Tobira Grammar Sentences 1 Flashcards
(500 cards)
1
Q
<div> この皿はプラスチックで、そして、このコップは紙でできている。 </div>
A
<div> ---N でできている This grammar (でできている）is used when describing something specific. i.e. the "plate" and "cup." </div>
<br></br> This plate is made from plastic, and this cup is made from paper.
2
Q
<div> チーズやヨーグルトは牛乳からできます。 </div>
A
<div> からできます。 N から indicates the materials are not immediately obvious. できる is used for general statements. </div>
<br></br> Cheese and yogurt are made from milk.
3
Q
<div> プラスチックは石油からできる。 </div>
A
<div> からできます。 N から indicates the materials are not immediately obvious. できる is used for general statements. </div>
<br></br> Plastic is made from petroleum.
4
Q
<div> ワインはブドウからできますが、お酒はお米からできます。 </div>
A
<div> からできます。 N から indicates the materials are not immediately obvious. できる is used for general statements. </div>
<br></br> Wine is made from grapes, but sake is made from rice.
5
Q
<div> 日本には木でできた家が多いが、この国の家はたいてい石でできている </div>
A
<div> ---N でできている This grammar (でできている）is used when describing something specific. i.e. the "plate" and "cup." </div>
<br></br> In Japan, most houses are made out of wood, but houses in this country are usually made out of stone.
6
Q
<div> この荷物の重さは何キロくらいでしょうか。 </div>
A
<div> The suffix さ is attached to the stem of an i-adjective or a na-adjective to form a noun. The typical effect is the addition of this suffix "-ness," as in "niceness" or "-ty," as in "rarity." </div>
<br></br> How heavy do you think this bag is? / I wonder how heavy
7
Q
<div> 富士山の高さは何キロくらいでしょうか。 </div>
A
<div> The suffix さ is attached to the stem of an i-adjective or a na-adjective to form a noun. The typical effect is the addition of this suffix "-ness," as in "niceness" or "-ty," as in "rarity." </div>
<br></br> About how many meters is the height of Mt. Fuji, I wonder.
8
Q
<div> この話の良さがわからない人はいないと思います。 </div>
A
<div> The suffix さ is attached to the stem of an i-adjective or a na-adjective to form a noun. The typical effect is the addition of this suffix "-ness," as in "niceness" or "-ty," as in "rarity." </div>
<br></br> I don’t think there’s anyone who wouldn’t understand the merit of this story.
9
Q
<div> 日本の携帯電話の便利さには、びっくりした。 </div>
A
<div> The suffix さ is attached to the stem of an i-adjective or a na-adjective to form a noun. The typical effect is the addition of this suffix "-ness," as in "niceness" or "-ty," as in "rarity." </div>
<br></br> I was surprised by how useful Japanese cell phones are.
10
Q
<div> この本のよさがよく分かる。 </div>
A
<div> よさ is the irregular conjugation of いい to a noun by the addition of the suffix -さ。 </div>
<br></br> I know well the “goodness” of this book.
11
Q
<div> これはチョコレートのように見えるけれど、消しゴムだから、食べられませんよ。 </div>
A
<div> N のように used when X is as Y shows, says, explains. </div>
<br></br> You can see that this looks like chocolate, but it is an eraser, so you can’t eat it.
12
Q
<div> この写真を見れば分かるように、ロンドンには、色々な名所がある。 </div>
A
<div> V-plain のように used when X does something as shown/said/explained/etc. in/by Y. </div>
<br></br> As you can see if you look at these photos, there are various famous locations in London.
13
Q
<div> 小さい猫の声は、赤ちゃんが泣いているように聞こえます。 </div>
A
<div> V-plain ように used when X resembles Y </div>
<br></br> The voice of a small cat sounds like a crying baby.
14
Q
<div> 先生がおっしゃるように、言葉は毎日勉強しなければ上手にならないと思います。 </div>
A
<div> V-plain ように used when X resembles Y </div>
<br></br> Like our teacher says, I don’t think you can become skillful at a language unless you practice every day.
15
Q
<div> この本に書いてあるように作れば、おいしいドレッシングができるよ。 </div>
A
<div> V-plain ように used when X resembles Y </div>
<br></br> You can make delicious dressing if you follow the recipe in this book (lt. make it as if it’s written in this book).
16
Q
<div> エジプトはピラミッドやスフィンクスで有名です。 </div>
A
<div> ーはNで有名です。 -- is famous for N. </div>
<br></br> Egypt is famous for pyramids and the sphinx.
17
Q
<div> このお寺は古い桜の木があることで知られている。 </div>
A
<div> ---はSことで知られている。 --- is known for S(entence/statement). </div>
<br></br> This temple is known for its old cherry blossom trees.
18
Q
<div> 熊は冬眠する(to hibernate)ことで知られていますが、動物園の熊も冬眠をしますか。 </div>
A
<div> ---はSことで知られている。 --- is known for S(entence/statement). </div>
<br></br> Bears are known for hibernating, but do bears in zoos hinbernate, too?
19
Q
スミスさんは昼は大学で勉強しく、夜は病院で掃除のアルバイトをしている。
A
<div> A-stem + く、－ The stem of an i-adjective (多い）+ く indicate that the sentece is continuing and functions like "and" in english. This grammar is used only in WRITTEN form, the -て form is used in speech. </div>
<br></br> Smith studies at college during the day and does part-time janitorial work at a hospital at night.
20
Q
<div> 兄と違く、僕はスポーツがあまり得意じゃない。 </div>
A
<div> A-stem + く、－ The stem of an i-adjective (多い）+ く indicate that the sentece is continuing and functions like "and" in english. This grammar is used only in WRITTEN form, the -て form is used in speech. </div>
<br></br> Unlike my older brother, I’m not very good at sports.
21
Q
<div> あの図書館は日本の本が少なく、日本の新聞もなかったので、一度しか行かなかった。 </div>
A
<div> A-stem + く、－ The stem of an i-adjective (多い）+ く indicate that the sentece is continuing and functions like "and" in english. This grammar is used only in WRITTEN form, the -て form is used in speech. </div>
<br></br> That library didn’t have many Japanese books, and it didn’t have any Japanese newspaper either, so I only went there once.
22
Q
<div> この地方は冬は雪が多く、夏はとても暑い。 </div>
A
<div> A-stem + く、－ The stem of an i-adjective (多い）+ く indicate that the sentece is continuing and functions like "and" in english. This grammar is used only in WRITTEN form, the -て form is used in speech. </div>
<br></br> In this region, there is a lot of snow in the winter, and the summers are very hot.
23
Q
<div> 昨日は友達とレストランで晩御飯を食べ、その後、映画を見に行った。 </div>
A
<div> V-masu, -- The masu stem of a verb indicate that the sentence is continuing. That is, it functions like the english "and." This use of grammar is only for WRITTEN passages and FORMAL SPEECH; the ーて form is used for this purpose in typical spoken language. </div>
<br></br> Yesterday I ate lunch at a restaurant with friends, and after that we went to see a movie.
24
Q
<div> 晩御飯はたいてい家で食べますが、時々友達とレストランに行くこともあります。 </div>
A
<div> V-plain-nonpast こともある。 V-plain-nonpast こともある is used when something occurs (or someone does something) occasionally, and the も implies that something else may also occur. ***DO NOT CONFUSE with V-plain.PAST ことがある which states previous experience. </div>
<br></br> I usually eat dinner at home, but there are times when I go out to eat with friends, too.
25
文法の説明を読んでもわからないことがある。そんな時は先生に聞きに行くことにしている。
V-plain-nonpast ことがある。 Used to indicated when something occurs (or someone does something) occassionally. ***DO NOT CONFUSE with V-plain.PAST ことがある which states previous experience.
Sometimes I can't understand the grammar even when I read the explanation. When that happens, I make it a habit to go ask my teacher.
26
ハワイは1年中気温が高いけれど、高い山では雪が降ることもあるそうだ。
V-plain-nonpast こともある。 V-plain-nonpast こともある is used when something occurs (or someone does something) occasionally, and the も implies that something else may also occur. ***DO NOT CONFUSE with V-plain.PAST ことがある which states previous experience.
Hawaii is warm all year around, but I hear that there are times when it snows in the high mountains.
27
週末はたいてい両親の家に帰るが、忙しくて帰られないこともある。
V-plain-nonpast こともある。 V-plain-nonpast こともある is used when something occurs (or someone does something) occasionally, and the も implies that something else may also occur. ***DO NOT CONFUSE with V-plain.PAST ことがある which states previous experience.
I usually go home to my parent's house on weekends, but there are times when I get busy and can't go home.
28
文法の説明を読んでも分からないことがある
V-plain-nonpast ことがある。 Used to indicated when something occurs (or someone does something) occassionally. ***DO NOT CONFUSE with V-plain.PAST ことがある which states previous experience.
Sometimes I don't understand the grammar explanation even though I read it.
29
日本人が大好きな桜の花がいつ頃咲くかは、場所によって違います。
Question wordかはNによって違う。 This structure is used to indicate that something differs depending on the situation, location, time, etc.
The approximate blooming time for Sakura, beloved by the Japanese, differs depending on location
30
性格(character)は人によって違います。
NかはN2によって違う。 This structure is used to indicate that something differs depending on the situation, location, time, etc.
Character differs depending on the person.
31
何歳で運転免許が取れるかは、国によって違うようです。
NかはN2によって違う。 This structure is used to indicate that something differs depending on the situation, location, time, etc.
It seems that the age at which you can get your driver's license differs depending on the country.
32
私にとって、読み物が難しいかどうかは、漢字の多さによります。
ーかどうかは、N2による。 Whether ー or not depends on N2. This structure is used to indicate that something differs depending on the situation, location, time, etc.
To me, whether I find a book difficult or not depends on the "numerousness" of the kanji.
33
授業料をいくら払わなくてはいけないかは、大学によって違う。
NかはN2によって違う。 This structure is used to indicate that something differs depending on the situation, location, time, etc.
How much tuition you have to pay differs depending on the university.
34
どの大学に留学するかは、もらえる奨学金による。
ーかは、N2による。 Whether ー or not depends on N2. This structure is used to indicate that something differs depending on the situation, location, time, etc.
Where (lit. at what university) I study abroad depends on how big a scholarship I can get.
35
この地方では、１１月になると雪が降り始めます。
V-masu 始める。 始める in this use is an auxiliary verb meaning "begin to V."
When it turns November in this region, snow begins to fall.
36
私の弟は1歳の時、歩き始めました。そして、1歳半になった時、話し始めました。
V-masu 始める。 始める in this use is an auxiliary verb meaning "begin to V."
My little brother started walking when he was one year old. He started talking when he was one and a half.
37
毎晩コーラスぶの練習があるので、勉強をし始めるのはいつも10時過ぎだ。
V-masu 始める。 始める in this use is an auxiliary verb meaning "begin to V."
Because I have practice at chorus club every night, I always start studying after 10:00.
38
友達へのプレゼント。
N(particle) のN2 The のmust be present in this grammar usage because it indicates that the N(particle) modifies N2. Without の, the N(particle) otherwise N(part) seems to modify the predicate in the clause. i.e. compare 先生とミーチングに行けない。(I can't go to meet the teacher) and 先生とのミーチングに行けない。(I can't go to the meeting with the teacher).
a present for a friend.
39
日本での仕事
The のmust be present in this grammar usage because it indicates that the N(particle) modifies N2. Without の, the N(particle) otherwise N(part) seems to modify the predicate in the clause. i.e. compare 先生とミーチングに行けない。(I can't go to meet the teacher) and 先生とのミーチングに行けない。(I can't go to the meeting with the teacher).
a job in Japan
40
先生とのミーティング
The のmust be present in this grammar usage because it indicates that the N(particle) modifies N2. Without の, the N(particle) otherwise N(part) seems to modify the predicate in the clause. i.e. compare 先生とミーチングに行けない。(I can't go to meet the teacher) and 先生とのミーチングに行けない。(I can't go to the meeting with the teacher).
a meeting with the teacher
41
八時からのパーティー。
The のmust be present in this grammar usage because it indicates that the N(particle) modifies N2. Without の, the N(particle) otherwise N(part) seems to modify the predicate in the clause. i.e. compare 先生とミーチングに行けない。(I can't go to meet the teacher) and 先生とのミーチングに行けない。(I can't go to the meeting with the teacher).
a party which starts at 8.
42
京都までの新幹線(しんかんせん）の切符（きっぷ）
The のmust be present in this grammar usage because it indicates that the N(particle) modifies N2. Without の, the N(particle) otherwise N(part) seems to modify the predicate in the clause. i.e. compare 先生とミーチングに行けない。(I can't go to meet the teacher) and 先生とのミーチングに行けない。(I can't go to the meeting with the teacher).
a Shinkansen (bullet train) ticket to kyoto
43
世界で一番長い川はナイルだと言われているが、アマゾン川だと言う人もいる。
ーはSentence-plainと言われているがX "Sentence-plain" is said to be ー、but X This structure is used to introduce something commonly said about something or someone.
The Nile river is said to be the longest river in the world, but there are also people who say it is the Amazon river.
44
道後温泉は日本の一番古い温泉で、３０００年の歴史があると言われています。
ーはS-plainと言われている。 It is said that ーis S-plain。
It is said that the Dougo Onsen, with 3000 years of history, is the oldest onsen in Japan.
45
「電気の町」秋葉原は、最近「お宅の町」だとも言われている。
ーはS-plainと言われている。 It is said that ーis S-plain。
Akihabara used to be called "Electronics Town", but now it's called "Otaku Town"
46
風邪を引いたときはビタミンCをたくさん撮るといいと言われている。
ーはS-plainと言われている。 It is said that ーis S-plain。
They say it's good to take lots of vitamin C when you get a cold.
47
日本の名所と言えば、温泉も忘れることはできません。
ーと言えば。 Literally means "if you say that--," but translates better as "Speaking of..." and is used to present, as the topic, something or someone related to what has just been mentioned by the hearer or speaker.
Speaking of "famous places of Japan," you can't forget about onsens.
48
昔話と言えば、昨日「桃太郎」紙芝居を見ましたよ。
ーと言えば。 Literally means "if you say that--," but translates better as "Speaking of..." and is used to present, as the topic, something or someone related to what has just been mentioned by the hearer or speaker.
Speaking of folk tales, yesterday I saw a "Kamishibai" performance of Momotarou.
49
道子さんと言えば、来月田中さんと結婚すると聞きましたが、本当ですか。
ーと言えば。 Literally means "if you say that--," but translates better as "Speaking of..." and is used to present, as the topic, something or someone related to what has just been mentioned by the hearer or speaker.
Speaking of Michiko, I heard that she's getting married to Mr. Tanaka next month. Is it true?
50
香港と言えば、山の上から見る夜の景色が素晴らしいそうですね。
ーと言えば。 Literally means "if you say that--," but translates better as "Speaking of..." and is used to present, as the topic, something or someone related to what has just been mentioned by the hearer or speaker.
Speaking of Hong Kong, I hear that the view at night from the of the hill (lit. mountain) is wonderful.
51
週末はたいてい洗濯とか掃除（とか）をします。
ーとか（－とか） とかis used to list examples non-exhaustively. It is similar to や in meaning when the examples listed are nouns. When 2+ examples are used the final とか is optional if followed by a particle as seen in this example. It is otherwise MANDATORY.
On weekends I usually do stuff like laundry and cleaning.
52
フィンランド語とかトルコ語とか、みんながあまり勉強してない言葉を勉強してみたい。
ーとか（－とか） とかis used to list examples non-exhaustively. It is similar to や in meaning when the examples listed are nouns. When 2+ examples are used the final とか is optional if followed by a particle as seen in this example. It is otherwise MANDATORY.
I want to try studying a language not many people learn, like Finnish or Turkish.
53
漢字を覚える時は、フラッシュカードを作るとか、何回も書くとかするといいです。
ーとか（－とか） とかis used to list examples non-exhaustively. The final とか is MANDATORY because it is followed by する. NOTE: UNLIKE や、とか can be used to list verb phrases, as seen here.
When trying to memorize kanji, making flashcards and writing them over and over is good to do.
54
パソコンというのは、パーソナルコンピュータのことです。
ーというのはNのことだ。 The meaning of ー is N. This structure is used to provide a meaning or definition of a word or phrase.
The meaning of "persocon" is "personal computer."
55
すみません。学生証（がくせいしょう）というのは、何のことですか？
Nというのは、何のことですか。 What does N mean?/What is the meaning of N?
I'm sorry, what does "gakuseishou" mean?
56
学生証というのは、Student IDのことですよ
Nというのは、何のことですか。 What does N mean?/What is the meaning of N?
It means "student ID".
57
行事というのは、季節（きせつ）で決まった時に特別に何かを行うことです。
Nというのは、－という意味です the meaning of N is ー。
The meaning of "gyouji" is a special, decided upon time of the season when something special occurs.
58
留学するというのは、外国で勉強するということだ。
Nというのは、何のことですか。 What does N mean?/What is the meaning of N?
Ryuugakusuru means to study in a foreign country.
59
「話せる」というのは、「話すことができる」という意味だ。
Nというのは、－という意味です the meaning of N is ー。
Hanaseru means "to be able to speak".
60
日本語はひらがなだけでなく、カタカナや漢字も覚えなくてはいけません。
N1 だけでなく、N2(prt)も not only N1, but N2 also
For Japanese, not only hiragana, but katakana and kanji must also be memorized.
61
「すみません」は、"I'm sorry" という意味だけでなく、"excuse me" という意味もあります。
Sだけでなく、N(prt)も Not just S is true, but also N
sumimasen doesn't only mean "I'm sorry," it also means "excuse me."
62
京都は古いお寺があるだけでなく、きれいな景色でも有名です。
Sだけでなく、N(prt)も Not just S is true, but also N
Kyoto is famous not just for its old temples, but also for its beautiful scenery.
63
このアパートは駅から近くて便利なだけじゃなくて、家賃も安いから、借りることにした。
Sだけでなく、N(prt)も Not just S is true, but also N
Not only is this apartment conveniently close to the train station, but the rent's cheap, too, so I've decided to rent it.
64
その映画は面白いだけじゃなくて、音楽もいいよ。
Sだけでなく、N(prt)も Not just S is true, but also N
Not only is the movie interesting, the film's music is good, too.
65
宮崎駿（みやざき・はやお）のアニメって、いいよね。
-Nって As for N; Speaking of N-
As for Hayao, Miyazaki's anime, they're good aren't they?
66
田中さん、５時に来るって言ってたけど、まだ来ないね。
S/Nって言う say that S/N って is the informal colloquial form of the quotative marker と
Mr. Tanaka said he'd come around 5:00, but he still hasn't come, has he?
67
道子さんの出身って、どこ？
S/Nって言う say that S/N って is the informal colloquial form of the quotative marker と
Where are you from, Michiko? / Where's Michiko from?
