseudostratified

Question 50

the epididymal tract is lined by

Answer 50

pseudostratifies bearing stereocilia

Question 51

The primary role of stratified epithelium is

Answer 51

protection

Question 52

Types of stratified epithelia are based according to

Answer 52

shaped of cells in the superficial layer, irrespective of the shape of underlying cells.

Question 53

composed of two or more layers of cells consisting of basal layer, middle layer and superficial layer. Basal layer is composed of cuboidal to columnar cells that rest on a wavy or undulating basement membrane, irrespective of the shape of underlying cells. Middle layer/s with one to several layers of polyhedral or polygonal cells. The superficial layer/s is composed of one to several layers of squamous cells that lie parallel to the luminal or external surface.

Answer 53

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 54

2 types of stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 54

keratinzed or cornified and nonkeratinized or non-cornified.

Question 55

dead anucleated squamous cells filled with keratin granules).

Answer 55

keratinw

Question 56

an epithelial adaptation to wear and tear on abraded surfaces.

Answer 56

keratinization

Question 57

normally occurs only in stratified squamous epithelium not in other stratified types

Answer 57

keratinization

Question 58

This type of StraSquaE can be found in the foot pads, hoof, bovine muzzle, buccal cavity, anal region and ruminant forestomach.

Answer 58

keratinized

Question 59

is composed of two or more layers of cells. In two cell layers, the basal layer is composed of cuboidal cells and superficial layer is composed of columnar cells. For three or more layers, the basal layer is composed of cuboidal cells, the middle layer with polygonal cells and superficial layer of cuboidal cells.

Answer 59

stracolumnar

Question 60

This type of epithelium lines large excretory ducts of the exocrine glands (e.g. parotid salivary gland)

Answer 60

stracolumnar

Question 61

refers to the changing shape of superficial cells of the epithelium, depending on the state of contraction or distension of the organ lined.

Answer 61

transitional

Question 62

is a specialized form of stratified epithelium. Its

Answer 62

transitional

Question 63

composed of two or more layers of cells. In two cell layers, the basal layer and superficial layer is composed of cuboidal cells. For three or more layers , the basal layer is composed of cuboidal cells, the middle layer with polygonal cells and superficial layer of cuboidal cells.

Answer 63

stracuboidal

Question 64

This type of epithelium lines large excretory ducts of the exocrine glands (e.g. parotid salivary gland).

Answer 64

stracuboidal

Question 65

Its deepest (basal) layer consists of cuboidal to columnar cells that are connected to the basal lamina. These cells are overlaid by irregular ‘mushroom-shaped’ cells that become rounder towards the surface, forming caps over the deeper cell layers

Answer 65

transitional

Question 66

found in the excretory passages of the urinary system (renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and urethra) where great mechanical changes may occur due to contraction and distension

Answer 66

transitional

Question 67

As these structures are subjected to constant changes in pressure and distension, the epithelium can undergo rapid changes in height. These cells are water impermeable due to large numbers of zonula occludens between cells.

Answer 67

transitional

Question 68

protects the urinary tract from damage caused by the presence of hypertonic urine (in mammals and birds), and also prevents dilution of the urine by osmosis

Answer 68

water impermeability of transitional

Question 69

in transitional, In contracted/collapsed or relaxed state, the cells in the basal layer have

Answer 69

basal layer- columnar the middle layer of 2-4 cells- polyhedral or polygonal in shape superficial layer with 2-3 layers- balloon-shaped/mushroom-shaped cells with convex free surfaces.

Question 70

transitional In distended or stretched condition,

Answer 70

basal cells appear cuboidal in shape. Middle layer has polyhedral cells superficial layer is composed of 1-2 layers of squamous cells.

Question 71

the site for lowered resistance to passage of ions

Answer 71

gap junctions

Question 72

9 doublets of microtubules arranged in circularly around a central pair of microtubules

Answer 72

axoneme

Question 73

the simple cuboidal epi is found jn

Answer 73

renal tube, endocrine glands, exocrine glands

Question 74

it lines the glandular portion of the stomach

Answer 74

simple cuboidal with mucous secreting

Question 75

why is the simple columnar mucous secreting fan shaped

Answer 75

bec of adjacent cells expanding uniformly with accumulation of mucin granules