Tobira Grammar Sentences 2 Flashcards
(500 cards)
1
Q
<div> 子供の頃嫌いであった食べ物が、大人になって好きになるという話をよく聞く。 </div>
A
<div> {〜である/ ~であった} / {~ではない/~ではなかった} である is the formal plain form of だ and can be affixed to nouns and -な／-の adjectives. である is used in formal writing. In very formal speech the polite form であります／ではありません may be used. である can occur before nouns in relative clauses while だ cannot. </div>
<br></br> One often hears stories about disliking food as a child, but coming to like it as an adult.
2
Q
<div> 私の日本語の先生である田中先生。 </div>
A
<div> {〜である/ ~であった} / {~ではない/~ではなかった} である is the formal plain form of だ and can be affixed to nouns and -な／-の adjectives. である is used in formal writing. In very formal speech the polite form であります／ではありません may be used. である can occur before nouns in relative clauses while だ cannot. </div>
<br></br> My Japanese teacher, Mr. Tanaka.
3
Q
<div> 新型ではないケータイを使っているので、ケータイでEメールが出来ない。 </div>
A
<div> {N/ANa/ANo} {である／であった／ではない／ではなかった} N である is the formal plain form of だ and can be affixed to nouns and -な／-の adjectives. である is used in formal writing. In very formal speech the polite form であります／ではありません may be used. である can occur before nouns in relative clauses while だ cannot. </div>
<br></br> I’m not using a new model cell-phone, so I can’t send E-mails using my cell.
4
Q
<div> 生み出す 見つけ出す 掘り出す </div>
A
<div> V-masu 出す Means: V out; begin to V; start to V; begin V-ing; start V-ing V出す differs from V始める in that V出す is used for abrupt and non-volitional actions, while V始める is used for both volitional and non-volitional actions but NOT for actions which begin abruptly. V-masu 出す has 2 meanings, here is the (1) Someone makes something available/accessible which hasn't existed or hasn't been available or accessible. </div>
<br></br> うみだす - to create みつけだすー to find out ほりだす- to dig up/out
5
Q
<div> 笑い出す 動き出す </div>
A
<div> V-masu 出す Means: V out; begin to V; start to V; begin V-ing; start V-ing V出す differs from V始める in that V出す is used for abrupt and non-volitional actions, while V始める is used for both volitional and non-volitional actions but NOT for actions which begin abruptly. V-masu 出す has 2 meanings, here is the (2) Someone begins something or something begins </div>
<br></br> わらいだす-to start laughing うごきだす- to begin to move
6
Q
<div> ピクニックの途中で、急に雨が降り出した。 </div>
A
<div> V-masu 出す Means: V out; begin to V; start to V; begin V-ing; start V-ing V出す differs from V始める in that V出す is used for abrupt and non-volitional actions, while V始める is used for both volitional and non-volitional actions but NOT for actions which begin abruptly. V-masu 出す has 2 meanings, here is the (2) Someone begins something or something begins </div>
<br></br> In the middle of the picnic it suddenly started to rain.
7
Q
<div> 赤ちゃんが泣き出したので、お母さんは急いでミルクをあげた。 </div>
A
<div> V-masu 出す Means: V out; begin to V; start to V; begin V-ing; start V-ing V出す differs from V始める in that V出す is used for abrupt and non-volitional actions, while V始める is used for both volitional and non-volitional actions but NOT for actions which begin abruptly. V-masu 出す has 2 meanings, here is the (2) Someone begins something or something begins </div>
<br></br> The baby burst out crying, so its mother hurried to give it milk.
8
Q
<div> インスタントラーメンを作り出したのは、安藤百福という人です。 </div>
A
<div> V-masu 出す Means: V out; begin to V; start to V; begin V-ing; start V-ing V出す differs from V始める in that V出す is used for abrupt and non-volitional actions, while V始める is used for both volitional and non-volitional actions but NOT for actions which begin abruptly. V-masu 出す has 2 meanings, here is the (2) Someone begins something or something begins </div>
<br></br> The inventor of instant ramen is a man named Ando Momofuku.