68
漢字って、覚えてもすぐ忘れちゃうよね。
S/Nって言う say that S/N って is the informal colloquial form of the quotative marker と
Kanji are like that - you forget them almost as soon as you've memorized them, don't you?
69
明日はテストがないって聞いたけど、本当？
S/Nって聞く heard that S/N って is the informal colloquial form of the quotative marker と
I heard there isn't a test tomorrow, but is that true?
70
ここに「静かにして下さい」って書いてあるのが見えませんか。
S/Nって書く S/N is written... って is the informal colloquial form of the quotative marker と
Please be quiet is written right here, can't you see it?
71
僕の名前は「つとむ」だけど、友達は「トム」って呼んだ。
S/Nって呼ぶ ...called S/N って is the informal colloquial form of the quotative marker と
My name is "tsutomu," but my friends call me "tom."
72
「桃太郎」っていう話、聞いたことある？
N1っていうN2 The N2 called N1. って is the informal colloquial form of the quotative marker と
Have you heard the story called "Momotarou?"
73
日本語は〜話す相手によって話し方を変えなければいけないことがあります。
V-nai(なければいけない）。 Expresses idea of obligation (i.e. have to; must; should). "いけない” is used when the sense of obligation is directed towards the hearer, in the sense of "you (all) should..."
There are times in Japanese when you have to change the way you speak based on the partner you're talking to.
74
まだちょっとしなきゃなんないことがあるんだ。
V-nai (なきゃなんない。) used to indicate a sense of obligation. It is the very contracted form of なければならない (ー＞なきゃならない ー＞なきゃなんない。) use of ならない indicates the speakers own sense of obligation (I have to; must; should)
I still have some things to do.
75
国民はみんな税金を払わなければなりません。
V-nai (なきゃなんない。) used to indicate a sense of obligation. It is the very contracted form of なければならない (ー＞なきゃならない ー＞なきゃなんない。) use of ならない indicates the speakers own sense of obligation (I have to; must; should)
All citizens have to pay taxes.
76
この（ ）に入れるのは、助詞でなくてはいけません。
(V-nai) (なければいけない）。 Expresses idea of obligation (i.e. have to; must; should). "いけない” is used when the sense of obligation is directed towards the hearer, in the sense of "you (all) should..."
What you insert within this ( ) must be a particle.
77
調べなきゃならないことがあるので、図書館に行って来る。
(V-nai) (なきゃならない）。 expresses idea of personal obligation (because of naranai). It is shortened from なければならない (ー＞なきゃならない ー＞なきゃなんない。)
I have things I have to research so I'm going to the library.
78
郵便局に行って来なくちゃんないから、ちょっとここで待ってて。
V-nai (なくちゃなんない） expresses personal sense of obligation (due to naranai). It is shortened from なくてはならないー＞なくちゃならないー＞なくちゃなんない。
I've gotta run to the post office, so wait here for a sec.
79
今朝、朝寝坊してクラスに遅れちゃったから、明日はもっと早く起きなくちゃ。
V-nai なくちゃ。 Expresses obligation. Shortened from なくては。 In the sentence final position the いけない／ならない can be dropped.
This morning I overslept and ended up being late for class, so I've gotta wake up earlier tomorrow.
80
病院に行って来なくちゃなんない。
V-nai (なくちゃなんない） expresses personal sense of obligation (due to naranai). It is shortened from なくてはならないー＞なくちゃならないー＞なくちゃなんない。
I have to go to the hospital.
81
明日はもっと早く起きなくちゃ。
V-nai なくちゃ。 Expresses obligation. Shortened from なくては。 In the sentence final position the いけない／ならない can be dropped.
I have to wake up earlier tomorrow.
82
今学期は日本語やアジアの歴史などのクラスを取っています。
N1 や N2 など （の／、）N3 など indicates a list is not exhaustive. When 2+ items listed they are separated by や。 N1/N2 can be words or phrases.
This semester I am taking classes such as Japanese and Asian history.
83
日本の食べ物の中では、寿司やてんぷらなどが好きです。
N1 や N2 など N1, N2, among others.-- など indicates a list is not exhaustive. When 2+ items listed they are separated by や。 N1/N2 can be words or phrases.
Among Japanese foods, I like sushi, tempura and others.
84
夏休みはイタリヤやギリシャなどに行こうと思っています。
N1 や N2 など N1, N2, among others.-- など indicates a list is not exhaustive. When 2+ items listed they are separated by や。 N1/N2 can be words or phrases.
I'm thinking of going to Italy and Greece (and other plaes around there) over summer vacation.
85
「生」や「日」などの漢字は、読み方がたくさんあって、覚えるのが大変だ。
N1 や N2 など （の／、）N3 など indicates a list is not exhaustive. When 2+ items listed they are separated by や。 N1/N2 can be words or phrases.
Kanji like 生 and 日 have a lot of different readings and it's hard to memorize (all of them).
86
日本語には「いらっしゃいます」や「召し上がります」など、いろいろな敬語がある。
N1 や N2 など N1, N2, among others.-- など indicates a list is not exhaustive. When 2+ items listed they are separated by や。 N1/N2 can be words or phrases.
In Japanese, there are various honorific expressions, like irasshaimasu and meshiagarimasu.
87
漢字は日本語の勉強で最も大切なものの一つです。
の一つです。 NはNP {一つ／一人）だ。 X is one of the ~.
Kanji is one of the most important things in the study of Japanese.
88
アラビア語は最も難しい言葉の一つだと言われています。
NはNPの一つだ。 N is one of NP.
It is said that Arabic is one of the hardest languages to learn.
89
読書は私が一番好きなことの一つだ。
NはNPの一つだ。 N is one of NP.
Reading is one of my favorite things.
90
あなたにとって、一番大切な人は誰ですか。
Nにとって This means "to X; for X" in a context where something (or someone) is important/useful/good/necessary/difficult etc. to X. X is usually a person, geographic unit or organization.
Who is the most important person to you?
91
僕にとって、忘れない場所は、彼女と初めて会った喫茶店です。
Nにとって This means "to X; for X" in a context where something (or someone) is important/useful/good/necessary/difficult etc. to X. X is usually a person, geographic unit or organization.
One place that I'll never forget is the café where I first met my girlfriend.
92
私にとって一番大切なものは私の猫だが、猫にとって一番大切なものは食べ物のようだ。
Nにとって This means "to X; for X" in a context where something (or someone) is important/useful/good/necessary/difficult etc. to X. X is usually a person, geographic unit or organization.
My cat is the most important thing in the world to me, but for my cat it seems like the most important thing in the world is food.
93
ベートーベンは音楽家にとって最も大切な耳が聞こえなくなってしまったのに、あの有名な「第九シンフォニー」を作った。
Nにとって This means "to X; for X" in a context where something (or someone) is important/useful/good/necessary/difficult etc. to X. X is usually a person, geographic unit or organization.
Despite losing his hearing, which is the most important thing for a composer's work, Beethoven wrote his famous Ninth Symphony.
94
ペンの代わりに鉛筆（えんぴつ）を使って書いてください。
Nの代わりに is used to present something/someone that is replacing or has replaced something/someone.
Use a pencil instead of a pen to write, please.
95
母が病気だったので、（母の）代わりに私が晩ご飯を作りました。
Nの代わりに is used to present something/someone that is replacing or has replaced something/someone. When the context is clear, the Nの can be omitted, as we see here.
Because mom was ill, I made dinner instead.
96
日本の若い人たちと友達になりたかったら、「です・ます」の話し方の代わりに、カジュアルな話し方で話したほうがいいよ。
Nの代わりに is used to present something/someone that is replacing or has replaced something/someone. When the context is clear, the Nの can be omitted, as we see here.
If you want to make friends with young Japanese, you should use casual speech instead of the desu/masu form.
97
最近、日本でも現金の代わりにカードを使う人が多くなった。
Nの代わりに is used to present something/someone that is replacing or has replaced something/someone. When the context is clear, the Nの can be omitted, as we see here.
Recently, many people have begun using cards in place of cash in Japan, too.
98
父は家族のためにいっしょうけんめい働いている。
N/non-past,plain V (のために) indicates either purpose or reason/cause, and in certain contexts connotes "for the benefit," which is the case here. It can translate to "in order to; for the purpose of; for; for the sake of"
Father works his hardest for the sake of his family.
99
私は健康のため、エレベーターに乗らないで階段を使うことにしています。
N/non-past,plainV (のために) indicates either purpose or reason/cause. It can translate to "in order to; for the purpose of; for; for the sake of"
To maintain my health, I make a habit of taking the stairs instead of the elevator.
100
日本中を安く旅行するために、JRパスを買おうと思っている。
N/non-past,plainV (のために) indicates either purpose or reason/cause. It can translate to "in order to; for the purpose of; for; for the sake of"
I'm thinking of buying a JR pass so that I can travel around Japan cheaply.
101
これは敬語の使い方を練習するためのサイトだ。
N/non-past,plainV (のために) indicates either purpose or reason/cause. It can translate to "in order to; for the purpose of; for; for the sake of"
This is a site created to help people practice their keigo.
102
日本の会社で働きたいと思っている。そのためにはもっと日本語が上手にならなくてはいけない。
N/non-past,plainV (のために) indicates either purpose or reason/cause. It can translate to "in order to; for the purpose of; for; for the sake of"
I want to work at a Japanese company. For that purpose, I need to become more skilled at Japanese.
103
コンピュータが壊れたために、レポートが書きませんでした。
past,plainV のため（に） indicates cause or reason. It is more formal that から and ので。
Because my computer broke, I didn't write my report.
104
勉強が忙しいため、友達と合う時間がない。
~(na) adjectiveのため（に） indicates cause or reason. It is more formal that から and ので。
Because I'm busy with my studies, I don't have time to meet with my friends.
105
トムさんは日本語が上手なため、ときどき通訳を頼まれる。
~(i) adjective のため（に） indicates cause or reason. It is more formal that から and ので。
Due to Tom being good at Japanese, he is sometimes asked to be an interpreter.
106
今年はあまり雪が降らない。そのためにスキーが出来ない。
N/non-past,plainV (のために) indicates either purpose or reason/cause. It can translate to "in order to; for the purpose of; for; for the sake of"
There hasn't been much snow this year. Because of that, we can't go skiing.
107
九州か四国へ行く。 本か雑誌がある。 友達か家族と旅行に行く。
N1 か N2 (Prt) is used to present two alternatives. In the case that the second alternative has a particle, the second か is dropped, as here.
I will go either to kyushu or shikoku. There are either books or magazines. I will go travel with either my friends or family.
108
東京から九州まで新幹線で行くか飛行機で行くか、まだ決めていないんです。
AかBか is used to present alternatives. meaning: "either A or B;" "whether A or B"
I haven't decided yet whether I'm going to go from Tokyo to Kyushu by bullet train or by plane.
109
今週中にメールを出すか電話をかけるかしますから、待っていて下さい。
AかBか is used to present alternatives. meaning: "either A or B;" "whether A or B"
I'll either e-mail you or call you some time this week, so please wait for that.
110
その店がおいしかったかまずかったか覚えていますか。
AかBか is used to present alternatives. meaning: "either A or B;" "whether A or B"
Do you remember whether (the food at) that store was delicious or bad?
111
最近のケータイは複雑すぎて、便利か便利じゃないか分からない。
AかBか is used to present alternatives. meaning: "either A or B;" "whether A or B"
Cell phones these days are so complicated that it's hard to say whether or not they are really useful.
112
私は毎朝ジュースか水を飲む。
AかBか is used to present alternatives. meaning: "either A or B;" "whether A or B"
I drink juice or water every morning.
113
その店、おいしいんでしょ。
~でしょ is the shortened version of ~でしょう which with a rising intonation is used to elicit the hearer's confirmation; with a falling intonation indicates conjecture. Women traditionally use でしょう （the polite version of だろう）and in casual conversation it is shortened to でしょ。
That restaraunt is pretty good, isn't it?
114
このケーキ、おいしいだろう。
~だろうwith a rising intonation is used to elicit the hearer's confirmation; with a falling intonation indicates conjecture. Men use だろう, which is the informal of でしょう。In casual conversation the final う tends to drop.
This cake is good, isn't it?
115
トムさんは昨日よく勉強していたから、今日の日本語の試験、簡単だったでしょ。
~でしょ is the shortened version of ~でしょう which with a rising intonation is used to elicit the hearer's confirmation; with a falling intonation indicates conjecture. Women traditionally use でしょう （the polite version of だろう）and in casual conversation it is shortened to でしょ。
Tom, you studied hard last night, so I guess your Japanese test today was easy.
116
このケーキ、おいしいだろう。有名な店で買ったんだ。高かったんだよ。
~だろうwith a rising intonation is used to elicit the hearer's confirmation; with a falling intonation indicates conjecture. Men use だろう, which is the informal of でしょう。In casual conversation the final う tends to drop.
Don't you think this cake is great? I bought it at a famous shop. It was expensive.
117
田中さんもあの映画、見たんですか？私も先週見たんですよ。とっても良かったでしょう。
~でしょ is the shortened version of ~でしょう which with a rising intonation is used to elicit the hearer's confirmation; with a falling intonation indicates conjecture. Women traditionally use でしょう （the polite version of だろう）and in casual conversation it is shortened to でしょ。
You saw that movie, Mr. Tanaka? I saw it last week, too. Wasn't it great?
118
明日のコンサート、一緒に行くだろう。
~だろうwith a rising intonation is used to elicit the hearer's confirmation; with a falling intonation indicates conjecture. Men use だろう, which is the informal of でしょう。In casual conversation the final う tends to drop.
You're going with me to the concert tomorrow, right?
119
明日はほかの約束があるから、行かないって言ったでしょ。忘れたの？
~でしょ is the shortened version of ~でしょう which with a rising intonation is used to elicit the hearer's confirmation; with a falling intonation indicates conjecture. Women traditionally use でしょう （the polite version of だろう）and in casual conversation it is shortened to でしょ。
I told you that I've already got plans, so I can't go. Did you forget?
120
最近、若い人の間で言葉の使い方に変化がみられる。
Nが見られる。 uses the passive form of 見る which is "be observed," and also "can observe/see." Directly means: (something) is observed; (one) can see/observe
You can see changed recently in the way young people are using language.
121
挨拶の仕方にも文化の違いがみられます。
Nが見られる。 uses the passive form of 見る which is "be observed," and also "can observe/see." Directly means: (something) is observed; (one) can see/observe
One can observe cultural differences in the way people greet each other, too.
122
これは、１年生の学生によく見られる間違いです。
Nが見られる。 uses the passive form of 見る which is "be observed," and also "can observe/see." Directly means: (something) is observed; (one) can see/observe
This is a mistake that can often be observed among first year students.
123
スポーツジムに行くようになってから、毎朝、早く起きるようになりました。
V.plain.nonpast.(often volitional form, as here) ようになる。 indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does (or can do) something or does not (or cannot do) something. Meaning: "come to (be able to)
Since I started going to the gym, I've begun waking up early each morning.
124
日本人の友達ができてから、日本語が上手に話せるようになった。
V.plain.nonpast.(often volitional form, as here) ようになる。 indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does (or can do) something or does not (or cannot do) something. Meaning: "come to (be able to)
Ever since making Japanese friends, I have come to be able to speak Japanese more skillfully.
125
この日本語練習サイトを使うと、文法がもっとよくわかるようになるでしょう。
V.plain.nonpast.(often volitional form, as here) ようになる。 indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does (or can do) something or does not (or cannot do) something. Meaning: "come to (be able to)
If you use this Japanese practice site, I think you'll have a much better understanding of grammar.
126
この子は赤ちゃんの頃はよく泣いていたが、4歳になって、あまり泣かないようになった。
V.plain.nonpast.negative ようになる。 indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does not (or cannot do) something. Meaning: "Not V now;" Not V anymore" Vなくなる and Vないようになる are synonymous, but the latter indicates a more gradual change.
When he was a baby he used to cry a lot, but since he turned four he doesn't cry so much any more.
127
話すようになる
V.plain.nonpast.(often volitional form, as here) ようになる。 indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does (or can do) something or does not (or cannot do) something. Meaning: "come to (be able to)
come to be able to speak
128
話さないようになる
V.plain.nonpast.negative ようになる。 indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does not (or cannot do) something. Meaning: "Not V now;" Not V anymore" Vなくなる and Vないようになる are synonymous, but the latter indicates a more gradual change.
come to not speak now/anymore.
129
父は病気になってから、お酒を飲まないようになった。
V.plain.nonpast.negative ようになる。 indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does not (or cannot do) something. Meaning: "Not V now;" Not V anymore" Vなくなる and Vないようになる are synonymous, but the latter indicates a more gradual change.
Since father became ill, he has come to not drink sake anymore.
130
同じ漢字また間違えた。
また また、S meaning: "again; once again"
I got the same kanji wrong again.
131
四国はとてもいいところだったから、また行きたいと思います。
また また、S meaning: "again; once again"
Shikoku was really nice, so I think I'd like to go there again.
132
また朝寝坊してしまって、また授業に遅れた。
また また、S meaning: "again; once again"
I overslept again, and again I was late for class.
133
この辞書は大学の本屋で買えます。また、図書館で借りることもできます。
また また、S Meaning: "also; as well; additionally; moreover; in addition"
You can buy this dictionary at the university bookstore. You can also borrow it from the library.
134
トマトはおいしいし、いろいろな料理に使える。また、体にもいい食べ物だ。
また また、S Meaning: "also; as well; additionally; moreover; in addition"
Tomatoes are delicious and can be used in lots of different dishes. What's more, they're good for you, too.
135
海外旅行に行く前にパスポートを取る必要があります。
V.plain.nonpast 必要がある。 Indicates the necessity of doing something. Meaning: "it is necessary to V;" "must V;" "have to V"
Before traveling overseas it is necessary to get a passport.
136
寮に住めば、食堂でご飯が食べられるから、自分で料理する必要はありません。
V.plain.nonpast 必要がある。 Indicates the necessity of doing something. Meaning: "it is necessary to V;" "must V;" "have to V"
If you live in the dorms, you can eat at the cafeteria so you don't need to cook on your own.
137
私の国では日本に旅行に行く時、旅行ビザを取る必要はない。
V.nonpast.plain必要はない。 indicates the lack of necessity to do something. は is common with the negative ending. Meaning: "It is not necessary to V;" "there is no need to V;" "don't have to V."
As for my country, when traveling to Japan it is not necessary to get a travel Visa.
138
明日になっても犬が見つからない場合は、ペットレスキューセンターに探しに行きましょう。
Nの場合（は／には） DemA(この、その、etc)場合 場合 is a noun meaning "case, occasion, situation," but with a modifier it forms an adverbial phrase/clause meaning "when, if, in case." 時 can be used in place of 場合 when it does not refer to a *specific* time/occasion.
In case we don't find the dog tomorrow, let's go look for it at the pet rescue center.