9
Q
<div> 図書館で1時間ぐらいかかって、ついにその本を探し出した時は、うれしかった。 </div>
A
<div> V-masu 出す Means: V out; begin to V; start to V; begin V-ing; start V-ing V出す differs from V始める in that V出す is used for abrupt and non-volitional actions, while V始める is used for both volitional and non-volitional actions but NOT for actions which begin abruptly. V-masu 出す has 2 meanings, here is the (2) Someone begins something or something begins </div>
<br></br> I was happy when I finally found the book after spending about an hour at the library searching for it.
10
Q
<div> このクラスには、宿題をしない学生はいない。休み時に、先生に連絡しない学生もいない。 </div>
A
<div> V−nai ない N は{ない／いない} Means: There is no N which/who does not V This construction is used to create sentences containing double negatives. VないNは(い)ない is equivalent to "All Ns V." </div>
<br></br> There are no students in this class who don’t do their homework, and no students who don’t let the teacher know if they’re going to be absent, either.
11
Q
<div> アニメが好きな若者で、宮崎駿のアニメを見たことがない人はいない。 </div>
A
<div> V−nai ない N は{ない／いない} Means: There is no N which/who does not V This construction is used to create sentences containing double negatives. VないNは(い)ない is equivalent to "All Ns V." </div>
<br></br> There’s no young person who likes aime who hasn’t seen Hayao Miyazaki’s films.
12
Q
<div> 酸素や水を必要としない生物は地球にはいない。 </div>
A
<div> V−nai ない N は{ない／いない} Means: There is no N which/who does not V This construction is used to create sentences containing double negatives. VないNは(い)ない is equivalent to "All Ns V." </div>
<br></br> Every living being on earth needs oxygen and water.
13
Q
<div> やまない雨はないんですよ。落ち込んでいないで元気を出しましょう。 </div>
A
<div> V−nai ない N は{ない／いない} Means: There is no N which/who does not V This construction is used to create sentences containing double negatives. VないNは(い)ない is equivalent to "All Ns V." </div>
<br></br> All storms (lit. rain) eventually cease. Don’t be depressed. Cheer up.
14
Q
<div> 日本の環境省はアメリカの Environmental Protection Agency に当たる。 </div>
A
<div> XはYに当たる。 X&Y = Nouns Means: X corresponds to Y; X is equivalent to Y; X is equal to Y This grammar is often used to contrast words/phrases in two languages or organizations/professional titles in two countries. </div>
<br></br> The Japanese かんきょうしょう is equivalent to the American EPA.
15
Q
<div> 日本語の「いただきます」や「ごちそうさま」に当たる言葉は英語にはない。 </div>
A
<div> XはYに当たる。 X&Y = Nouns Means: X corresponds to Y; X is equivalent to Y; X is equal to Y This grammar is often used to contrast words/phrases in two languages or organizations/professional titles in two countries. </div>
<br></br> There are no words in English that corresponds to the Japanese itadakimasu and gochisousama.
16
Q
<div> 彼女は私の母の姉の娘ですから、私のいとこに当たります。 </div>
A
<div> XはYに当たる。 X&Y = Nouns Means: X corresponds to Y; X is equivalent to Y; X is equal to Y This grammar is often used to contrast words/phrases in two languages or organizations/professional titles in two countries. </div>
<br></br> She’s my mother’s older sister’s daughter, so that makes her my cousin.
17
Q
<div> 英語のpresidentに当たる言葉は、日本語の場合、会社では「社長」、大学では「学長」、米国政府では「大統領」です。 </div>
A
<div> Yに当たるZはXだ。 X,Y,Z = nouns Means: The Z which is equivalent to Y is X; the Z which corresponds to Y is X. his grammar is often used to contrast words/phrases in two languages or organizations/professional titles in two countries. </div>
<br></br> In the case of Japanese, the words which correspond to the English word “president” is “しゃちょう” in a company, “がくちょう” in a University, and “だいとうりょう” for the American government.
18
Q
<div> メールが戻って来たということは、このアドレスはもう使われていないということになる。 </div>
A
<div> S(という)ことになる Means: end up (with); mean that ~; cause This grammar is usually preceded by 1 of 3 types of sentences, here is is (1) a topic phrase, and indicates that the (non-) action, even or situation stated in the preceding phrase/clause leads to a logical conclusion or a certain situation. </div>
<br></br> The mail came back, so that means this address is no longer being used.
19
Q
<div> 家賃が上がったので、引っ越さなければならないことになってしまった。 </div>
A
<div> S(という)ことになる Means: end up (with); mean that ~; cause This grammar is usually preceded by 1 of 3 types of sentences, here is is (2) reason clause, and indicates that the (non-) action, even or situation stated in the preceding phrase/clause leads to a logical conclusion or a certain situation. </div>
<br></br> The rent went up, which means that I have to move.
20
Q
<div> 今のうちに勉強しておかないと、後で卒業できないということになるかもしれない。 </div>
A
<div> S(という)ことになる Means: end up (with); mean that ~; cause This grammar is usually preceded by 1 of 3 types of sentences, here is is (3) a conditional clause, and indicates that the (non-) action, even or situation stated in the preceding phrase/clause leads to a logical conclusion or a certain situation. </div>
<br></br> If I don’t study now, while I can, I may end up with me unable to graduate later on.
21
Q
<div> 日本の学生は高校まではよく勉強するが、大学に入ってからはあまり勉強しない傾向がある。 </div>
A
<div> {V/A}-plain.nonpast (という)傾向がある。 Means: Have a tendency to; have an inclination to; There is a tendency to; tend to This construction is used when someone or something has a tendency to do something. It is commonly used in written language and formal speech. という is optional. </div>
<br></br> There is a tendency for Japanese students to study often through high school, but after getting into a university, not study much.
22
Q
<div> 日本人は自分の家族のことを誰かに話す時、あまりいいことを言わない傾向がある。 </div>
A
<div> {V/A}-plain.nonpast (という)傾向がある。 Means: Have a tendency to; have an inclination to; There is a tendency to; tend to This construction is used when someone or something has a tendency to do something. It is commonly used in written language and formal speech. という is optional. </div>
<br></br> Japanese people tend not to say good things when talking about their family members.
23
Q
<div> 初めに砕けた話し方で日本語を覚えてしまった人は、助詞をよく間違える傾向がある。 </div>
A
<div> {V/A}-plain.nonpast (という)傾向がある。 Means: Have a tendency to; have an inclination to; There is a tendency to; tend to This construction is used when someone or something has a tendency to do something. It is commonly used in written language and formal speech. という is optional. </div>
<br></br> People who first learned to speak Japanese through casual speech have a tendency to make frequent mistakes with particles.
24
Q
<div> 若い人の方が、年を取った人より、ファーストフードをよく食べるという傾向が見られる。 </div>
A
<div> {V/A}-plain.nonpast (という)傾向が見られる。 Means: Have a tendency to; have an inclination to; There is a tendency to; tend to This construction is used when someone or something has a tendency to do something. It is commonly used in written language and formal speech. という is optional. </div>
<br></br> Young people, more so than old people, tend to eat fast food often.
25
Sとする。
to assume/suppose that S.
26
もし、タイムマーシンがあるとしたら、どの時代に行って、誰に会ってみたいですか。
（もし）S としたら Sとしたら literally means "If I/we/you suppose that S." This construction is usually used to present a hypothetical situation, but can be used for an actual situation as well in which the speaker is presenting the situation as if it were hypothetical in order to indicate something indirectly. もし here is optional. It emphasizes that the speaker is presenting the situation as a hypothetical one.
If you had a time machine, what era would you go to and who would you want to meet?
27
これらの辞書の中で、もしどれか一つを選ぶとしたら、やはり電子辞書にするだろう。
（もし）S としたら Sとしたら literally means "If I/we/you suppose that S." This construction is usually used to present a hypothetical situation, but can be used for an actual situation as well in which the speaker is presenting the situation as if it were hypothetical in order to indicate something indirectly. もし here is optional. It emphasizes that the speaker is presenting the situation as a hypothetical one.
If I were to pick one among these dictionaries, after all I'd probably decide on the elctronic one.
28
この問題が分からないとしたら、それはあまり勉強しなかったということですよ。
（もし）S としたら Sとしたら literally means "If I/we/you suppose that S." This construction is usually used to present a hypothetical situation, but can be used for an actual situation as well in which the speaker is presenting the situation as if it were hypothetical in order to indicate something indirectly. もし here is optional. It emphasizes that the speaker is presenting the situation as a hypothetical one
If you did not understand this problem, it means you didn't study very much.
29
机がガタガタして、書きにくい。
N が (onomatopoeia) する。 This construction with ono phrases is used to describe one's physiological/phychological state or way something feels or looks.