139
東京に来る場合は、連絡してください。会いに行きますから。
Nの場合（は／には） DemA(この、その、etc)場合 場合 is a noun meaning "case, occasion, situation," but with a modifier it forms an adverbial phrase/clause meaning "when, if, in case." 時 can be used in place of 場合 when it does not refer to a *specific* time/occasion.
If you ever come to Tokyo, let me know. I'll come and see you.
140
一人でするのが大変な場合は、クラスメートと一緒に宿題をしてもいいです。
Nの場合（は／には） DemA(この、その、etc)場合 場合 is a noun meaning "case, occasion, situation," but with a modifier it forms an adverbial phrase/clause meaning "when, if, in case." 時 can be used in place of 場合 when it does not refer to a *specific* time/occasion.
If it's too difficult to do alone, it's all right to work on your homework with your classmates.
141
雨の場合はテニスの試合はない。その場合、チケットは次の試合に使うことが出来る。
Nの場合（は／には） DemA(この、その、etc)場合 場合 is a noun meaning "case, occasion, situation," but with a modifier it forms an adverbial phrase/clause meaning "when, if, in case." 時 can be used in place of 場合 when it does not refer to a *specific* time/occasion.
If it rains there won't be a tennis match. In that case, you can use your ticket for the next match.
142
火事や地震の場合には、エレベーターを使わないでください。
Nの場合（は／には） DemA(この、その、etc)場合 場合 is a noun meaning "case, occasion, situation," but with a modifier it forms an adverbial phrase/clause meaning "when, if, in case." 時 can be used in place of 場合 when it does not refer to a *specific* time/occasion.
In the event of a fire or an earthquake, please refrain from using the elevator.
143
分からない（時／場合）は、言って下さい。
Vnonpast.plain場合（に／には） 場合 is a noun meaning "case, occasion, situation," but with a modifier it forms an adverbial phrase/clause meaning "when, if, in case." 時 can be used in place of 場合 when it does not refer to a *specific* time/occasion.
If you don't understand, please say so.
144
私が取っているのは、中国語ではなくて日本語です。
N1(では／じゃ）なく（て）N2 N1/N2 could also be phrases. Is used to indicate a certain piece of info is wrong and, following that, provide the correct info. ではなくて is used in written language. じゃなくて is used in spoken language.
What I'm taking is Japanese, not Chinese.
145
Q）ここですか。 A) いいえ、ここじゃなくて、あそこです。
N1(では／じゃ）なく（て）N2 Is used to indicate a certain piece of info is wrong and, following that, provide the correct info. ではなくて is used in written language. じゃなくて is used in spoken language.
Q) Is it here? A) No, it isn't here, it's over there.
146
先生には、「じゃあ、また」ではなくて、「失礼します」と言わなくてはいけませんよ。
N1(では／じゃ）なく（て）N2 Is used to indicate a certain piece of info is wrong and, following that, provide the correct info. ではなくて is used in written language. じゃなくて is used in spoken language.
You need to say "Shitsurei shimasu" to a teacher, not "Ja, mata".
147
これはアメリカについての本だが、英語ではなく、スペイン語で書かれている。
N1(では／じゃ）なく（て）N2 Is used to indicate a certain piece of info is wrong and, following that, provide the correct info. ではなくて is used in written language. じゃなくて is used in spoken language.
This is a book about the US, but it's written in Spanish, not English.
148
今日は、雪で授業を休んだ人が何人かいたそうです。
何＋counter+か is the qualifier "some"
I heard that there were a few people who didn't come to class today because of the snow.
149
お土産にＴシャツを何枚か買った。
何＋counter+か is the qualifier "some"
I bought some shirts as souvenirs.
150
車を止めたかったら、私の家の前に何台か止めることができますから、どうぞ。
何＋counter+か is the qualifier "some"
If you need a place to park, there's space for a few cars in front of my house, so feel free to park there.
151
おいしい日本のみかんをいくつかもらいました。
いく＋counter+か is the qualifier "some" Except for the words いくつ and いく人, いく is not commonly used in modern japanese. 何 cannot be used with つ。
I received some japanese mandarin oranges.
152
忘れてしまった what is the condensed form?
~てしまった。 is used to indicate the completion of an action OR the dissatisfaction of the speaker for having done something he/she knows he/she shouldn't have and will be in trouble for.
忘れちゃった。
153
買っておいた What is the condensed form?
from ておく meaning to do in advance, or in preparation.
買っといた。
154
飲んでしまう。 what is the condensed form?
〜でしまう／しまった To do something unexpectedly, completely, or unfortunately (the last meaning here)
飲んじゃう。
155
見せてあげる。 What is the condensed form?
~てあげる。 to give, allow, let. (let someone see(something).
見せたげる。
156
このクラスにはキムさんの他に（も）韓国語が出来る学生がありますか。
Nの他に（も）~~ is an adverbial phrase meaning "in addition to N" or "besides"
Are there any students in this class besides Kim who can speak Korean?
157
日本語には、砕けた話し方のほかに敬語もあって、大変だ。
Nの他に（も）~~ is an adverbial phrase meaning "in addition to N" or "besides"
In Japanese, in addition to casual speech there's also keigo, so (learning Japanese is) pretty hard.
158
日本では、日本語を勉強する他に、色々な所に旅行にも行きたいと思っています。
Vの他に（も）~~ is an adverbial phrase meaning "in addition to V-ing" or "besides V-ing"
In Japan, I am thinking I want to travel to various places in addition to studying Japanese.
159
夏休みに大学の夏のコースを取った。その他にも、バイトをしたり、日本に行ったりした。
（その／あの／この）他に（も）~~ is an adverbial phrase that means "in addition to ~" or "besides ~~"
Over summer break I took university summer school courses. In addition to that, I did stuff like work my part-time job and go to Japan.
160
週末は宿題がたくさんあったので、勉強の他（に）は何も出来なかった。
(V/N/Adj/DemA)〜他（に）は（〜ない）. An adverbial phrase meaning "(not~) except for~," or "(not~) other than ~"
I had a lot of homework over the weekend, so I couldn't do anything other than study.
161
今日は授業に出るほかは、何も予定がない。
(V/N/Adj/DemA)〜他（に）は（〜ない）. An adverbial phrase meaning "(not~) except for~," or "(not~) other than ~"
Aside from attending the class, I don't have any plans today.
162
今、私が住んでいるアパートの広さは、この部屋と同じぐらいです。
Nと同じぐらい〜 means "about the same ~ as N"
Right now, the apartment I'm living in is about the same size as this room.
163
今度住むアパートは、この部屋と同じぐらいの広さです。
N1と同じくらい／ぐらいN2
This time, the apartment I'm living in and this room are about the same size.
164
東京の物価はニューヨークと同じぐらい高い。
Nと同じぐらい〜 means "about the same ~ as N"
Prices in Tokyo are about as high as they are in New York.
165
そのロボットは人間と同じぐらい上手に自転車に乗れる。
Nと同じぐらい〜 means "about the same ~ as N"
That robot can ride a bike about as well as a human can.
166
田中君は僕たちと同じぐらいの年だと思うよ。
N1と同じくらい／ぐらいN2
I think Tanaka-kun is about the same age as we are.
167
ドラえモンは実はネコ型ロボットなんです。
Nの型だ。 Means "N-shape/style/pattern; make; model; design"
Doraemon is, in reality, a cat shaped robot.
168
私の血液型はAです。
Nの型だ。 Means "N-shape/style/pattern; make; model; design"
My blood type is A.
169
父は１９５０年型のキャデラックのクラシックカーを持っている。
N1型（の）N2 Means N1 (style;pattern;shape;make;model;design) N2
My dad has a 1950 model classic Cadillac.
170
私の血液型はA型ですが、母はAB型で父は０型、弟はB型です。
Nの型だ。 Means "N-shape/style/pattern; make; model; design"
My blood type is A, but my mother's is AB, my father's is 0 and my little brother's is B.
171
新型のインフルエンザのワクチンは、まだないそうだ。
N1型（の）N2 Means N1 (style;pattern;shape;make;model;design) N2
I heard they don't have a vaccine for the new strain of influenza yet.
172
大阪、京都、それに奈良にも行った。
N1(、／と／に）N2、それにN3 Here, それに is used to add an item or make an addition statement. Meaning: in addition; moreover;furthermore;what's more; on top of that; and
I went to Osaka, Kyoto, in addition to Nara.
173
日本の夏はとても暑い。それに湿度も高い。
S1.それに、S２。 Here, それに is used to add an item or make an addition statement. Meaning: in addition; moreover;furthermore;what's more; on top of that; and
Japan's summers are very sultry. Furthermore, the humidity is also high.
174
日本語を勉強し始めた時、ひらがなとカタカナ、それに漢字を覚えなくてはいけなかったので、とても大変だった。でも、やめなくてよかった。
S1.それに、S２。 Here, それに is used to add an item or make an addition statement. Meaning: in addition; moreover;furthermore;what's more; on top of that; and
When I first started studying Japanese, I had to memorize Hiragana, Katakana, and then kanji, so it was really hard. I'm glad I didn't give up, though.
175
ステーキにサラダ、それにライスもお願いします。
S1.それに、S２。 Here, それに is used to add an item or make an addition statement. Meaning: in addition; moreover;furthermore;what's more; on top of that; and
I'd like a steak, a salad and some rice as well, please.
176
このアパートは明るくて広い。それに、学校も近い。
S1.それに、S２。 Here, それに is used to add an item or make an addition statement. Meaning: in addition; moreover;furthermore;what's more; on top of that; and
This apartment is light and spacious. On top of that, it's close to the school.
177
そのアルバイトはあまり大変じゃないし、それに給料もいい。
S1し、それに S２。 Here, それに is used to add an item or make an addition statement. Meaning: in addition; moreover;furthermore;what's more; on top of that; and
That part-time job isn't very difficult, moreover the salary is good.
178
あの人が来るのなら、私は帰ります。
S1のならS2 is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation. NOTE, that the action/event in S1 does not have to take place before S2.
If it's true that person is coming as you say, I'm leaving (now before he comes).
179
トムが行くなら、私も行きます。
S1ならS２。 is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. NOTE, that the action/event in S1 does not have to take place before S2.
If Tom is going to the party, I'l go, too.
180
明日なら大丈夫です。
N（の）なら〜。 Means: If it is N, ~ is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation.
If it's tomorrow, I can make it.
181
日本語なら読めます。
Nなら〜。 Means: would/could ~ is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation.
I could read Japanese.
182
友達が迎えに来たら、私は帰ります。
S1たらS２。 When たら is used, as opposed to (の)なら, S1 must be completed before S2.
If/when my friend comes to pick me up, I will leave.
183
車を運転するのなら、お酒を飲んではいけません。
Nなら〜。 Means: would/could ~ is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation.
If you're going to drive, you can't drink.
184
私の彼女が好きなら、付き合ってくれるように頼んでみたらどうですか。
Nなら〜。 Means: would/could ~ is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation.
If you like her, why don't you just ask her if she'll go out with you?
185
寒いのなら、セーターを着たらどうですか。
Nなら〜。 Means: would/could ~ is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation.
Why don't you put on a sweater if you're cold?
186
チェックは使えませんが、クレジットカードなら使えます。
Nなら〜。 Means: would/could ~ is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation.
You can't use a check, but you can use a credit card.
187
すみません、2時はちょっと。3時ならできますけど。
Nなら〜。 Means: would/could ~ is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation.
I'm sorry, 2 o'clock won't work for me. I could at 3, though.
188
日本に行くのなら、JRパスを買っておいたほうがいいですよ。
Nなら〜。 Means: would/could ~ is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation.
If you're going to Japan, you'd better get a JR pass beforehand.
189
姫路城は日本で最も美しいお城の一つとして知られています。
Nとして Means: as; in the capacity of used to indicate the role, capacity, or occupation of someone or the function or characteristics of something.
Himejijyou castle is known as one of Japan's most beautiful castles.
190
この携帯電話は、電話をするだけでなく、カメラとしても使える。
Nとして Means: as; in the capacity of used to indicate the role, capacity, or occupation of someone or the function or characteristics of something.
Not only can you use this cell phone to make calls, you can also use it as a camera.
191
私は来週、学校の代表としてスピーチコンテストに出ます。
Nとして Means: as; in the capacity of used to indicate the role, capacity, or occupation of someone or the function or characteristics of something.
Next week, I'm participating ina speech contest as the representative from my school.
192
私の友達は、フランスでファッションモデルとして働いています。
Nとして Means: as; in the capacity of used to indicate the role, capacity, or occupation of someone or the function or characteristics of something.
My friend works in France as a fashion modle.
193
毎日、新しい漢字を五つ覚えることにしている。
V-plain.nonpastことにしている。 Indicates THE SPEAKER (or the subject of the sentence) makes it a rule to do something.
I make it a rule to memorize 5 new kanji a day.
194
私のアパートでは、ペットを飼ってはいけないことになっています。
V-nonpast.plain ことになっている。 Means: "be supposed to ~;" It is a rule that ~; It's been decided that~ means that something has been decided and the result of the decision is still in effect. It is often used to introduce rules or customs, as well as one's schedule.
It is a rule at my apartment that you cannot keep pets.
195
授業を休むときは先生に連絡しなくてはいけないことになっているが、忘れてしまった。
V-nonpast.plain ことになっている。 Means: "be supposed to ~;" It is a rule that ~; It's been decided that~ means that something has been decided and the result of the decision is still in effect. It is often used to introduce rules or customs, as well as one's schedule.
We're supposed to let the teacher know if we're going to miss a class, but I forgot.
196
私の家では食事の後、自分がつかったお皿を洗うことになっている。
V-nonpast.plain ことになっている。 Means: "be supposed to ~;" It is a rule that ~; It's been decided that~ means that something has been decided and the result of the decision is still in effect. It is often used to introduce rules or customs, as well as one's schedule.
At my house, the rule is that you wash your own place after a meal.
197
ゾウは長い鼻をしています。それに、耳も大きいです。
N1 は Adj+N2 をしている。 This form is used to describe a feature of someone or something, focusing on a certain part or attribute of the person or thing. Synonyous with N1はN2が Adj.
Elephants have long noses. Furthermore, they have big ears.
198
このオペラ歌手は、本当にきれいな声をしていますね。
N1 は Adj+N2 をしている。 This form is used to describe a feature of someone or something, focusing on a certain part or attribute of the person or thing. Synonyous with N1はN2が Adj.
This opera singer has a really pretty voice, don't you think?
199
フレンチブルドッグは短い足をした犬だ。それに、面白い顔をしている。
N1 は Adj+N2 をしている。 This form is used to describe a feature of someone or something, focusing on a certain part or attribute of the person or thing. Synonyous with N1はN2が Adj.
French bulldogs have short legs. They also have funny faces.
200
蛇のような形をした、泳ぐことができるロボットがあるそうだ。
N1 は Adj+N2 をしている。 This form is used to describe a feature of someone or something, focusing on a certain part or attribute of the person or thing. Synonyous with N1はN2が Adj.
I heard that there is a robot that is shaped like a snake and can swim.
201
きれいな目をした人。
(A/Ana)+N2 をした N1. This form is used to describe a feature of someone or something, focusing on a certain part or attribute of the person or thing. -- When the phrase modifies a noun, した is commonly used instead of している。
The person with pretty eyes.
202
４年間日本語を勉強してきました。
V-teくる means: Have V-ed; begin to; become; grow indicates temporal or spatial direction of an action directed toward the speaker. It often indicates that an action or process began in the past and is continuing IN THE PRESENT, or that something has begun to take place.
I have studied Japanese for four years.
203
日本語の文法が面白くなってきました。
V-teくる means: Have V-ed; begin to; become; grow indicates temporal or spatial direction of an action directed toward the speaker. It often indicates that an action or process began in the past and is continuing IN THE PRESENT, or that something has begun to take place.
I'm beginning to find Japanese grammar interesting.
204
最近、ちょっと暖かくなってきました。
V-teくる means: Have V-ed; begin to; become; grow indicates temporal or spatial direction of an action directed toward the speaker. It often indicates that an action or process began in the past and is continuing IN THE PRESENT, or that something has begun to take place.
It's gotten a little warmer recently.
205
1週間ぐらい使って、新しい教科書に慣れてきました。
V-teくる means: Have V-ed; begin to; become; grow indicates temporal or spatial direction of an action directed toward the speaker. It often indicates that an action or process began in the past and is continuing IN THE PRESENT, or that something has begun to take place.
After using it for a week or so, I'm getting used to the new textbook.
206
技術が発達したために、生活がとても便利になってきた。
V-teくる means: Have V-ed; begin to; become; grow indicates temporal or spatial direction of an action directed toward the speaker. It often indicates that an action or process began in the past and is continuing IN THE PRESENT, or that something has begun to take place.
With the development of technology, life has become very convenient.
207
この地方は北にあるので、夏は午前4時前に空が明るくなってくる。
V-teくる means: Have V-ed; begin to; become; grow indicates temporal or spatial direction of an action directed toward the speaker. It often indicates that an action or process began in the past and is continuing IN THE PRESENT, or that something has begun to take place.
Because this area is in the north, in the summer it starts to get light here before 4:00 am.
208
これから、もっと暖かくなっていきます。
V−teいく means: go on V-ing; continue;become;grow Indicates the temporal or spatial direction of an action from the speaker's viewpoint. It is used when the action appears directed away from the speaker; it also often expresses an action or state that will continue from the present into the future.
From now on, it's going to grow warmer.
209
練習すれば、もっと上手に話せるようになっていくよ。頑張ってね。
V−teいく means: go on V-ing; continue;become;grow Indicates the temporal or spatial direction of an action from the speaker's viewpoint. It is used when the action appears directed away from the speaker; it also often expresses an action or state that will continue from the present into the future.
If you practice, you'll get even better at speaking. Good luck!
210
ゴールデンレトリバーは大型の犬だから、もっと大きくなっていきますよ。
V−teいく means: go on V-ing; continue;become;grow Indicates the temporal or spatial direction of an action from the speaker's viewpoint. It is used when the action appears directed away from the speaker; it also often expresses an action or state that will continue from the present into the future.
Golden retrievers are big dogs, so he'll grow even bigger.
211
ロボットがもっと人々の生活を助けるようになっていくだろう。
V−teいく means: go on V-ing; continue;become;grow Indicates the temporal or spatial direction of an action from the speaker's viewpoint. It is used when the action appears directed away from the speaker; it also often expresses an action or state that will continue from the present into the future.
Robots will likely beome even more helpful in people's lives (as time passes).
212
図書館で本を借りて来る。
V-te くる。 This particular expression, as opposed to meaning " beginning to" or "have V-ed" is the original meaning of V-te くる。
I'll go to the library to borrow some books (and will come back).
213
日本に引っ越すことになりました。
V-plain.nonpast-ことになった。 means "It was/has been decided that~;" "It turns out that~" Indicates that the situation has changed due to some external force (e.g. a decision made by someone other than the speaker.)
It was decided (by someone else) that I must move to Japan.