The desk is rattling/clattering, making it hard to write.
30
お星さまがキラキラして、きれいだなあ。
N が (onomatopoeia) する。 This construction with ono phrases is used to describe one's physiological/phychological state or way something feels or looks.
The stars are twinking. They are so pretty!
31
面接の前は緊張して心臓がドキドキした。
N が (onomatopoeia) する。 This construction with ono phrases is used to describe one's physiological/phychological state or way something feels or looks.
Before the interview, I was so nervous my heart was pounding.
32
歯がシクシクする。
N が (onomatopoeia) する。 This construction with ono phrases is used to describe one's physiological/phychological state or way something feels or looks.
My tooth has a dull pain.
33
心がウキウキする。
N が (onomatopoeia) する。 This construction with ono phrases is used to describe one's physiological/phychological state or way something feels or looks.
My heart beats lightheartedly/cheerfully.
34
指がズキズキする。
N が (onomatopoeia) する。 This construction with ono phrases is used to describe one's physiological/phychological state or way something feels or looks.
My finger is throbbing in pain.
35
兄は自分で料理しないくせに、いつも私の作ったものに文句を言う。
〜くせに Means: Although~; in spite of the fact that~; and yet~ This conjunction is used when something commonly expected from information in the subordinate clause (i.e. the くせに phrase/clause) does not happen or is not the case. In most situations, くせに expresses the speaker's anger, frustration or disagreement. This emotion is not directed toward the speaker, but toward the hearer or 3rd person. When くせに is used, the subject of the main clause and that of the subordinate clause must be the same. If the subjects differ, you must use なのに、.
My older brother doesn't cook (himself) and yet he always complains about what I make.
36
妹は怖くて夜眠れなくなるくせに、ホラームービーばかり見ている。
〜くせに Means: Although~; in spite of the fact that~; and yet~ This conjunction is used when something commonly expected from information in the subordinate clause (i.e. the くせに phrase/clause) does not happen or is not the case. In most situations, くせに expresses the speaker's anger, frustration or disagreement. This emotion is not directed toward the speaker, but toward the hearer or 3rd person. When くせに is used, the subject of the main clause and that of the subordinate clause must be the same. If the subjects differ, you must use なのに、.
Even though she gets scared and can't sleep, my little sister always watches horror films.
37
トムさんは貧乏なくせに、ガソリンをたくさん使う高いスポーツカーに乗っている。
〜くせに Means: Although~; in spite of the fact that~; and yet~ This conjunction is used when something commonly expected from information in the subordinate clause (i.e. the くせに phrase/clause) does not happen or is not the case. In most situations, くせに expresses the speaker's anger, frustration or disagreement. This emotion is not directed toward the speaker, but toward the hearer or 3rd person. When くせに is used, the subject of the main clause and that of the subordinate clause must be the same. If the subjects differ, you must use なのに、.
Even though Tom doesn't have much money, he drives around in an expensive gas-guzzling sports car.
38
昔は、「男のくせに泣くのはよくない」とか「女のくせに強すぎる」とか言いましたが、今日ではそう思う人は少なくなってきたと思います。
〜くせに Means: Although~; in spite of the fact that~; and yet~ This conjunction is used when something commonly expected from information in the subordinate clause (i.e. the くせに phrase/clause) does not happen or is not the case. In most situations, くせに expresses the speaker's anger, frustration or disagreement. This emotion is not directed toward the speaker, but toward the hearer or 3rd person. When くせに is used, the subject of the main clause and that of the subordinate clause must be the same. If the subjects differ, you must use なのに、.
In the past, people used to say things like "men shouldn't cry" and "you're too strong for a woman", but I think there are fewer people who think like that now.