214
環境をよくするため、来月からリサイクルキャンペーンをすることになった。
V-plain.nonpast-ことになった。 means "It was/has been decided that~;" "It turns out that~" Indicates that the situation has changed due to some external force (e.g. a decision made by someone other than the speaker.)
In an effort to improve the environment, it's been decided that as of next month we'll begin a recycling campaign.
215
奨学金がもらえることになったので、大学院に行くつもりです。
V-plain.nonpast-ことになった。 means "It was/has been decided that~;" "It turns out that~" Indicates that the situation has changed due to some external force (e.g. a decision made by someone other than the speaker.)
It's turned out that I'm going to receive a scholarship, so I'll be attending graduate school.
216
先生は学生に「漢字を覚えなさい」と言いました。
direct Quoteと言う。
Remember the kanji, said the teacher to the students.
217
先生は学生に漢字を覚えるように言いました。
V-nonpast.plain ように言う。 Meaning: "to tell someone to V" Used to quote a request or command indirectly.
The teacher told the students to remember the kanji.
218
私は友達に「ノートを見せて下さい」と頼みました。
direct quote と頼みました。
Please let me see your notes, I asked of my friend.
219
私は友達にノートを見せてくれるように頼みました。
V-te くれるように頼む。 means: "to ask someone to V" Used to quote request or command indirectly. In an affirmative request ように頼む is often used with てくれる as seen here.
I asked my friend if he would let me see his notes.
220
私はよく両親に[弟をいじめてはいけません」と言われます。
direct quoteと言う。
Don't tease you're little brother, my parents often say to me.
221
私はよく両親に弟をいじめないように言われます。
V−nai ないように頼む／言う Meaning: to ask someone not to V Used to quote a request or command indirectly.
My parents often tell me not to tease my little brother.
222
両親は私に、いつも早く家に帰ってくるように言います。
V-nonpast.plain ように言う。 Meaning: "to tell someone to V" Used to quote a request or command indirectly.
My parents always tell me to come home early.
223
パーティーをしていたら、隣のアパートの人に静かにするように言われてしまいました。
V-nonpast.plain ように言う。 Meaning: "to tell someone to V" Used to quote a request or command indirectly.
When we had the party, the people next door came over and told us to be quiet.
224
病気でクラスに行けないので、代わりに友達に宿題を出しに行ってくれるように頼んだ。
V-te くれるように頼む。 means: "to ask someone to V" Used to quote request or command indirectly. In an affirmative request ように頼む is often used with てくれる as seen here.
I'm sick and can't go to classes, so I asked a friend to turn in my homework for me.
225
ウェイターにデザートメニューを持ってきてくれるように頼もうか。
V-te くれるように頼む。 means: "to ask someone to V" Used to quote request or command indirectly. In an affirmative request ように頼む is often used with てくれる as seen here.
Shall we ask the waiter to bring us the dessert menu?
226
母に薬を持って来てくれるように頼もうか。
V-te くれるように頼む。 means: "to ask someone to V" Used to quote request or command indirectly. In an affirmative request ように頼む is often used with てくれる as seen here.
Did you ask mom to bring the medicine?
227
もし文法が間違ってたら、直してくれる？
V-te くれる？ Means: Will you ~? Can you ~? Could you~? When used with rising intonation it indicates a request in CASUAL conversation.
If you find mistakes with the grammar, will you fix them for me?
228
この記事、読むの、手伝ってくれない？
V-te くれない？ Means: Will you ~? Can you ~? Could you~? When used with rising intonation it indicates a request in CASUAL conversation.
Won't you help me with the reading of this article?
229
今勉強中だから、もうちょっと静かにしてもらえる？
V-te もらえる？ Means: Will you ~? Can you ~? Could you~? When used with rising intonation it indicates a request in CASUAL conversation.
I'm in the middle of studying right now, so could you be a little more quite?
230
もし時間があったら、明日空港に迎えに来てもらえない？
V-te もらえない？ Means: Will you ~? Can you ~? Could you~? When used with rising intonation it indicates a request in CASUAL conversation.
If you have time, could you come and get me at the airport tomorrow?
231
明日からもっと早く家を出るようにします。
V-nonpast.plainようにする。 Means: make an effort to~; make an effort so that~; try (one's best) to do ~; try one's best so that~. It indicates one's conscious effort to do something for some purpose. Here one makes an effort at every opportunity to do something to the degree that he or she can, but sometimes fails. Thus ようにする is often used for habitual actions. This differs from Vことにする which can indicate one's decision can be a single or habitual one.
I will try my best to leave the house earlier from tomorrow on.
232
毎日寝る前に、新しい漢字を五つ覚えるようにしています。
V-nonpast.plainようにする。 Means: make an effort to~; make an effort so that~; try (one's best) to do ~; try one's best so that~. It indicates one's conscious effort to do something for some purpose. Here one makes an effort at every opportunity to do something to the degree that he or she can, but sometimes fails. Thus ようにする is often used for habitual actions. This differs from Vことにする which can indicate one's decision can be a single or habitual one.
I'm trying to learn five new kanji before going to bed every night.
233
環境のために、紙をリサイクルするようにしてください。
V-nonpast.plainようにする。 Means: make an effort to~; make an effort so that~; try (one's best) to do ~; try one's best so that~. It indicates one's conscious effort to do something for some purpose. Here one makes an effort at every opportunity to do something to the degree that he or she can, but sometimes fails. Thus ようにする is often used for habitual actions. This differs from Vことにする which can indicate one's decision can be a single or habitual one.
For the sake of the environment, please try to recycle paper.
234
体にいいから、野菜や果物をたくさん食べるようにしている。
V-nonpast.plainようにする。 Means: make an effort to~; make an effort so that~; try (one's best) to do ~; try one's best so that~. It indicates one's conscious effort to do something for some purpose. Here one makes an effort at every opportunity to do something to the degree that he or she can, but sometimes fails. Thus ようにする is often used for habitual actions. This differs from Vことにする which can indicate one's decision can be a single or habitual one.
Since they're good for you, I'm making an effort to eat lots of vegetables and fruit.
235
体に悪いから、たばこは吸わないようにしたほうがいいよ。
V-nonpast.plainようにする。 Means: make an effort to~; make an effort so that~; try (one's best) to do ~; try one's best so that~. It indicates one's conscious effort to do something for some purpose. Here one makes an effort at every opportunity to do something to the degree that he or she can, but sometimes fails. Thus ようにする is often used for habitual actions. This differs from Vことにする which can indicate one's decision can be a single or habitual one.
It's bad for you, so you should try not to smoke.
236
春休み何をしようかなあ。
〜かなあ。 Sentence final particle which indicates the sentence is a self-addressed question or a question addressed to the speaker's in-group member(s). Used ONLY IN CASUAL language.
I wonder what I'll do for spring break.
237
このアパート、良さそうだけど、ちょっと高すぎるかな。
〜かなあ。 Sentence final particle which indicates the sentence is a self-addressed question or a question addressed to the speaker's in-group member(s). Used ONLY IN CASUAL language.
This apartment seems nice, but I wonder if it's a bit too expensive.
238
北海道のホストファミリーのお母さんは元気かなあ。今晩、電話してみよう。
〜かなあ。 Sentence final particle which indicates the sentence is a self-addressed question or a question addressed to the speaker's in-group member(s). Used ONLY IN CASUAL language.
I wonder how my host mom in Hokkaido is. I'll give her a call tonight.
239
去年佐藤さんと北日本料理のレストランは、ここじゃなかったかなあ。
〜かなあ。 Sentence final particle which indicates the sentence is a self-addressed question or a question addressed to the speaker's in-group member(s). Used ONLY IN CASUAL language.
This doesn't look like the Japanese restaurant I came to with Sato-san last year, but I'm not sure.
240
日本語のクラスの外でも、なるべく日本語で話した方がいいよ。
なるべく Means: as much/often as possible; as~as possible なるべく with or without an adverb modifies the following verb phrase and adds the meaning "as (much) as possible." When there is no specific adverb after なるべく, it is usually interpreted as "as much as~" or "as often as~"
Even when outside Japanese class, it is best to speak in Japanese as often as possible.
241
作文を書く時は、なるべく漢字を使うようにしてください。
なるべく Means: as much/often as possible; as~as possible なるべく with or without an adverb modifies the following verb phrase and adds the meaning "as (much) as possible." When there is no specific adverb after なるべく, it is usually interpreted as "as much as~" or "as often as~"
Do your best to use as many kanji as possible when writing your essays.
242
ダイエットをしているから、甘いものはなるべく食べないようにしています。
なるべく Means: as much/often as possible; as~as possible なるべく with or without an adverb modifies the following verb phrase and adds the meaning "as (much) as possible." When there is no specific adverb after なるべく, it is usually interpreted as "as much as~" or "as often as~"
I'm on diet, so I'm trying to eat as few sweets as I can.
243
なるべく辞書を使わないで、この記事を読んでみてください。
V-vol とした（が／けれど）〜 Mean: tried to ~, but; was going to ~, but Is used in situations where someone had made an attempt to do something but failed. In this particular sentence, something happened when someone was going to do something.
Try to read this article using your dictionary as little as possible.
244
ケーキを作ろうとしたけれど、卵がなかったから、作れなかった。
V-vol とした（が／けれど）〜 Mean: tried to ~, but; was going to ~, but In this particular sentence, the subject made an attempt at something, but failed.
I was attempting to make a cake, but it had no eggs so I didn't make one.
245
宿題をしようとしたが、友達が来たから、するのをやめた。
V-vol とした（が／けれど）〜 Mean: tried to ~, but; was going to ~, but Is used in situations where someone had made an attempt to do something but failed. In this particular sentence, the subject was going to do something, but didn't.
I was going to do my homework, but friends came over so I stopped doing it.
246
電車に乗ろうとしたら、目の前でドアが閉まってしまった。
V-vol とした（が／けれど）〜 Mean: tried to ~, but; was going to ~, but Is used in situations where someone had made an attempt to do something but failed. In this particular sentence, something happened when someone was going to do something.
I was going to get on the train, but the doors closed right before my eyes.
247
家を出ようとしたら、雨が降ってきた。
V-vol とした（が／けれど）〜 Mean: tried to ~, but; was going to ~, but Is used in situations where someone had made an attempt to do something but failed. In this particular sentence, something happened when someone was going to do something.
When I was about to leave the house, it started to rain.
248
映画が好きなので、毎週のように映画を見に行っています。
毎Xのように；（X is a time word:= 日、週、月、年，回） Literally means "like every ~" but is used to mean "Almost every"
I like movies, so I go to see a movie almost every week.
249
子供のころは、毎年のように夏休みに海に行っていた。
毎Xのように；（X is a time word:= 日、週、月、年，回） Literally means "like every ~" but is used to mean "Almost every"
When I was a child, we went to the ocean almost every year during summer break.
250
このサイトにアクセスすると、毎回のようにフリーズしてしまう。
毎Xのように；（X is a time word:= 日、週、月、年，回） Literally means "like every ~" but is used to mean "Almost every"
My computer freezes almost every time I access this website.
251
日本人は一般的に丁寧だと思われている。
S-plain と思われている。 means: It is believed that~.; It is considered that ~. 思われている is used to introduce a generally-accepted opinion on some matter derived from intuition, not logic, and represents the *speaker/writer's* opinion.
It is believed that the Japanese are generally polite.
252
日本の食べ物は体にいいと考えられている。
S-plain と考えられている。 means: It is believed that~; It is considered that~. と考えられている is used to introduce a generally accepted opinion on some matter that was arrived at through logic, not intuition, and indicates the *speaker/writer's* opinion.
Japanese food is considered to be good for the body.
253
将来は、宇宙にも人間が住めるようになるだろうと考えられている。
S-plain と考えられている。 means: It is believed that~; It is considered that~. と考えられている is used to introduce a generally accepted opinion on some matter that was arrived at through logic, not intuition, and indicates the *speaker/writer's* opinion.
It is thought that in the future humans may be able to live even in outer space.
254
今日、小テストがあるなどということは、知らなかった。
Nなどという（もの／人／etc.) は Means: things/people/etc. like ~ To contract this sentence, なんて could substitute for などという人は
I had no idea there was a quiz (or anything) today.
255
今日、小テストがあるなんて、知らなかった。
Sなんて（、／は） Means: "Things like S" なんて is the colloquial form of など（は）which is (specifically in this case) the abbreviation of などということは。
I had no idea there was a quiz (or anything) today.
256
寿司が嫌いな日本人などという人は聞いたことがない。
Nなどという（もの／人／etc.) は Means: things/people/etc. like ~ To contract this sentence, なんて could substitute for などという人は
lit= I have never heard of someone like a Japanese person who doesn't like sushi. meaning = I've never heard of a Japanese person who doesn't like sushi.
257
寿司が嫌いな日本人なんて聞いたことがない。
Sなんて（、／は） Means: "Things like S" なんて is the colloquial form of など（は）which is (specifically in this case) the abbreviation of などということは。
lit= I have never heard of someone like a Japanese person who doesn't like sushi. meaning = I've never heard of a Japanese person who doesn't like sushi.
258
ローラーブレードなどというのは簡単だよ。
Nなどという（もの／人／etc.) は Means: things/people/etc. like ~To contract this sentence, なんて could substitute for などというのは
Things like rollerblading are easy.
259
ローラーブレードなんて簡単だよ。
Sなんて（、／は） Means: "Things like S" なんて is the colloquial form of など（は）which is (specifically in this case) the abbreviation of などということは。
Things like rollerblading are easy.
260
「すごい」や「かわいい」などという言葉は若い人達がよく使う表現だ。
Nなどという（もの／人／etc.) は Means: things/people/etc. like ~ To contract this sentence, なんて could substitute for などという人は
Words like "awesome" or "cute" are expressions often used by young people.
261
「すごい」や「かわいい」などは、若い人たちが良く使う表現だ。
Sなんて（、／は） Means: "Things like S" なんて is the colloquial form of など（は）which is (specifically in this case) the abbreviation of などということは。
Words like "awesome" or "cute" are expressions often used by young people.
262
こんなまずい料理をおいしいなどということを言ったのは誰だ？
Nなどという（もの／人／etc.) は Means: things/people/etc. like ~ To contract this sentence, なんて could substitute for などという人は
Who was it that said unappetizing food like this was delicious?
263
こんなまずい料理をおいしいなどと言ったのは誰だ？
S(quotation)などと is the abbreviation of: S(quotation) などということを。 Means: things/people/etc. like ~ なんて is the colloquial version of などは
Who was it that said unappetizing food like this was delicious?
264
朝、起きたら、私はまずコーヒーを飲む。
まず is an adverb meaning "first of all," "first;" "to begin with;" before anything"
In the morning, after waking up, the first thing I do is drink coffee.
265
家に帰って、まず最初にすることは、手を洗ってうがい(gargle)をすることです。
まず is an adverb meaning "first of all," "first;" "to begin with;" before anything"
The first thing I do when I get home is wash my hands and gargle.
266
今日はみそ汁を作ります。まず、次の材料を準備してください。
まず is an adverb meaning "first of all," "first;" "to begin with;" before anything"
Today we'll make miso soup. First of all, please prepare the following ingredients.
267
この問題について、グループで話し合って下さい。
V−masu合う is a compound verb that creates the meaning of "V (to/for) each other" or "V with~"
Please talk to each other in a group about this problem.
268
大きいな災害の時は、みんなで助け合うことが大切だ。
V−masu合う is a compound verb that creates the meaning of "V (to/for) each other" or "V with~"
In the event of a big disaster, it is important that everyone help each other.
269
高校生の時、よく友達と写真を撮り合ったり見せ合ったりして遊んだ。
V−masu合う is a compound verb that creates the meaning of "V (to/for) each other" or "V with~"
When I was in high school, my friends and I used to take pictures of each other and show them to each other for fun.
270
新しい車を買うためにお金をためています。
(V-plain.nonpast)XためにY Meaning: so that ~; in such a way that~ .states a purpose or the way that something is to be done. here, X represents an action which can be controlled by the subject of Y
I am saving up money so that I can buy a new car.
271
日本語が上手になるように、毎日練習している。
(V-nonpast)XようにY Used to state a purpose or the way in which something is to be done. X, here, represents a state or event which is beyond the control of the subject of Y and will arise as the result of the an action in Y. The verb form before ように is often negative or potential in form.
I practice every day so that I'll become good at Japanese.
272
先生は、学生が分かるようにやさしい単語を使って説明した。
(V-nonpast)XようにY Used to state a purpose or the way in which something is to be done. X, here, represents a state or event which is beyond the control of the subject of Y and will arise as the result of the an action in Y. The verb form before ように is often negative or potential in form.
The teacher explained using easy vocabulary words so that the students could understand.
273
みんなに聞こえるように、大きい声で話して下さい。
(V-nonpast)XようにY Used to state a purpose or the way in which something is to be done. X, here, represents a state or event which is beyond the control of the subject of Y and will arise as the result of the an action in Y. The verb form before ように is often negative or potential in form.
Please talk in a loud voice so that everyone can hear you.
274
朝寝坊をしないように、目覚まし時計をセットしておきます。
(V-nonpast)XようにY Used to state a purpose or the way in which something is to be done. X, here, represents a state or event which is beyond the control of the subject of Y and will arise as the result of the an action in Y. The verb form before ように is often negative or potential in form.
So that I don't sleep in in the morning, I'll set my alarm clock (in preparation).
275
日本で働きたいのなら、日本の会社に就職できるように、日本語をもっと練習しておいたほうがいいですよ。
(V-nonpast)XようにY Used to state a purpose or the way in which something is to be done. X, here, represents a state or event which is beyond the control of the subject of Y and will arise as the result of the an action in Y. The verb form before ように is often negative or potential in form.
If you want to work in Japan, so you should practice your Japanese harder so that you can get a job at a Japanese company.
276
ある日、突然、日本人が話す普通の日本語が分かるようになった。
(V-nonpast)XようにY Used to state a purpose or the way in which something is to be done. X, here, represents a state or event which is beyond the control of the subject of Y and will arise as the result of the an action in Y. The verb form before ように is often negative or potential in form.
Suddenly one day, I was able to understand everyday Japanese that Japanese people speak.
277
私は、何年か前、ニューヨークである有名人に会いました。
(V-nonpast)XようにY Used to state a purpose or the way in which something is to be done. X, here, represents a state or event which is beyond the control of the subject of Y and will arise as the result of the an action in Y. The verb form before ように is often negative or potential in form.
A few years ago, I met a celebrity in New York.
278
昔、昔、ある所に、おじいさんとおばあさんが住んでいました。
あるN Means: a; a certain; some; some (one/thing) This grammar is used when the speaker has a specific X in mind but does not want/need to be specific. Here, ある所 refers to an imaginary place in a folk tale. ある日 refers to a specific day, ある有名人 refers to (a) specific famous person/people.
Once upon a time, in a far away land, there lived an old man and an old woman.