39
Regular form of this contraction? 書いてる
かいている ~てる => ~ている
40
Regular form? 飲んでます
のんでいます 〜てますー＞〜ています
41
Regular form? 読んでた
よんでいた 〜てたー＞〜ていた
42
Regular form? この部屋じゃ小さすぎて、。。。
では 〜じゃー＞〜では
43
Regular form? 早く起きなくちゃ。。。
起きなくては（いけない／ならない） 〜なくちゃー＞〜なくては（X）
44
Regular form? 話さなきゃ
話さなければ（いけない／ならない）
45
Regular form? 忘れちゃう
忘れてしまう
46
Regular form? 食べちゃった
食べてしまった
47
Regular form? 買っといた
買っておいた （as in 買っておく）
48
Regular form? 寝とく
寝ておく
49
Regular form? 宿題も出しといたげる
宿題も出しておいてあげる
50
Regular form? 説明したげる
説明してあげる
51
Regular Form? 出したげた
出してあげた
52
レポート、今、書いてるとこ（ろ）だから、書き終わったら見てくれる？
In casual conversation contracted forms are commonly used.
I'm in the middle of writing the report now - would you mind looking at it when I'm done?
53
この部屋じゃ小さすぎて、30人も集まるパーティなんて出来ないなあ。
In casual conversation contracted forms are commonly used.
This room would be too small. There's no way we can have a party here for thirty people.
54
友達を空港まで送ったげなきゃいけないから、明日は、早く起きなくちゃ。
In casual conversation contracted forms are commonly used.
I've gotta take a friend to the airport, so I need to get up early tomorrow.
55
先生の言ったこと、ノートに書いとかないと、忘れちゃうよ。
In casual conversation contracted forms are commonly used.
If you don't write down what the professor says, you end up forgetting it, you know.
56
飲み物、買っといたから、何も持ってできなくていいよ。
In casual conversation contracted forms are commonly used.
I bought the drinks, so you don't have to bring anything.
57
私も宿題を出しに行かなくちゃいいけないから、マイクの宿題も出しといたげる。
In casual conversation contracted forms are commonly used.
I've gotta go turn in my homework, so I'll turn yours in for you also, Mike.
58
漢字が苦手だと言っても、全然書けないわけではない。
{V/A} (という）わけではない。 Means: It's not that~; It doesn't mean that used to deny a statement.
Although I say that kanji is my weak point, that doesn't mean I can't write them at all.
59
試験の点が良ければいい成績が取れるというわけではない。宿題やプロジェクトも大切だ。
{N/ANo} {という／だった／じゃない／じゃなかった} わけではない Means: It's not that~; It doesn't mean that used to deny a statement.
You can't count on getting good grades just because you score well on tests. Homework and projects are important, too.
60
お金のためだけに働いているわけではないけれど、給料は高い方がいい。
{V/A} (という）わけではない。 Means: It's not that~; It doesn't mean that used to deny a statement.
The money isn't the only reason I work, but I'd rather have a high salary.
61
あの人が嫌いなわけではないんですが、デートしたいとは思いません。
ANa {な／だった／じゃない／じゃなかった} わけではない Means: It's not that~; It doesn't mean that used to deny a statement.
It's not that I dislike that person, I don't think I want to date (him/her).
62
この料理はまずいわけではないけど、油が多いから、あまり食べられない。
{V/A} (という）わけではない。 Means: It's not that~; It doesn't mean that used to deny a statement.
I don't mean that this dish is yucky, it's that there's a lot of oil so I can't eat much.
63
ネコというわけではない
{N/ANo} {という／だった／じゃない／じゃなかった} わけではない Means: It's not that~; It doesn't mean that used to deny a statement.
It's not that it's a cat.
64
経済は政治と深い関係がある。
N1 は N2 {と／に}関係がある。 This sentence is used to show that N1 is related in someway to N2. The particle after N1 may be と or に。 When this pattern is used in relative clauses, の is commonly used after 関係 instead of が。
Economics is profoundly related to politics.
65
そのトピックに関係のある本はこの列にあります。
N1 {と/に} 関係 {が/の} あるN2. This sentence is used to show that N1 is related in someway to N2. The particle after N1 may be と or に。 When this pattern is used in relative clauses, の is commonly used after 関係 instead of が。
A book related to that topic is in this row.
66
授業に関係のない質問はしないようにしましょう。
N1 {と/に} 関係 {が/の} あるN2. This sentence is used to show that N1 is related in someway to N2. The particle after N1 may be と or に。 When this pattern is used in relative clauses, の is commonly used after 関係 instead of が。
Try not to ask questions that are not related to the lesson.
67
それは、僕には関係がないから、知らないなあ。
N1 は N2 {と／に}関係がある。 This sentence is used to show that N1 is related in someway to N2. The particle after N1 may be と or に。 When this pattern is used in relative clauses, の is commonly used after 関係 instead of が。
That is not related to me, so I don't know about it.
68
ハイブリッドの車が増えたことによって、町の空気がきれいなってきました。
~ことによって によって indicates the cause, the means, or the agent in passive sentences. In this sentence it indicates CAUSE. "because; because of; due to; by V-ing; by means of; via; through; by"
Because hybrid cars increased, the city's air came to be cleaner.
69
地球温暖化によって北極の氷が溶けて(to melt)いるらしい。
~ことによって によって indicates the cause, the means, or the agent in passive sentences. In this sentence it indicates CAUSE. "because; because of; due to; by V-ing; by means of; via; through; by"
I've heard that, as an effect of global warming, the ice in the Arctic is melting.
70
インターネットで調べることによって、世界中で今起こっていることを知ることが出来る。
~ことによって によって indicates the cause, the means, or the agent in passive sentences. In this sentence it indicates MEANS. "because; because of; due to; by V-ing; by means of; via; through; by"
By means of internet search, you can know what is happening right now throughout the world.
71
言葉は、話したり読んだり書いたりすることによって学んでいくのです。
~ことによって によって indicates the cause, the means, or the agent in passive sentences. In this sentence it indicates MEANS. "because; because of; due to; by V-ing; by means of; via; through; by"
One learns a language by speaking, reading, and writing it.
72
万有引力の法則(the law of universal gravitation)はニュートンによって発見されました。
~N によって によって indicates the cause, the means, or the agent in passive sentences. In this sentence it indicates AGENT. "because; because of; due to; by V-ing; by means of; via; through; by"
The law of universal gravitation was discovered by Newton.
73
青と黄色の絵の具を混ぜます。すると、緑色になります。
S1. すると、S2. "then" すると connects two sentences S1 and S2 in three situations. In this particular case, it is (1) The action in S1 causes what is said in S2
Mix the colors blue and yellow. They become green.
74
亀は一生懸命走って行きました。すると、ウサギが途中で寝ているのが見えました。
S1. すると、S2. "then" すると connects two sentences S1 and S2 in three situations. In this particular case, it is (1) The action in S1 causes what is said in S2
The tortoise ran as hard as he could. Then, he saw the hare sleeping along the way.
75
このアイコンをクリックして下さい。すると、コンピュータの画面の文字が大きくなります。
S1. すると、S2. "then" すると connects two sentences S1 and S2 in three situations. In this particular case, it is (2) The action in S1 leads to the discovery of what is said in S2
Please click this icon. That will make the letters on the screen become bigger.
76
A) 田中さんは、明日の会議に出られないそうですよ。 B) すると、誰か他の人が出なくてはいけないということですね。
S1. すると、S2. "then" すると connects two sentences S1 and S2 in three situations. In this particular case, it is (3) From the information implied in S1, the speaker confirms that S2 is the case.
A) I heard Tanaka-san will be unable to come to tomorrow's meeting. B) Then, that means that somebody else will have to go, doesn't it?
77
母が教えてくれた通り作ったら、おいしいケーキができた。
V-plain 通り（に） "the way; as; exactly like; following; according to" When 通り is modified by a verb or noun, it means "the way; as someone does; as something indicates." 通り can also be used as a suffix, in which case 通り is directly affixed to nouns and the pronunciation changes from とおり to どおり。
I made it just as my mother taught me, and the cake turned out great.
78
空手部では、先輩に言われた通りにしないと、怒られてしまう。
V-plain 通り（に） "the way; as; exactly like; following; according to" When 通り is modified by a verb or noun, it means "the way; as someone does; as something indicates." 通り can also be used as a suffix, in which case 通り is directly affixed to nouns and the pronunciation changes from とおり to どおり。
In karate club, if you don't do exactly as you're told by your upperclassmen, you will make them angry.
79
日本のファミリーレストランの店員は、みんなマニュアルの通りに話すから、ロボットみたいだ。
N の 通り（に） "the way; as; exactly like; following; according to" When 通り is modified by a verb or noun, it means "the way; as someone does; as something indicates." 通り can also be used as a suffix, in which case 通り is directly affixed to nouns and the pronunciation changes from とおり to どおり。
Employees at Japanese family restaurants all repeat the lines straight out of the training manual - they're like robots.