279
地球温暖化（ちきゅうおんだんか：global warming)の問題はもっと大きくなっていくのではないでしょうか。
Sのではないでしょうか。 Means: "I think that ~;" "Isn't it that~" This ending indicates the speaker's conjecture in an indecisive fashion. Though the negative form is used, there is no negative meaning. のではないでしょうか is used only in WRITTEN language and is the LESS formal version of ではないだろう which is also used only in written language.
I think that the problem of global warming may grow bigger from now on.
280
あのクラスは、毎日宿題があるので、大変なのではないだろうか。
Sのではないだろうか。 Means: "I think that ~;" "Isn't it that~" This ending indicates the speaker's conjecture in an indecisive fashion. Though the negative form is used, there is no negative meaning. のではないだろうか is used only in WRITTEN language and is the MORE formal version of ではないでしょうか。 which is also used only in written language.
That class has homework and quizzes everyday, so I think it may be difficult.
281
このアパートは広いから、二人で住めるんじゃないかな。
(v-nonpast.plain)Sんじゃないかな。 Means: "I think that ~;" "Isn't it that~" This ending indicates the speaker's conjecture in an indecisive fashion. Though the negative form is used, there is no negative meaning. んじゃないかな is used only in SPOKEN language and is the more casual form of んではないでしょうか。
This apartment is pretty wide (big), so I think two people may be able to live here.
282
今日、雨が降るんではないでしょうか。
(v-nonpast.plain)Sんではないでしょうか。 Means: "I think that ~;" "Isn't it that~" This ending indicates the speaker's conjecture in an indecisive fashion. Though the negative form is used, there is no negative meaning. んじゃないかな is used only in SPOKEN language and is the more casual form of んではないでしょうか
Today I think it might rain.
283
困っている人がいたら迷わず助けてあげる。
V-naiず（に） Meaning: Without V-ing; instead of V-ing This meaning is sometimes synonymous with ないで when ないで means "without doing something" or "instead of doing something" に is sometimes omitted.
If there are people in trouble, I give help without hesitating.
284
辞書を見ずに新聞が読めるようになりたいです。
V-naiず（に） Meaning: Without V-ing; instead of V-ing This meaning is sometimes synonymous with ないで when ないで means "without doing something" or "instead of doing something" に is sometimes omitted.
I would like to become able to read a newspaper without looking at the dictionary.
285
この作文はコンピュータを使わずに手で書いた。
V-naiず（に） Meaning: Without V-ing; instead of V-ing This meaning is sometimes synonymous with ないで when ないで means "without doing something" or "instead of doing something" に is sometimes omitted.
I wrote this composition by hand; I didn't use a computer.
286
試験はペンで書かずに、鉛筆を使って下さい。
V-naiず（に） Meaning: Without V-ing; instead of V-ing This meaning is sometimes synonymous with ないで when ないで means "without doing something" or "instead of doing something" に is sometimes omitted.
Instead of writing with a pen on this test, please use a pencil.
287
両親に相談せずに、入学することを決めてしまった。
V-naiず（に） Meaning: Without V-ing; instead of V-ing NOTE THE EXCEPTION: する becomes せずに。 This meaning is sometimes synonymous with ないで when ないで means "without doing something" or "instead of doing something" に is sometimes omitted.
Without discussing it with my parents, I decided to go to a university (入学＝entry to school).
288
日本人は丁寧で親切だ。そういう話をよく聞く。
（そういう／こういう／ああいう）N When used to describe what the speaker sees or perceives, the words refers to something/someone close to the hearer, close to the speaker, and away from both respectively. (2) The words can also refer to something the speaker has just mentioned as is the case with this example.
The Japanese are polite and kind. I often hear that kind of story.
289
面白くて元気が出る、そういう本を探しています。
（そういう／こういう／ああいう）N When used to describe what the speaker sees or perceives, the words refers to something/someone close to the hearer, close to the speaker, and away from both respectively. (2) The words can also refer to something the speaker has just mentioned as is the case with this example.
Something interesting and invigorating - that's the kind of book I'm looking for.
290
動物園でパンダの赤ちゃんが３匹生まれたそうだ。こういうニュースはうれしい。
（そういう／こういう／ああいう）N When used to describe what the speaker sees or perceives, the words refers to something/someone close to the hearer, close to the speaker, and away from both respectively. (2) These phrases can also be used to refer to something/someone the speaker just mentioned. こういう, specifically, can be used when the speaker or hearer has just stated something factual about something/someone.
It seems that a panda at the zoo has had 3 babies. I'm happy to hear news like that.
291
日本のスポーツクラブの先輩と後輩の関係って面白いね。 山田：うん、ああいう関係って、他の国ではあまり見られないだろうね。
（そういう／こういう／ああいう）N When used to describe what the speaker sees or perceives, the words refers to something/someone close to the hearer, close to the speaker, and away from both respectively. (2) these phrases can also refer to something the speaker or hearer has just mentioned. ああいう, specifically, is used when the information the speaker or hearer has just mentioned is known to both.
The sempai/kohai relationship in Japanese sports club is interesting, isn't it? Yamada: yeah, that sort of relationship is probably not something you really see in other countries.
292
奈良は日本で一番歴史の古い町の一つと言えるでしょう。
Sと言えるでしょう。 means: It probably can be said that ~; it is probably all right to say that ~. This pattern is used when the speaker is quite certain that his/her statement is correct, but wants to soften the statement so as not to appear too assertive. This is a formal expression.
It probably can be said that Nara is one of the cities with the oldest histories in Japan.
293
日本語を勉強している外国人は多くなってきていると言えるだろう。
Sと言えるだろう。 means: It probably can be said that ~; it is probably all right to say that ~. This pattern is used when the speaker is quite certain that his/her statement is correct, but wants to soften the statement so as not to appear too assertive. This is a formal expression.
It is probably all right to say that foreigners studying Japanese are coming to be more numerous.
294
現代は、コンピューターがなければ、暮らしにくい時代になったと言えるだろう。
Sと言えるだろう。 means: It probably can be said that ~; it is probably all right to say that ~. This pattern is used when the speaker is quite certain that his/her statement is correct, but wants to soften the statement so as not to appear too assertive. This is a formal expression.
One could say that we've entered an era where it's hard to live without computers.
295
外国語を勉強するということは、ほかの国の文化を勉強するという事なのだ。
XはY（という）ことなのだ。 Means: X is Y; X means that Y This structure is used to indicate what X is or what X means. なのだ makes the statement more emphatic. To make this expression more formal, use である in place of だ。Also notice how the なの became なん in this example.
To learn a foreign language is to learn another country's culture.
296
お金持ちになることは、幸せになれるということなのだろうか。
Sと言えるだろう。 means: It probably can be said that ~; it is probably all right to say that ~. This pattern is used when the speaker is quite certain that his/her statement is correct, but wants to soften the statement so as not to appear too assertive. This is a formal expression.
I wonder if money can truly make a person happy.
297
バレンタインデーにチョコレートをくれたということは、彼女は君が好きだということなんだよ。
XはY（という）ことなのだ。 Means: X is Y; X means that Y This structure is used to indicate what X is or what X means. なのだ makes the statement more emphatic. To make this expression more formal, use である in place of だ。Also notice how the なの became なん in this example.
To be given chocolate on Valentine's Day means that a girl likes you.
298
お金持ちになることは、幸せになれるということなのだろう。
XはY（という）ことなのだ。 Means: X is Y; X means that Y This structure is used to indicate what X is or what X means. なのだ makes the statement more emphatic. To make this expression more formal, use である in place of だ。
If you become a rich person, it may mean that you can become happy.
299
大阪まで新幹線で行きたいんですが、いくらでしょうか。
〜ん（だけど／ですが） means: but (in english, null in most situations) This phrase is used as a preliminary remark by the speaker to inform the hearer of the speaker's desire, the current situation, etc. before (a) asking a question related to that desire. (as seen in this example) んですが is more formal than んだけど。This expression is used in spoken/casually written Japanese.
I would like to go as far as Osaka by bullet train, but how much does it cost?
300
先生、この文法よく分からないんですが。。。
〜ん（だけど／ですが） means: but (in english, null in most situations) This phrase is used as a preliminary remark by the speaker to inform the hearer of the speaker's desire, the current situation, etc. before (c) making a related request. Often, when a request is made it is unstated because it is understood (as seen in this example). んですが is more formal than んだけど。This expression is used in spoken/casually written Japanese.
Teacher, I don't understand this grammar very well, so...(could you help me with it)
301
友達の誕生日にプレゼントを送りたいんだけど、何がいいと思う？
〜ん（だけど／ですが） means: but (in english, null in most situations) This phrase is used as a preliminary remark by the speaker to inform the hearer of the speaker's desire, the current situation, etc. before (b) seeking an opinion on the matter. (as seen in this example) んですが is more formal than んだけど。This expression is used in spoken/casually written Japanese.
I want to get my friend a present for (her) birthday; what do you think would be good?
302
私は野球を見るのが好きなんだけど、トムさんはスポーツは何が好き？
〜ん（だけど／ですが） means: but (in english, null in most situations) This phrase is used as a preliminary remark by the speaker to inform the hearer of the speaker's desire, the current situation, etc. before (b) seeking an opinion on the matter. (as seen in this example) んですが is more formal than んだけど。This expression is used in spoken/casually written Japanese.
I like to watch baseball. What sports do you like, Tom?
303
この映画、面白そうなんだけど、一緒に見に行かない？
〜ん（だけど／ですが） means: but (in english, null in most situations) This phrase is used as a preliminary remark by the speaker to inform the hearer of the speaker's desire, the current situation, etc. before (b) seeking an opinion on the matter. (as seen in this example) んですが is more formal than んだけど。This expression is used in spoken/casually written Japanese.
This movie looks interesting. Do you want to go see it with me?
304
今日は試験が二つもあったんです。それで、昨日はコンサートに行けませんでした。
〜ん（だけど／ですが） means: but (in english, null in most situations) This phrase is used as a preliminary remark by the speaker to inform the hearer of the speaker's desire, the current situation, etc. before (b) seeking an opinion on the matter. (as seen in this example) んですが is more formal than んだけど。This expression is used in spoken/casually written Japanese.
I had two tests today, so I couldn't go to the concert yesterday.
305
子供の時、アニメが大好きだったんだ。それで、日本語を勉強しようと思ったんだ。
S１。それで、S２。 means: "Because of that;" "so that's why; for that reason It is a sentence-initial conjunction. It precedes a fact, conclusion, decision, etc. In this, S1 is the cause/reason for the info stated in S2. それで cannot be used when S2 is the speaker's judgement, request or command; in that case だから should be used.
When I was a child I loved anime. Because of that I thought I would study Japanese.
306
トムは明日試験がある。だから今日のパーティーに来ないと思う。
S1. だから、S２。 means: that's why; because of that; for that reason. だから is used to indicate the speaker's judgement, request or command in S2, based on the information in S1. それで cannot substitute だから in this situation.
Tom has a test tomorrow. That's why I don't think he'll come to today's party.
307
昨日はとても天気が悪くて、寒かった。それで、試合を見に来た人が少なかった。
S１。それで、S２。 means: "Because of that;" "so that's why; for that reason It is a sentence-initial conjunction. It precedes a fact, conclusion, decision, etc. In this, S1 is the cause/reason for the info stated in S2. それで cannot be used when S2 is the speaker's judgement, request or command; in that case だから should be used.
It was cold yesterday and the weather was really bad. Because of that, not many people came to see the game.
308
明日から春休みなんです。ーああ、それで、みんな嬉しそうにしているんですね。
S１。それで、S２。 means: "Because of that;" "so that's why; for that reason It is a sentence-initial conjunction. It precedes a fact, conclusion, decision, etc. In this, S1 is the cause/reason for the info stated in S2. それで cannot be used when S2 is the speaker's judgement, request or command; in that case だから should be used.
Spring break starts tomorrow. - Oh, so that's why everyone looks so cheerful.
309
世界中、どこに行ってもマクドナルドが食べられる。
QW(prt)+V-teも When ても is used with a question word it means: "no matter" or "without regard to"
No matter where you go throughout the world you can eat McDonald's.
310
この漢字何回覚えても、すぐに忘れてしまう。
QW(prt)+V-teも When ても is used with a question word it means: "no matter" or "without regard to"
No matter how many times I memorize this kanji I forget it right away.
311
この問題はいくら考えても分からない。
QW(prt)+V-teも When ても is used with a question word it means: "no matter" or "without regard to"
No matter how much I think about this problem I don't understand it.
312
試合に負けてどんなに悔しくても、泣いてはいけない。
QW(prt)_+(A)-te も When ても is used with a question word it means: "no matter" or "without regard to"
If you lose the game, no matter how regrettable it is you mustn't cry.
313
彼はギターがとても上手だ。どんな曲でも弾ける。
QW (prt) + (ANa/N) + でも When ても is used with a question word it means: "no matter" or "without regard to" NOTE: QW: どんな、どこ、いくら、誰、いつ、何
He is skilled at playing guitar. No matter what tune it is, he can play it.
314
日本にいるうちに、色々な所に旅行に行きたい。
V−plain.nonpastうちに is used when someone does something before a situation or state changes. 間に can not substitute for うちに here, even though the ない form of the verb is not used, because the statement implies that it would be not possible, easy or wise to go to places in Japan after he is not in Japan anymore.
While I'm still in Japan, I want to go visit various places.
315
熱いうちに、どうぞ召し上がって下さい。
A-plain.nonpast うちに is used when someone does something before a situation or state changes. 間に might be able to substitute for うちに here, because the ない form of the verb is not used, and because the statement doesn't imply that it would be not possible, easy or wise to eat after the food is not hot.
While it is still hot, please eat. (very polite phrasing)
316
暑くならないうちに、犬の散歩をしてきた方がいいよ。
A-plain.nonpast うちに is used when someone does something before a situation or state changes. 間に can not substitute for うちに here because the ない form of the verb is used。
It's best to walk the dog before it becomes hot outside.
317
子供のうちに外国語を勉強すると発音がよくなるそうだ。
Nのうちに is used when someone does something before a situation or state changes. 間に can not substitute for うちに here, even though the ない form of the verb is not used, because the statement implies that it would be not possible, easy or wise to develop good pronunciation after you are no longer a child.
If you study foreign languages while you're still a child you can develop good pronunciation.
318
両親は、元気なうちに旅行することにした。
Nのうちに is used when someone does something before a situation or state changes. 間に can not substitute for うちに here, even though the ない form of the verb is not used, because the statement implies that it would be not possible, easy or wise to develop good pronunciation after you are no longer a child.
My parents have decided to take a trip abroad while they're still feeling up to it.
319
できれば医者になりたいが、授業料が高いので難しいかもしれない。
できれば／できたら means: If possible; if you don't mind; if it's all right It literally means "if possible" but can be used to ask a favor of someone in a less direct way. できれば is slightly more formal than できたら。
If possible, I would like to become a doctor, but the tuition cost is expensive so it'll probably be difficult to do.
320
スミスさん、できれば、この英語、直してくれると助かるんだけど。
できれば／できたら means: If possible; if you don't mind; if it's all right It literally means "if possible" but can be used to ask a favor of someone in a less direct way. できれば is slightly more formal than できたら。
Ms. Smith, if you don't mind, it would really help me if you'd fix this english, but...(could you?)
321
先月貸した本、出来たら明日までに返してもらいたいんだけど。
できれば／できたら means: If possible; if you don't mind; if it's all right It literally means "if possible" but can be used to ask a favor of someone in a less direct way. できれば is slightly more formal than できたら。
If possible, I'd help if you could return the book I lent you last month by tomorrow.
322
山田さん、できたら果物を持って来てくれない？
できれば／できたら means: If possible; if you don't mind; if it's all right It literally means "if possible" but can be used to ask a favor of someone in a less direct way. できれば is slightly more formal than できたら。
Mr. Yamada, if possible, could you bring fruits with you for me?
323
今、食べたばかりですから, お腹がいっぱいで、何も食べられません。
V-plain.past ばかりだ。 Means: "have just V-ed" Indicates that someone has just done something or something has just happened. The noun modification form is ばかりの。
I am so full and can't eat anything else, because I ate just now.
324
この建物はできたばかりだから、新しくて、とてもきれいだ。
V-plain.past ばかりだ。 Means: "have just V-ed" Indicates that someone has just done something or something has just happened. The noun modification form is ばかりの。
This building has just been built, so everything (inside) is new and clean.
325
日本に来たばかりのころは、日本の習慣がよくわからなくて困った。
V-plain.past ばかりだ。 Means: "have just V-ed" Indicates that someone has just done something or something has just happened. The noun modification form is ばかりの。
Just after I arrived in Japan, I had trouble because I didn't understand Japanese customs very well.
326
先週、一年生に成ったばかりの学生のためのオリエンテーションがあった。
V.plain.past ばかりの N Means: "have just V-ed" Indicates that someone has just done something or something has just happened. The noun modification form is ばかりの.
Last week was the orientation for the students who just became freshman.
327
一日当たり５千円もらったことになる。
number+counter当たりNumber+counter Means: per~; a ~; for a ~
That comes to 5,000 yen per day.
328
一時間当たり１０ドル
number+counter当たりNumber+counter Means: per~; a ~; for a ~
10 dollars per hour
329
一人当たりのコスト
number+counter当たりのN Means: per~; a ~; for a ~
cost per person
330
夏休みに一か月アルバイトをして15万円もらった。一日当たり5千円もらったことになる。
number+counter当たりのN Means: per~; a ~; for a ~
I worked a part-time job for a month over summer vacation and got 150,000 yen. That comes to 5,000 yen per day.
331
子供が10人います。ミカンは30個ありますから、一人当たり何個食べられますか。
number+counter当たりのN Means: per~; a ~; for a ~
There are ten children. We have thirty tangerines, so how many can each child eat?
332
マラソンの選手は100メートルあたり16秒ぐらいで走るそうです。この速さで42.195キロ走り続けるんだから、すごいですね。
number+counter当たりのN Means: per~; a ~; for a ~
They say that marathon athletes run at a pace of about 16 seconds per 100 meters. Running for 42.195 kilometers at that speed is pretty amazing, isn't it?
333
彼が住みたがっているのは関東だが、私が住みたいのは関西の方だ。
SのはXの方だ。 This is used to emphasize that it is X that makes the proposition (assertion/judgement) in S true. Means: It is X that S.
Where he wants to live is Kanto, but Kansai is where I want to live.
334
背が高いのは弟の方だ。でも、足が速いのは僕の方だ。
SのはXの方だ。 This is used to emphasize that it is X that makes the proposition (assertion/judgement) in S true. Means: It is X that S.
It is my younger brother who is tall. But it is I who am faster.
335
ひらがなとカタカナでは、難しいのはカタカナの方だ。
SのはXの方だ。 This is used to emphasize that it is X that makes the proposition (assertion/judgement) in S true. Means: It is X that S.
Between hiragana and katakana, katakana is the harder of the two.
336
あのレストランは静かだ。でも、食べ物がおいしいのはこのレストランの方だと思う。
SのはXの方だ。 This is used to emphasize that it is X that makes the proposition (assertion/judgement) in S true. Means: It is X that S.
That restaurant is quiet. But I think it is this restaurant that has delicious food.
337
一週間に一回はプールで泳ぐようにしている。
#(+counter)は When the particle は follows a quantifier (i.e. a word such as 3本 or 少し), it adds the meaning "at least."
I'm trying my best to swim at least once a week.
338
この町は車がないと生活ができないから、どの家でも一台か二台は車がある。
N (だけ／ぐらい／くらい）は When the particle は follows a quantifier (i.e. a word such as 3本 or 少し), it adds the meaning "at least." だけは、ぐらいは、and くらいは after a noun have the same meaning.
You can't live without a car in this town, so every house has at least one or two.
339
仕事が忙しくても、昼ご飯だけは食べて下さいね。
N (だけ／ぐらい／くらい）は When the particle は follows a quantifier (i.e. a word such as 3本 or 少し), it adds the meaning "at least." だけは、ぐらいは、and くらいは after a noun have the same meaning.
No matter how busy you are at work, please at least eat lunch.
340
30人もパーティに誘ったから、10人ぐらいは来てくれるだろう。
N (だけ／ぐらい／くらい）は When the particle は follows a quantifier (i.e. a word such as 3本 or 少し), it adds the meaning "at least." だけは、ぐらいは、and くらいは after a noun have the same meaning.
I invited as many as 30 people to the party, so I imagine at least about 10 will come.
341
砕けた話し方はまだあまり慣れていないけれど、少しは話せるようになった。
N (だけ／ぐらい／くらい）は When the particle は follows a quantifier (i.e. a word such as 3本 or 少し), it adds the meaning "at least." だけは、ぐらいは、and くらいは after a noun have the same meaning.
I'm still not very used to casual speech, but at least I can use it to some extent now.
342
日本には、本州をはじめ四つの大きな島がある。
Nをはじめ means: beginning with~; starting with ~; including ~
Japan, starting with Honshuu, has four large islands.
343
私の家族は、父をはじめみんな辛い物が大好きだ。
Nをはじめ means: beginning with~; starting with ~; including ~
In my family, everyone loves spicy food, including my dad.
344
日本に留学中は、ホームステイの家族をはじめいろいろな人にお世話になった。
Nをはじめ means: beginning with~; starting with ~; including ~
When I was studying in Japan, a lot of people helped me out, starting with my host family.
345
健康のためには、毎日6時間以上寝るようにしたほうがいいそうだ。
Demonstrative Pronoun 以上 means:"equal to or more than X"; "more than;" "or more"
I've heard that to be healthy, it's best to get six hours or more of sleep every day.
346
もうこれ以上は食べられません。
Demonstrative Pronoun 以上 means:"equal to or more than X"; "more than;" "or more"
I can't eat any more than this.
347
１８歳以上の人しか見られません。
# (+counter) 以上 means: equal to or more than X, more than, or more
Those who aren't 18 years old or more can't watch.
348
プレゼントは５０ドル以下の物にしようと思う。
＃（＋counter) 以下 means "equal to or less than X;" "less than;" "or less"
I'm thinking as a present I will get something for $50 or less.
349
コースを開くためには、学生が五人以上必要です。それ以下の場合は、キャンセルです。
＃（＋counter) 以下 Demonstrative pronoun 以下 The first means "equal to or more than X" The second is "equal to or less than X, less than, or less"
In order to open the class there must be 5 students or more. In the event that it is less than that, the class will be canceled.
350
私は、愛さえあれば幸せです。
N( =clause X) さえ V-cond (=clause Y) Means: If~ only ~; If~ just ~; as long as; If only (clause X), then (Clause Y) The grammar is used when the condition presented in the clause is the only condition to make the statement in the main clause true. さえ replaces が and を, but never any other particle in this structure.
As long as I have love, I am happy.
351
一緒に住んでくれるルームメートさえ見つかれば、いつでも引っ越せる。
N( =clause X) さえ V-cond (=clause Y) Means: If~ only ~; If~ just ~; as long as; If only (clause X), then (Clause Y) The grammar is used when the condition presented in the clause is the only condition to make the statement in the main clause true. さえ replaces が and を, but never any other particle in this structure.
If I could just find a roommate to live with, I could move any time.
352
いい友達さえいれば、他に欲しいものありません。
N( =clause X) さえ V-cond (=clause Y) Means: If~ only ~; If~ just ~; as long as; If only (clause X), then (Clause Y) The grammar is used when the condition presented in the clause is the only condition to make the statement in the main clause true. さえ replaces が and を, but never any other particle in this structure.
If I only had good friends, then I wouldn't want anything else.
353
雪さえ降らなければ、車の運転は怖くない。
N( =clause X) さえ V-cond (=clause Y) Means: If~ only ~; If~ just ~; as long as; If only (clause X), then (Clause Y) The grammar is used when the condition presented in the clause is the only condition to make the statement in the main clause true. さえ replaces が and を, but never any other particle in this structure.
As long as it doesn't snow, driving a car isn't scary.
354
お酒さえ飲まなければ、何を飲んでも食べてもいいですよ。
N( =clause X) さえ V-cond (=clause Y) Means: If~ only ~; If~ just ~; as long as; If only (clause X), then (Clause Y) The grammar is used when the condition presented in the clause is the only condition to make the statement in the main clause true. さえ replaces が and を, but never any other particle in this structure.
You can drink and eat whatever you want as long as you don't drink alcohol.
355
4年間頑張って勉強して、ついに卒業に日が来た。うれしいけれど、ちょっと寂しい。
ついに meaning: at last; in the end; after all is an adverb indicating that something happens or something expected doesn't happen, after waiting for it, longing for it, expecting it to happen, making an effort to make it happen, or after struggling/suffering in a hard situation for a long time.
I spent four years studying hard, and now graduation day has finally come. I'm happy, but it's kind of a sweet yet sad feeling.
356
2007年の夏、子供たちはついにハリーポッターの最後のストーリーを読むことができた。
ついに meaning: at last; in the end; after all is an adverb indicating that something happens or something expected doesn't happen, after waiting for it, longing for it, expecting it to happen, making an effort to make it happen, or after struggling/suffering in a hard situation for a long time.
At last, in the summer of 2007, children were able to read the final installment of the Harry Potter series.
357
兄は長い間頑張ってきたが、ついにプロのフットボール選手になる夢をあきらめた。
ついに meaning: at last; in the end; after all is an adverb indicating that something happens or something expected doesn't happen, after waiting for it, longing for it, expecting it to happen, making an effort to make it happen, or after struggling/suffering in a hard situation for a long time.
My older brother gave it his best for years and years, but in the end he gave up on his dream of becoming a pro-football player.
358
20年も乗っていた車がついにうごくなってしまった。
ついに meaning: at last; in the end; after all is an adverb indicating that something happens or something expected doesn't happen, after waiting for it, longing for it, expecting it to happen, making an effort to make it happen, or after struggling/suffering in a hard situation for a long time.
The car we used for as many as 20 years finally stopped working.
359
日本の有名な小説がハリウッドで映画化されることになった。
N+化する Meaning: -ize; make; become; change to 化する is a suffix and adds the meaning "-ization" to nouns and no-adjectives.
It's been decided that that famous novel will be adapted for the screen.
360
この大学は外国人が多くて、国際化が進んでいる。
N＋化 Meaning: -ization; making ~; becoming~; changing to ~ The suffix 化 adds the meaning "-ization" to nouns and no-adjectives.
This university has many foreign students and internationalization (of the campus) is progressing.
361
「デスノート」という漫画はアニメ化もゲーム化もされました。
N+化する Meaning: -ize; make; become; change to 化する is a suffix and adds the meaning "-ization" to nouns and no-adjectives.
The manga "Death Note" has been made into both an anime and a video game.
362
一人の人しか言わないことを一般化するのは、よくありませんよ。
N+化する Meaning: -ize; make; become; change to 化する is a suffix and adds the meaning "-ization" to nouns and no-adjectives.
It's not a good idea to make a generalization based on what just one person has said, you know.
363
英語の言葉をカタカナ化すると、元の言葉が全然わからなくなる場合がある。例えば「テーマ」とか「アワー」のような言葉だ。
N+化する Meaning: -ize; make; become; change to 化する is a suffix and adds the meaning "-ization" to nouns and no-adjectives.
When you turn English into Katakana, there are times when you can't even recognize the original words. Words like "theme" and "hour" are examples of this.
364
最適化 一般化
ANo + 化 Meaning: -ization; making ~; becoming~; changing to ~ The suffix 化 adds the meaning "-ization" to nouns and no-adjectives.
さいてきか：optimization いっぱんか：generalization
365
先生のオフィスアワーに研究室に行きました。ところが、先生はいらしゃらなかった。
S１。ところが S２ where S1=what's expected; S2= what actually occurred. Means: however; but; nevertheless ところが is a sentence initial conjunction used when something takes place which is unexpected from the preceding context. NOTE: ところがS2 is an event the speaker CANNOT control (like the sensei not being there as expected) In the event that something unexpected didn't happen by the speaker's doing でも is the appropriate conjunction (such as, the teacher was there, but speaker changed his mind to meet her at the last second)
I went to the professor's office during my teacher's office hours, but she wasn't there.
366
天気予報は、今日は雨だと言っていた。ところが、とてもいい天気になった。
S１。ところが S２ where S1=what's expected; S2= what actually occurred. Means: however; but; nevertheless ところが is a sentence initial conjunction used when something takes place which is unexpected from the preceding context. NOTE: ところがS2 is an event the speaker CANNOT control (like the sensei not being there as expected) In the event that something unexpected didn't happen by the speaker's doing でも is the appropriate conjunction (such as, the teacher was there, but speaker changed his mind to meet her at the last second)
The weather forecast said that it would rain today, but we ended up having beautiful weather.
367
試験のために徹夜をするつもりでコーヒーをたくさん飲んだ。ところが、すぐ寝てしまった。
S１。ところが S２ where S1=what's expected; S2= what actually occurred. Means: however; but; nevertheless ところが is a sentence initial conjunction used when something takes place which is unexpected from the preceding context. NOTE: ところがS2 is an event the speaker CANNOT control (like the sensei not being there as expected) In the event that something unexpected didn't happen by the speaker's doing でも is the appropriate conjunction (such as, the teacher was there, but speaker changed his mind to meet her at the last second)
I drank lots of coffee, thinking I would stay up all night studying for the test, but I ended up falling asleep immediately.
368
スーツケースを持って空港まで行ったんだ。ところが、飛行機がキャンセルになって行けなくなっちゃったんだ。
S１。ところが S２ where S1=what's expected; S2= what actually occurred. Means: however; but; nevertheless ところが is a sentence initial conjunction used when something takes place which is unexpected from the preceding context. NOTE: ところがS2 is an event the speaker CANNOT control (like the sensei not being there as expected) In the event that something unexpected didn't happen by the speaker's doing でも is the appropriate conjunction (such as, the teacher was there, but speaker changed his mind to meet her at the last second)
I went to the airport, suitcase in hand, but my flight was cancelled and I ended up not being able to go.
369
スミスさんは日本に１０年も住んでいたから、日本語が上手に話せるに違いない。
〜に違いない This structure indicates that the speaker is certain that something is true or is the case. PRIMARLY USED IN WRITTEN language.
Ms. Smith has spent as many as 10 years living in Japan, I'm certain she can speak japanese skillfully.
370
あの二人はとても仲が良かったから、卒業した後、結婚したに違いない。
〜に違いない This structure indicates that the speaker is certain that something is true or is the case. PRIMARLY USED IN WRITTEN language.
Those two were always so close; I'm sure they got married after graduation.
371
あのアパートには大学生がたくさん住んでいるから、うるさいに違いない。
〜に違いない This structure indicates that the speaker is certain that something is true or is the case. PRIMARLY USED IN WRITTEN language.
There are a lot of college students living in that apartment, so it must be noisy.
372
昨日、弟の友達がたくさん来ていたから、このゲームを壊したのは、弟達に違いない。
〜に違いない This structure indicates that the speaker is certain that something is true or is the case. PRIMARLY USED IN WRITTEN language.
My younger brother had a lot of friends over yesterday, so I'm sure they were the ones who broke the game
373
加藤先生は大学院の時に書いた論文をもとに本を書きました。
N をもとに（して） is a compound particle meaning "based on." Here, して is optional.
Professor Kato wrote a book based on a thesis he wrote when he was in graduate school.
374
日本のマンガをもとにしてたくさんのアニメやゲームが作られている。
N をもとに（して） is a compound particle meaning "based on." Here, して is optional.
There have been a lot of anime and video games based on Japanese manga.
375
自由と独立という教えをもとにその憲法が作られた。
N をもとに（して） is a compound particle meaning "based on." Here, して is optional.
That constitution was created based on the concepts of freedom and independence.
376
これは、私の子供の時の経験をもとにした小説です。
N1 をもとにした N2 Means: N2 "based on" N1
This is a novel I wrote based on my elementary school experiences.
377
母と同じで、私もえびのアレルギーがあるので、えびは食べられないんです。
N と同じで Meaning: "just like N'
Like my mother, I'm allergic to shrimp, so I can't eat them.
378
数学と同じで、物理も公式を勉強しなくてはならない。
N と同じで Meaning: "just like N'
You have to study formulas when you study physics, just like when you study math.
379
スノーボードはスキーと違って、スティックを使わずにすべります。
XはYと違っう／と同じだ/ 似ている X is "the same as"/ ""different from"/ "similar to" Y This form is used when X and Y are in a reciprocal relationship.
Unlike skiing, you slide on a snowboard without using poles.
380
多くの国に違って、日本では２０歳にならないと投票できない。
N と違って means= unlike N; Different from N; unlike ~
Unlike most countries, you can't vote in Japan until you turn twenty.
381
剣道はとても日本らしいスポーツだと思う。
N らしい means that something/someone is representative of N. and XはNらしい conveys the idea that X has the positive characteristics of N. NOTE: らしい is an i-adjective so the noun-mod and adverbial forms are らしい and らしく respectively.
Kendo is a sport that represents the essence of Japan.
382
田中さんは長い間アメリカに住んでいたので、あまり日本人らしくない。
〜らしくない／らしくありません Means: not much like, not typical of ~; not typical~; not X-like.
Ms. Tanaka lived in the US for a logn time, so she isn't like other Japanese people.
383
今年の夏は寒い日が続いて、全然夏らしくありません。
〜らしくない／らしくありません Means: not much like, not typical of ~; not typical~; not X-like.
Summer this year has been cold day after day; it doesn't feel summery at all.
384
「男らしい」とか「女らしい」という言葉は、あまり好きではありません。誰でも、その人らしく生きればいいのではないでしょうか。
N らしい means that something/someone is representative of N. and XはNらしい conveys the idea that X has the positive characteristics of N. NOTE: らしい is an i-adjective so the noun-mod and adverbial forms are らしい and らしく respectively.
I don't like words such as "manly" or "womanly" very much. Shouldn't people live just as they are?
385
何か言いにくいことがあるとき、最後まで言わないのは日本人らしい話し方だ。
N らしい means that something/someone is representative of N. and XはNらしい conveys the idea that X has the positive characteristics of N. NOTE: らしい is an i-adjective so the noun-mod and adverbial forms are らしい and らしく respectively.
Not completing the sentence is a typical Japanese way of talking when there's something that is hard to say.
386
アメリカ的；歴史的な 文学的な；国際的 一般的；
N+的 the suffix is attached to nouns to make them な-adjectives. When these adj modify nouns, the な is sometimes omitted.
American; historical literary; international general
387
京都や奈良は歴史的な建物がたくさんある伝統的な街です。
N+的 the suffix is attached to nouns to make them な-adjectives. When these adj modify nouns, the な is sometimes omitted.
Kyoto and Nara are traditional towns with many historic buildings.
388
オリンピックをすることに決まってから、その国は国際的になってきた。
N+的 the suffix is attached to nouns to make them な-adjectives. When these adj modify nouns, the な is sometimes omitted.
After it was decided that it would host the Olympics, that country has become more cosmopolitan.
389
私は技術なことはよくわからないので、ほかの人に聞いてください。
N+的 the suffix is attached to nouns to make them な-adjectives. When these adj modify nouns, the な is sometimes omitted.
I don't understand technological things very well, so you should ask someone else.
390
一般的に日本語は難しい言葉と教えられているが、本当は難しくない。
N+的 the suffix is attached to nouns to make them な-adjectives. When these adj modify nouns, the な is sometimes omitted.
It's generally thought that Japanese is a difficult language to learn, but it's really not.
391
この本は、話し言葉的表現で書かれているので、とても分かりやすい。
N+的 the suffix is attached to nouns to make them な-adjectives. When these adj modify nouns, the な is sometimes omitted.
This book is written in a colloquial style, so it's very easy to understand.
392
漢字がもっと簡単に覚えられたらいいのになあ。
S-plain.past (V are typically volitional) らいいのになあ。 is used to express the speaker's wish, which, in this structure, is usually counterfactual. なあ serves to make it more emotive. Verbs, usually volitional, refer to the SPEAKER'S actions. This is a very casual expression.
I wish it were easier to memorize kanji.
393
寮の部屋がもっと静かだったらいいのに。うるさくて勉強ができない。
S-plain.past (V are typically volitional) らいいのになあ。 is used to express the speaker's wish, which, in this structure, is usually counterfactual. なあ serves to make it more emotive. Verbs, usually volitional, refer to the SPEAKER'S actions. This is a very casual expression.
I wish the dorm were quieter. It's so noisy that I can't study.
394
寂しいなあ。恋人ができたらいいのになあ。
S-plain.past (V are typically volitional) らいいのになあ。 is used to express the speaker's wish, which, in this structure, is usually counterfactual. なあ serves to make it more emotive. Verbs, usually volitional, refer to the SPEAKER'S actions. This is a very casual expression.
I'm so lonely. If only I had a sweetheart…
395
量は多かったけれど、お腹がすいていたから、ほとんど食べてしまった。
ほとんど V Means "almost all; most of (it, the time, etc.)" It is only used with the amount of something is the issue.
There was a lot of food, but I was hungry, so I ate almost all of it.
396
昨日は疲れていたから、1日中ほとんど寝ていました。
ほとんど V Means "almost all; most of (it, the time, etc.)" It is only used with the amount of something is the issue.
I was tired yesterday, so I slept almost all day long.
397
おいしい料理だったが、お腹が痛くてほとんど食べられなかった。
ほとんど〜ない。 means: hardly (ever); rarely; almost no(thing)
The food was good, but I had a stomachache,so I could barely eat anything.
398
寝られなくなるので、私はほとんどコーヒーは飲まない。
ほとんどの N means Almost all N; most of N
It keeps me from sleeping, so I almost never drink coffee.
399
彼はこの大学の有名人だ。ほとんどの人が彼のことを知っている。
ほとんどの N means Almost all N; most of N
He's famous at his school. Almost everyone knows him.
400
今日の試験のほとんどの問題が、宿題と同じだった。
ほとんどの N means Almost all N; most of N
The questions on the test today were almost the same as the ones from the homework.
401
この頃前より日本語が話せるようになってきたような気がします。
~(ような）気がする Meaning; I feel that~: I have a feeling that ~; have the impression that ~; it seems to me that~ It indicates that the speaker is not certain about something, but has the feeling that it's true. ような can be dropped without changing the meaning.
Recently, I've felt like I can speak Japanese better than I could before.
402
先生の説明を聞いて、分かったような気がしたけど、家に帰ってもう一度勉強し直したら、また分からなくなってしまった。
~(ような）気がする Meaning; I feel that~: I have a feeling that ~; have the impression that ~; it seems to me that~ It indicates that the speaker is not certain about something, but has the feeling that it's true. ような can be dropped without changing the meaning.
I felt like I understood it when I heard the professor's explanation, but, when I went home and reviewed it, I got lost again.
403
誰かがドアをノックしたような気がするから、ちょっと見てくれない？
~(ような）気がする Meaning; I feel that~: I have a feeling that ~; have the impression that ~; it seems to me that~ It indicates that the speaker is not certain about something, but has the feeling that it's true. ような can be dropped without changing the meaning.
I think someone may have just knocked on the door, so could you go and check?
404
この辺は、あまり安全じゃない気がする。
~(ような）気がする Meaning; I feel that~: I have a feeling that ~; have the impression that ~; it seems to me that~ It indicates that the speaker is not certain about something, but has the feeling that it's true. ような can be dropped without changing the meaning.
I get the feeling that this area isn't very safe.
405
2年生の日本語より3年生の日本語のほうが簡単な気がする。
~(ような）気がする Meaning; I feel that~: I have a feeling that ~; have the impression that ~; it seems to me that~ It indicates that the speaker is not certain about something, but has the feeling that it's true. ような can be dropped without changing the meaning.
I feel like third-year Japanese is easier than second-year.
406
これから公園へサッカーをしに行くところです。
V-nonpast ところ Means: (when) ~is about to V
I'm just about to go to the park to play soccer.
407
友達の携帯に電話をかけているところにその友達が現れたので、びっくりした。
V−teいるところ Means: (when)~ is V-ing; (while)~is V-ing; (when)~ is in the midst of V-ing ところ indicates a point in time just before, during, or just after an event, the time indicated depends on the preceding verb tense.
I was surprised because my friend showed up just as I was calling her on her cell phone.
408
ちょうど勉強が終わったところに友達から電話がかかってきた。
V−past ところ Means: (after) ~have just V-ed ところ indicates a point in time just before, during, or just after an event, the time indicated depends on the preceding verb tense. When ところに appears the clause is a time clause, as here.
My friend called just when I had finished studying.
409
ここからペンギンが水の中で泳いでいるところが見られます。
V−teいるところ Means: (when)~ is V-ing; (while)~is V-ing; (when)~ is in the midst of V-ing ところ indicates a point in time just before, during, or just after an event, the time indicated depends on the preceding verb tense.
You can see the penguins swimming underwater from here.
410
子犬が寝ているところを写真に撮った。とてもかわいい写真が撮れた。
V−teいるところ Means: (when)~ is V-ing; (while)~is V-ing; (when)~ is in the midst of V-ing ところ indicates a point in time just before, during, or just after an event, the time indicated depends on the preceding verb tense.
I took a picture of the puppy napping. I could take a very cute picture.
411
話すところ
V-nonpast ところ Means: (when) ~ is about to V ところ indicates a point in time just before, during, or just after an event, the time indicated depends on the preceding verb tense.
~is about to talk
412
食べているところ 考えているところ 電話をかけているところ
V−teいるところ Means: (when)~ is V-ing; (while)~is V-ing; (when)~ is in the midst of V-ing ところ indicates a point in time just before, during, or just after an event, the time indicated depends on the preceding verb tense.
(when) ~is eating (while) ~ is thinking (when) ~ is in the midst of calling
413
試験が終わってから、答えを間違えたことに気がつきました。
S ことに気がつく means: notice (that~); realize that ~ Notice that the presence of こと in a sentence using this grammar may not always be the nominalizer meaning "that." It could be a noun meaning "thing" following the noun-typed usage of this grammar.
After the test was over, I realized I had written the wrong answer.
414
なかなか面白いことに気がつきました。
N に気がつく。 Means: notice (that~); realize that ~ Notice that the presence of こと in a sentence using this grammar will not always be the nominalizer meaning "thing." It could be the Sこと form for statements using this grammar.
I noticed that there are some pretty interesting things.
415
家に帰って初めてカバンの中の財布がなくなっていることに気がついた。
S ことに気がつく means: notice (that~); realize that ~ Notice that the presence of こと in a sentence using this grammar may not always be the nominalizer meaning "that." It could be a noun meaning "thing" following the noun-typed usage of this grammar.
It was when I returned home that I first realized that my wallet had disappeared from my bag.
416
引っ越す前は、アパートの前の道がこんなにうるさいことに気がつかなかった。
S ことに気がつく means: notice (that~); realize that ~ Notice that the presence of こと in a sentence using this grammar may not always be the nominalizer meaning "that." It could be a noun meaning "thing" following the noun-typed usage of this grammar.
Before I moved in, I didn't realize that the street in front of the apartment was this noisy.
417
人は失敗して初めて、自分のしたことが間違えていたことに気がつく。
N に気がつく。 Means: notice (that~); realize that ~ Notice that the presence of こと in a sentence using this grammar will not always be the nominalizer meaning "thing." It could be the Sこと form for statements using this grammar.
It's when people fail that they first realize that what they'd done was wrong.
418
子供達が幸せな人生が送れるようにと願っています。
S-plain.nonpast ように（と）願う Means: hope that ~ And is used to express the speaker's hope or desire that what is stated in the sentence will become a reality.
I hope that the children can be sent a happy life.
419
多くの人々が早く世界が平和になるように願っている。
S-plain.nonpast ように（と）願う Means: hope that ~ And is used to express the speaker's hope or desire that what is stated in the sentence will become a reality.
Many people hope that we'll have a peaceful world soon.
420
弟が大学の入学試験に合格できるようにと毎日祈っています。
V.nonpast.plan. ように（と）祈る Means: pray that ~ Used to express the speaker's hope or desire that what is stated in the sentence will become a reality.
I pray every day that my little brother will pass his university entrance exams.
421
毎年お正月に神社に行って、今年も大きな病気をしないように神社に祈ることにしている。
V.nonpast.plan. ように（と）祈る Means: pray that ~ Used to express the speaker's hope or desire that what is stated in the sentence will become a reality.
I make it a habit to go to a shrine every year on New Year's Day and pray to the gods that I'll be able to avoid any major illness during the year.
422
寿司が好きな人もいるし、嫌いな人もいる。
N1も V-plainし N2もV Means: some do ~ and others do ~; sometimes ~ and sometimes ~; do ~ and ~ among other things, and more (pg 142 in とびら）
There are people who like sushi and there are people who don't like sushi.
423
この教科書は、会話も練習できるし、文化も学べます。
N1も V-plain し、N2も V Means: do ~ and ~ among other things; sometimes ~ and sometimes ~; ~ and also ~; ~ and ~ as well; other meanings exist: pg 142 in とびら
With this textbook you can practice conversation and study culture among other things.
424
寿司好きな人もいれば、嫌いな人もいます。
N1も V-conditional, N2 も V。 Means: some do ~ and others do ~; do ~ and ~ among other things; sometimes ~ and sometimes ~; there are times when ~ and times when ~; ~ and also ~; ~ and ~ as well. This sentence structure is used to present some members in a group, things in a category, actions someone takes, characteristics of something/someone, etc. among others. Although the form of the verb here is conditional, the meaning is NOT conditional in its usage.
There are people who like sushi and there are people who don't like sushi.
425
この教科書は、会話も練習できれば、文化も学べます。
N1も V-conditional, N2 も V。 Means: some do ~ and others do ~; do ~ and ~ among other things; sometimes ~ and sometimes ~; there are times when ~ and times when ~; ~ and also ~; ~ and ~ as well. This sentence structure is used to present some members in a group, things in a category, actions someone takes, characteristics of something/someone, etc. among others. Although the form of the verb here is conditional, the meaning is NOT conditional in its usage.
With this textbook you can practice conversation and study culture among other things.
426
このリゾートはきれいな海で泳ぐこともできれば、山にハイキングに行くこともできる。
N1も V-conditional, N2 も V。 Means: some do ~ and others do ~; do ~ and ~ among other things; sometimes ~ and sometimes ~; there are times when ~ and times when ~; ~ and also ~; ~ and ~ as well. This sentence structure is used to present some members in a group, things in a category, actions someone takes, characteristics of something/someone, etc. among others. Although the form of the verb here is conditional, the meaning is NOT conditional in its usage.
At this resort you can swim in an unpolluted ocean as well has hike in the mountains.
427
田中先生の研究室には、百年以上前の辞書もあれば、最近の映画のDVDもある。
N1も V-conditional, N2 も V。 Means: some do ~ and others do ~; do ~ and ~ among other things; sometimes ~ and sometimes ~; there are times when ~ and times when ~; ~ and also ~; ~ and ~ as well. This sentence structure is used to present some members in a group, things in a category, actions someone takes, characteristics of something/someone, etc. among others. Although the form of the verb here is conditional, the meaning is NOT conditional in its usage.
In Professor Tanaka's office there are dictionaries from more than a hundred years ago as well as DVDs of recent films.
428
漢字を勉強する時いつも、どうしてこんなにたくさん漢字があるのだろうかと思う。
Sの（だろう／でしょう）か Means: I wonder ~ Indicates a self-addressed question which can either be a yes-no question or a wh- question.
When I practice kanji, I always wonder why there are so many of them.
429
なぜ彼は私のことを愛してくれないのだろうか。私は彼がこんなに好きなのに。
Sの（だろう／でしょう）か Means: I wonder ~ Indicates a self-addressed question which can either be a yes-no question or a wh- question.
Why doesn't he love me back when I love him so much?
430
田中さんは1日中咳をしている。熱もあるようだ。病院に行かなくて大丈夫なのだろうか。
Sの（だろう／でしょう）か Means: I wonder ~ Indicates a self-addressed question which can either be a yes-no question or a wh- question.
Mr. Tanaka has been coughing all day long. He also seems to have a fever. I wonder if he shouldn't go to the hospital?
431
A: スミスさんは、将来日本の会社で働くのが夢なんだって。 B:へー、スミスさんがそんな夢を持っているなんて、絶対知らなかった。
（そんな／あんな／こんな）N そんな／あんな： Means: that kind of ~; ~like that あんな： Means: this kind of ~; ~ like this these words are synonymous with そういう、ああいう、こういう respectively and are a bit more colloquial than them.
A: They say Ms. Smith's dream is to work at a Japanese company in the future. B: Really? I had no idea she had a dream like that.
432
絶対に怒らない人がいるのだろうか。私は絶対にそんな人はいないと思う。
（そんな／あんな／こんな）N そんな／あんな： Means: that kind of ~; ~like that あんな： Means: this kind of ~; ~ like this these words are synonymous with そういう、ああいう、こういう respectively and are a bit more colloquial than them.
I wonder if there really are people who never get mad. I definitely don't think they exist.
433
田中さんが昨日着ていたような、あんなシャツが欲しいなあ。
（そんな／あんな／こんな）N そんな／あんな： Means: that kind of ~; ~like that あんな： Means: this kind of ~; ~ like this these words are synonymous with そういう、ああいう、こういう respectively and are a bit more colloquial than them.
I want a shirt like the one Mr. Tanaka was wearing yesterday.
434
ちょっと聞いてみて。最近、こんな音楽が人気があるんだって。
（そんな／あんな／こんな）N そんな／あんな： Means: that kind of ~; ~like that あんな： Means: this kind of ~; ~ like this these words are synonymous with そういう、ああいう、こういう respectively and are a bit more colloquial than them.
Listen to this for a sec. I heard this kind of music is popular lately.
435
ここはセルフサービスですから、それぞれ自分の好きな食べ物を取って食べて下さい。
それぞれ Predicate Means: each; one's own; in one's own way それぞれ is used to focus on each individual or thing in a group of people or things, and means "each (one of them)."
Everyone, it's buffet style here, so get your favorite food and start eating.
436
それぞれの国には、それぞれの文化や習慣がある。
それぞれ のN Means: each; one's own; in one's own way それぞれ is used to focus on each individual or thing in a group of people or things, and means "each (one of them)."
Each country has it's own culture and traditions.
437
来月山田先生が結婚するらしいですよ。
〜らしい。 Means: seem; apparently; I heard that ~; it looks like The auxiliary i-adjective らしい is used to express the speaker's conjecture based on what he/she has learned through an information source or his/her own observation
It seems that professor Yamada is getting married next month.
438
昨日、日本で大きい地震があったらしいですね。田中さんのご家族は大丈夫でしょうか。
〜らしい。 Means: seem; apparently; I heard that ~; it looks like The auxiliary i-adjective らしい is used to express the speaker's conjecture based on what he/she has learned through an information source or his/her own observation
I heard that there was a big earthquake in Japan yesterday. Is your family all right, Ms. Tanaka?
439
スミスさんの日本のホームステイの家族はとても良かったらしい。
〜らしい。 Means: seem; apparently; I heard that ~; it looks like The auxiliary i-adjective らしい is used to express the speaker's conjecture based on what he/she has learned through an information source or his/her own observation
I heard that Mr. Smith's host family in Japan was very good.
440
先輩によると、あの先生の授業は大変らしい。
〜らしい。 means: Seem; apparently; I heard that~; it looks like Nによると。 Means: according to N
According to my upperclassmen, it seems that teacher's lessons are really difficult.
441
道子さんはちょっと冷たそうに見えるけど、本当はとてもやさしい人らしい。
〜らしい。 means: Seem; apparently; I heard that~; it looks like Nによると。 Means: according to N
Michikos eems a bit aloof, but I heard that she's actually quite a kind person.
442
外国語が上手になりたかったら、あきらめないで毎日勉強し続けることが大切です。
V−masu 続く Means: continue to; continue V-ing; go on V-ing; keep (on) V-ing;all the way; all the time This phrase is used when the subject continues doing something volitionally.
If you want to become skilled at a foreign language, it is important to continue studying everyday.
443
朝から晩までコンピュータのスクリーンを見続けているので、目が悪くなってしまった。
V−masu 続く Means: continue to; continue V-ing; go on V-ing; keep (on) V-ing;all the way; all the time This phrase is used when the subject continues doing something volitionally.
I'm continuously looking at a computer screen from morning till night, so my eyes have gotten bad.
444
赤ちゃんが朝まで泣き続けたので、お母さんは全然寝られなかった。
V−masu 続く Means: continue to; continue V-ing; go on V-ing; keep (on) V-ing;all the way; all the time This phrase is used when the subject continues doing something volitionally.
The baby kept crying until morning, so its mother got no sleep.
445
たけしさんはコンピュータゲームばかりしていて全然勉強しないそうです。
VNばかりする Means: Nothing But; always; all the time ばかり is used to express the idea that someone does one thing all the time and does nothing else, or that someone chooses just one thing among others when doing something. Ex: 田中さんはマンガばかり読んでいる。 can mean: (= All tanaka does is read comics); (= Tanaka reads only comics); (=When Masao reads, he reads nothing but comics) NOTE: ばっかり is more colloquial than ばかり
It seems that Takeshi is always only playing computer games and never studies.
446
弟は肉ばっかり食べて、野菜や果物は全然食べようとしません。
VNばかりする Means: Nothing But; always; all the time ばかり is used to express the idea that someone does one thing all the time and does nothing else, or that someone chooses just one thing among others when doing something. Ex: 田中さんはマンガばかり読んでいる。 can mean: (= All tanaka does is read comics); (= Tanaka reads only comics); (=When Masao reads, he reads nothing but comics) NOTE: ばっかり is more colloquial than ばかり
My little brother eats nothing but meat; he doesn't try to eat vegetables and fruit at all.
447
勉強ばかりして運動しないというのは健康によくありませんよ。
VNばかりする Means: Nothing But; always; all the time ばかり is used to express the idea that someone does one thing all the time and does nothing else, or that someone chooses just one thing among others when doing something. Ex: 田中さんはマンガばかり読んでいる。 can mean: (= All tanaka does is read comics); (= Tanaka reads only comics); (=When Masao reads, he reads nothing but comics) NOTE: ばっかり is more colloquial than ばかり
Spending all your time studying and never exercising isn't good for your health.
448
ルームメートは、毎日寝てばっかりいる。授業に行かなくてもいいのかなあ。
V−te ばかりいる。 Means: Nothing But; always; all the time ばかり is used to express the idea that someone does one thing all the time and does nothing else, or that someone chooses just one thing among others when doing something. Ex: 田中さんはマンガばかり読んでいる。 can mean: (= All tanaka does is read comics); (= Tanaka reads only comics); (=When Masao reads, he reads nothing but comics) NOTE: ばっかり is more colloquial than ばかり
My roommate does nothing but sleep everyday. I wonder if he doesn't have to go to his lessons.
449
赤ちゃんが泣いてばかりいるので、母親になったばかりの洋子さんはとても困っている。
V−te ばかりいる。 Means: Nothing But; always; all the time ばかり is used to express the idea that someone does one thing all the time and does nothing else, or that someone chooses just one thing among others when doing something. Ex: 田中さんはマンガばかり読んでいる。 can mean: (= All tanaka does is read comics); (= Tanaka reads only comics); (=When Masao reads, he reads nothing but comics) NOTE: ばっかり is more colloquial than ばかり
The baby cries all the time, so Yoko, who has just become a mother, is at it wits' end.
450
田中さんとばかり遊ぶ。
N (Prt) ばかり V V−te ばかりいる。 Means: Nothing But; always; all the time ばかり is used to express the idea that someone does one thing all the time and does nothing else, or that someone chooses just one thing among others when doing something. Ex: 田中さんはマンガばかり読んでいる。 can mean: (= All tanaka does is read comics); (= Tanaka reads only comics); (=When Masao reads, he reads nothing but comics) NOTE: ばっかり is more colloquial than ばかり
Play only with Tanaka.
451
「真っ」の発音 真っ赤 真っ青 真北 真っ昼間 真下 真夜中
真っX where X = adjective or Noun Means: very; pure; totally; right; mid- 真っAdj indicates the degree of something is very high or is at the highest level. 真っNoun indicates the center of a space or time span. The english translation of 真っ varies according to the word that follows it.
まっか：bright/deep red; flushed (of face) まっさお：deep blue; ghastly blue まきた：due north まっぴるま：broad daylight ました： right under; directly below まよなか： midnight
452
真っ赤な夕日が海に沈んで(to set)いく。
真っX where X = adjective or Noun Means: very; pure; totally; right; mid- 真っAdj indicates the degree of something is very high or is at the highest level. 真っNoun indicates the center of a space or time span. The english translation of 真っ varies according to the word that follows it.
The evening sun, brilliant red, is sinking into the sea.
453
橋の上から真下にある川を見ると、とても怖い。
真っX where X = adjective or Noun Means: very; pure; totally; right; mid- 真っAdj indicates the degree of something is very high or is at the highest level. 真っNoun indicates the center of a space or time span. The english translation of 真っ varies according to the word that follows it.
From the bridge, if you look straight down at the river, it's really scary.
454
夕べ隣の人が真夜中までパーティーをしていてうるさかったので、全然寝られなかった。
真っX where X = adjective or Noun Means: very; pure; totally; right; mid- 真っAdj indicates the degree of something is very high or is at the highest level. 真っNoun indicates the center of a space or time span. The english translation of 真っ varies according to the word that follows it.
Yesterday my neighbor had a party until late into the night, and it was so loud I couldn't sleep at all.
455
東京は電車や地下鉄やバスが便利な街なので、車がなくても生活できるというわけです。
~わけだ。 is used in 3 situations. For this one it is (1) when a speaker provides the reason for a previous statement. Means: The reason is that ~; It means that ~; That's why~; No wonder~; naturally
Tokyo has convenient streets, trains, subways and buses, that's why even without a car you can go about life.
456
A) このレストランの料理がおいしくない。 B）行きたくないわけですね。
~わけだ。 Means: The reason is that~; it means that~; that's why~; no wonder~; naturally Can be used in 3 situations, here it is (2) when a speaker reaches a logical conclusion based on what he/she has learned from the hearer or has discovered.
A) This restaurant's food is not good. B) That's why you don't want to go, isn't it?
457
A) 1月から6月までの半年間、日本に留学することになりました。 B）じゃあ、夏休みはアメリカに戻ってくるわけですね。
~わけだ。 Means: The reason is that~; it means that~; that's why~; no wonder~; naturally Can be used in 3 situations, here it is (2) when a speaker reaches a logical conclusion based on what he/she has learned from the hearer or has discovered.
A) I'll be studying in Japan for half a year, from January to June. B) So you'll be coming back to the US for summer break, right?
458
あっ、ヒーターが止まっている。寒いわけだ。
〜わけだ。 Means: The reason is that~; it means that~; that's why~; no wonder~; naturally Is used in 3 ways, her e it is (3) when the speaker understands the reason for what he/she has learned from the hearer or what he/she has discovered. (here, she's discovered it's cold and now knows the reason, so she exclaims "that's why...")
Ah, the heater has stopped. That's why it's cold!
459
A) スミスさんは、日本に20年も住んでいたんですよ。 B）なるほど、それで日本語がとても上手なわけですね。
~わけだ。 Means: The reason is that~; it means that~; that's why~; no wonder~; naturally Can be used in 3 situations, here it is (2) when a speaker reaches a logical conclusion based on what he/she has learned from the hearer or has discovered.
A) Smith lived in Japan for 20 whole years, you know. B) I see - that's why he's good at Japanese.
460
A) ロボットが作った商品を、ここで私たちチェックするんです。 B）あー、最後にチェックするのは、やっぱり人間なわけですね。
~わけだ。 Means: The reason is that~; it means that~; that's why~; no wonder~; naturally Can be used in 3 situations, here it is (2) when a speaker reaches a logical conclusion based on what he/she has learned from the hearer or has discovered.
A) This is where we check the products that the robots have produced. B) Oh, so it's humans who do a final check after all.
461
この辞書でよければ、どうぞ。
N でよければ Means: if ~ is all right; if ~ works; if ~ is acceptable; if you don't mind it presents a condition for doing something. it is also used when the speaker politely offers something to the hearer.
Here. You can use this dictionary if it helps.
462
今日は忙しいけど、来週の日曜日でよければ、一緒に行けるよ。
N でよければ Means: if ~ is all right; if ~ works; if ~ is acceptable; if you don't mind it presents a condition for doing something. it is also used when the speaker politely offers something to the hearer.
Today I'm busy, but if next sunday is all right we can go together.
463
何もないんだけど、コーヒーでよければ、すぐは入れられるよ。飲む？
N でよければ Means: if ~ is all right; if ~ works; if ~ is acceptable; if you don't mind it presents a condition for doing something. it is also used when the speaker politely offers something to the hearer.
I don't have much of anything, but if coffee's all right, I can make it quickly. Would you like some?
464
この辞書のサイトは結構便利なので、よく使う。
結構 (A/ANa +だ) Means: fairly; pretty; rather; quite The adverb 結構 indicates that the speaker feels that the degree/level/amount/etc. of something is not high, but is higher than average
This dictionary website is pretty convenient so I often use it.
465
先週から始まったドラマは結構面白い。
結構 (A/ANa +だ) Means: fairly; pretty; rather; quite The adverb 結構 indicates that the speaker feels that the degree/level/amount/etc. of something is not high, but is higher than average
The drama that started last week is pretty interesting.
466
子供は5歳ぐらいになれば、一人で結構何でもできるようになる。
結構 (A/ANa +だ) Means: fairly; pretty; rather; quite The adverb 結構 indicates that the speaker feels that the degree/level/amount/etc. of something is not high, but is higher than average
By the time children become around five years old, they can do quite a bit by themselves.
467
結構上手に書く； 結構誰とでも話す； 結構昔からある
結構 Verb Phrase Means: fairly; pretty; rather; quite The adverb 結構 indicates that the speaker feels that the degree/level/amount/etc. of something is not high, but is higher than average
to write fairly well; to talk with pretty much anyone; to have been, since a pretty long time ago
468
この携帯電話のコマーシャルはなかなか面白い。
なかなか (A/ANa+だ) Means: quite; fairly; pretty; considerably なかなか is synonymous with 結構 except that なかなか is NOT usually used with adj and adv with negative meanings, such as つまらない or 不便. Note that なかなか is used with the speaker is impressed by the way something/someone is or the way someone does something.
This cell phone commercial is pretty interesting.
469
この間の旅行はなかなか楽しかった。泊まったホテルもなかなか良かったし、料理も結構おいしかった。
なかなか (A/ANa+だ) Means: quite; fairly; pretty; considerably なかなか is synonymous with 結構 except that なかなか is NOT usually used with adj and adv with negative meanings, such as つまらない or 不便. Note that なかなか is used with the speaker is impressed by the way something/someone is or the way someone does something.
The trip I took the other day was quite fun. The hotel I stayed at was quite nice, and the food wasn't bad either.
470
私は絵を描くのは得意じゃないけれど、これはなかなか上手に描けたと思う。
なかなか (A/ANa+だ) Means: quite; fairly; pretty; considerably なかなか is synonymous with 結構 except that なかなか is NOT usually used with adj and adv with negative meanings, such as つまらない or 不便. Note that なかなか is used with the speaker is impressed by the way something/someone is or the way someone does something.
I'm not very good at painting, but I think this turned out fairly well.
471
これはなかなか上手に描けたと思う。
なかなか Adv Means: quite; fairly; pretty; considerably なかなか is synonymous with 結構 except that なかなか is NOT usually used with adj and adv with negative meanings, such as つまらない or 不便. Note that なかなか is used with the speaker is impressed by the way something/someone is or the way someone does something
I think this was drawn quite well.
472
A) 今日、田中さん、クラス休んだ。 B）そう言えば、昨日、おなかが痛いって言ってたよ。病気かもしれないね。
そう言えば Means: That reminds me; Now i remember; indeed This conjunctive phrase is used when the speaker is reminded of something by the hearer's remark or the speaker's own remark.
A) Tanaka missed class today, didn't she? B) Come to think of it, yesterday she said that her stomach hurt. She might be sick.
473
A) 昨日、友達の誕生日パーティに行ってきたんだ。 B）あっ、そういえば、明日は母の誕生日だ。忘れてた！
そう言えば Means: That reminds me; Now i remember; indeed This conjunctive phrase is used when the speaker is reminded of something by the hearer's remark or the speaker's own remark.
A) I went to my friend's birthday party yesterday. B) Ah, that reminds me that tomorrow's my mother's birthday. I forgot!
474
A) ねえ、あの人、どこかで見たことない？ B）そう言えば、昔、どこかで会ったことがあるような気がする。
そう言えば Means: That reminds me; Now i remember; indeed This conjunctive phrase is used when the speaker is reminded of something by the hearer's remark or the speaker's own remark.
A) hey, have I seen that person somewhere before? B) Indeed, I get the feeling that I've met that person before a long time ago.
475
この本を読むと、昔のギリシャにも日本のように色々な神様がいたということがよく分かる。
S-plain ということ(が、を、etc) General meaning: that; V-ing changes a sentence into a noun clause, but does not add any meaning. The noun clause can be marked by が、を, etc. This phrase is usually used in WRITTEN language.
If you read this book, you will understand well that ancient Greece, like Japan, had various deities.
476
日本語の授業で、日本には宗教的習慣や行事はたくさんあるが、宗教に熱心な信者はあまりいないということを学んだ。
S-plain ということ(が、を、etc) General meaning: that; V-ing changes a sentence into a noun clause, but does not add any meaning. The noun clause can be marked by が、を, etc. This phrase is usually used in WRITTEN language.
In Japanese class, we learned that in Japan there are a lot of religious customs and events, but not many fervent believers in religion.
477
この大学はレベルが高いということで知られている。
S-plain ということ(が、を、etc) General meaning: that; V-ing changes a sentence into a noun clause, but does not add any meaning. The noun clause can be marked by が、を, etc. This phrase is usually used in WRITTEN language.
This university is known as a high-quality institution.
478
ファーストフードの特徴はいろいろあるが、まず、速くて安いということが言えるだろう。
S-plain ということ(が、を、etc) General meaning: that; V-ing changes a sentence into a noun clause, but does not add any meaning. The noun clause can be marked by が、を, etc. This phrase is usually used in WRITTEN language.
Fast food has a variety of characteristics. First, we can say that it is quick and cheap.
479
奨学金をもらうためには、なぜ日本に留学したいかということについて、エッセーを書かなくてはいけない。
S-plain ということ(が、を、etc) General meaning: that; V-ing changes a sentence into a noun clause, but does not add any meaning. The noun clause can be marked by が、を, etc. This phrase is usually used in WRITTEN language.
In order to receive a scholarship, you must write an essay on why you want to study in Japan.
480
この映画は午後７時からとなっています。
AはBとなっている。 where B = Noun or noun equivalent such as "# + counter" or "N + Prt" Meaning: happen to be; it turns out that ~; it's been decided that~; the rule is that ~ indicates that what is stated in the preceding AはB sentence is something beyond the speaker's control. The sentence is often findings or matters decided by others. Note that だ does not occur after B in the sentence.
This movie happens to start at (goes from) 7 PM.
481
調査によると、この大学での大学院生の割合は25％となっています。
AはBとなっている。 where B = Noun or noun equivalent such as "# + counter" or "N + Prt" Meaning: happen to be; it turns out that ~; it's been decided that~; the rule is that ~ indicates that what is stated in the preceding AはB sentence is something beyond the speaker's control. The sentence is often findings or matters decided by others. Note that だ does not occur after B in the sentence.
According to the survey, it turns out that 25% of this university's student population are graduate students.
482
そのスピーチコンテストに出られるのは、日本に1年以上住んだことがない外国人だけとなっている。
AはBとなっている。 where B = Noun or noun equivalent such as "# + counter" or "N + Prt" Meaning: happen to be; it turns out that ~; it's been decided that~; the rule is that ~ indicates that what is stated in the preceding AはB sentence is something beyond the speaker's control. The sentence is often findings or matters decided by others. Note that だ does not occur after B in the sentence.
The rule is that only foreigners who have not lived in Japan for more than one year can participate in the speech contest.
483
そうですか。じゃ、前の日の金曜日に、研究室に受けに来て下さい。
S1. 「では／それでは」S2. Means: If that's the case; If so; In that case; Then; Well then では is the abbreviated form of それでは which literally means "if that is the case" and それ refers to what was said in the previous sentence(s). では and それでは are used in *written or formal spoken* language. In ordinary casual conversation, the contracted form それじゃ or じゃ is used. As it is here.
Is that so? Well then, please come to the office to take the test the day before that on Friday.
484
はい。それでは、金曜日の先生の研究室にうかがいます。
S1. 「では／それでは」S2. Means: If that's the case; If so; In that case; Then; Well then では is the abbreviated form of それでは which literally means "if that is the case" and それ refers to what was said in the previous sentence(s). では and それでは are used in *written or formal spoken* language (as it is here). In ordinary casual conversation, the contracted form それじゃ or じゃ is used.
Yes. In that case, I will come to inquire at the teacher's office on friday.
485
運動は体にいい。その上、心の健康にもいい。
S1. その上、S2. Means: on top of that; in addition (to that); what's more; besides; moreover その上 is used when the speaker wants to emphasize an additional piece of information. S2 usually contains the particle も or まで。 as here.
Exercise is good for the body. On top of that, it's also good for the heart's health.
486
最近のケータイは写真が撮れるだけでなく、メールもできる。その上、インターネットやテレビも見られる。これは、もう電話じゃない。
S1. その上、S2. Means: on top of that; in addition (to that); what's more; besides; moreover その上 is used when the speaker wants to emphasize an additional piece of information. S2 usually contains the particle も or まで。 as here.
The recent cell phones let you not only take pictures, but send e-mail too. On top of that, you can also access the Internet and watch TV. This is not a phone anymore.
487
日本語の漢字は音読みと訓読みがあって、覚えるのが大変だ。その上、「一人」とか「今日」のような特別な読み方の漢字もあるので、漢字の勉強に時間がかかる。
S1. その上、S2. Means: on top of that; in addition (to that); what's more; besides; moreover その上 is used when the speaker wants to emphasize an additional piece of information. S2 usually contains the particle も or まで。 as here.
Japanese kanji have both on-readings and kun-readings, so they're hard to memorize. Moreover, there are character combinations that have special readings like hitori and kyo, so learning kanji takes a lot of time.
488
忙し過ぎて、寝る時間さえありません。
N (prt) さえ Means: even さえ is an emphatic particle. In non-conditional clauses it means "even." When さえ is used, the particle が never occurs, を usually does not occur, へ and the directional に are optional, and the other particles, including the LOCATIONAL に, で、と and から are mandatory.
I'm so busy I don't even have time to sleep.
489
南極にさえ行ったことがある。
N (prt) さえ Means: even さえ is an emphatic particle. In non-conditional clauses it means "even." When さえ is used, the particle が never occurs, を usually does not occur, へ and the directional に are optional, and the other particles, including the LOCATIONAL に, で、と and から are mandatory.
I've even been to the south pole.
490
トムさんは日本食が大好きだそうだ。納豆さえ食べるらしい。
N (prt) さえ Means: even さえ is an emphatic particle. In non-conditional clauses it means "even." When さえ is used, the particle が never occurs, を usually does not occur, へ and the directional に are optional, and the other particles, including the LOCATIONAL に, で、と and から are mandatory.
I heard Tom loves Japanese food. Apparently he even eats natto.
491
私は旅行が大好きで世界中を旅行した。南極（へ/に）さえ行ったことがある。
N (prt) さえ Means: even さえ is an emphatic particle. In non-conditional clauses it means "even." When さえ is used, the particle が never occurs, を usually does not occur, へ and the directional に are optional, and the other particles, including the LOCATIONAL に, で、と and から are mandatory.
I love traveling and I've traveled all over the world. I've even been to Antarctica.
492
あの人は動物の言葉が分かるんです。猫や犬とさえ会話ができるんですよ。
N (prt) さえ Means: even さえ is an emphatic particle. In non-conditional clauses it means "even." When さえ is used, the particle が never occurs, を usually does not occur, へ and the directional に are optional, and the other particles, including the LOCATIONAL に, で、と and から are mandatory.
That person can understand what animals say. He can even communicate with cats and dogs.
493
会議には世界中から人々が集まった。一番遠いロシアからさえ参加者があった。
N (prt) さえ Means: even さえ is an emphatic particle. In non-conditional clauses it means "even." When さえ is used, the particle が never occurs, を usually does not occur, へ and the directional に are optional, and the other particles, including the LOCATIONAL に, で、と and から are mandatory.
This conference drew people from all over the world. There were even participants from Russia, which is the furthest from here.
494
このサイトは携帯電話向けだから、コンピュータでは見にくい。
N 向けだ Means: for; made for; for the use of; directed to The suffix 向け adds the meaning "made for; for the use of; directed toward." 向け is often affixed to nouns which refer to people, countries and organizations.
This site was made for cell phones, so its hard to see on the computer.
495
子供向けに作られた映画の中にも、大人が見ても楽しいものがたくさんある。
N 向けに V Means: for; made for; for the use of; directed to The suffix 向け adds the meaning "made for; for the use of; directed toward." 向け is often affixed to nouns which refer to people, countries and organizations.
There are lots of films that, although made for children, are still enjoyable for adults to watch.
496
日本経済新聞やウォールストリートジャーナルには、ビジネス向けの記事が多い。
N 向けの N2. Means: for; made for; for the use of; directed to The suffix 向け adds the meaning "made for; for the use of; directed toward." 向け is often affixed to nouns which refer to people, countries and organizations.
In papers like Nihon Keizai Shinbun and the Wall Street Journal, many articles are written with businessmen in mind.
497
日本の電車やバスにあるシルバーシートというは、お年寄りや体の弱い人向けの席のことです。
N 向けの N2. Means: for; made for; for the use of; directed to The suffix 向け adds the meaning "made for; for the use of; directed toward." 向け is often affixed to nouns which refer to people, countries and organizations.
The Silver Seat found in Japanese trains and buses is a seat for elderly and for weak-bodied people.
498
哲学者(philosopher)のパスカルは、人間は考える葦(a thinking reed)であると言った。
〜である/~ではない is the formal plain form of だ and can be affixed to nouns and -な／-の adjectives. である is used in formal writing. In very formal speech the polite form であります／ではありません may be used. である can occur before nouns in relative clauses while だ cannot.
The philosopher Pascal said that man is a thinking reed.
499
こんなにたくさんの人が読んでいるのだから、面白い本であるに違いない。
〜である/~ではない is the formal plain form of だ and can be affixed to nouns and -な／-の adjectives. である is used in formal writing. In very formal speech the polite form であります／ではありません may be used. である can occur before nouns in relative clauses while だ cannot.
With this many people reading it, it must be an interesting book.
500
あの話は本当ではないと言われています。
〜である/~ではない is the formal plain form of だ and can be affixed to nouns and -な／-の adjectives. である is used in formal writing. In very formal speech the polite form であります／ではありません may be used. である can occur before nouns in relative clauses while だ cannot.
It is said that story is not true.