80
指示通りに、ここに答えを書いて下さい。
N通り（に） Where 通り is a suffix and reads as どおり。 "the way; as; exactly like; following; according to" When 通り is modified by a verb or noun, it means "the way; as someone does; as something indicates." 通り can also be used as a suffix, in which case 通り is directly affixed to nouns and the pronunciation changes from とおり to どおり。
Please write your answers here as indicated by the instructions.
81
外国語は話せば話すほど、上手になります。そして、読めば読むほど、単語が増えます。
{V/A}-cond {V/A}-plain ほど "the (more) ~, the (more) ~" This structure is used when the more something happens or is in some state, the more another thing happens or is in some state. (When V is a suru verb, the second VN is usually omitted)
The more you speak a foreign language, the more skilled you become. In addition, the more you read, the more your vocabulary increases.
82
運動すればするほど、健康になれるし、やせられるから、運動は一石二鳥ですね。
{V/A}-cond {V/A}-plain ほど "the (more) ~, the (more) ~" This structure is used when the more something happens or is in some state, the more another thing happens or is in some state. (When V is a suru verb, the second VN is usually omitted, as is seen in this sentence)
The more you exercise, the healthier and more slim you become; exercise kills two birds with one stone, don't you think?
83
アパートは駅に近ければ近いほど家賃が高くなり、逆に、駅から遠ければ遠いほど安くなる。
{V/A}-cond {V/A}-plain ほど "the (more) ~, the (more) ~" This structure is used when the more something happens or is in some state, the more another thing happens or is in some state. (When V is a suru verb, the second VN is usually omitted)
The closer an apartment is to the train station to more expensive rent becomes. Inversely, the farther an apartment is from the train stations, the cheaper it becomes.
84
親が立派であればあるほど、子供はプレッシャーを感じてしまうようだ。
{Ana/NP} であれば ({ANa/NP}で)あるほど "the (more) ~, the (more) ~" This structure is used when the more something happens or is in some state, the more another thing happens or is in some state. (In this case, it appears that Ana in this structure do not need to be restated before ほど)
The more prominent/splended parents are, the more pressure children feel.
85
いい大学であればあるほど入るのが難しいです。
{Ana/NP} であれば ({ANa/NP}で)あるほど "the (more) ~, the (more) ~" This structure is used when the more something happens or is in some state, the more another thing happens or is in some state. (In this case, it appears that Ana in this structure do not need to be restated before ほど)
The better the university, the harder it is to get in.
86
便利なら便利なほど...
ANa ならANa なほど "the (more) ~, the (more) ~" This structure is used when the more something happens or is in some state, the more another thing happens or is in some state.
The more convenient it is...
87
今、見たビデオから、文楽や歌舞伎は江戸時代に一般の人々にも広がったということが分かります。さて、次に紹介するのは、これも江戸時代に一般の人にも楽しまれるようになった茶道です。
(S1.) さて、S2. "well; now; well now" さて always occurs at the beginning of a sentence and signals that (a) the speaker/writer is beginning a new topic (the new topic and the previous topic may be part of the same discourse) (b) the speaker/writer is going to ask a question about the information just provided, AS SEEN HERE or (c) the speaker is leaving. さてis not used in casual situations.
We understand from the video we've just watched that bunraku and kabuki became popular among the common people, too, during the Edo Period. Now, the next thing I'm going to introduce is the tea ceremony, which also became popular among commoners during the Edo Period.
88
ある日、うさぎとかめが競走をしました。さて、どちらがレースに勝ったでしょうか。
(S1.) さて、S2. "well; now; well now" さて always occurs at the beginning of a sentence and signals that (a) the speaker/writer is beginning a new topic (the new topic and the previous topic may be part of the same discourse) (b) the speaker/writer is going to ask a question about the information just provided, AS SEEN HERE or (c) the speaker is leaving. さてis not used in casual situations.
One day, a rabbit and a turtle raced. Well now, which one won the race do you suppose?
89
さて、もう遅いですだら、今日はこれで失礼します。
(S1.) さて、S2. "well; now; well now" さて always occurs at the beginning of a sentence and signals that (a) the speaker/writer is beginning a new topic (the new topic and the previous topic may be part of the same discourse) (b) the speaker/writer is going to ask a question about the information just provided, or (c) the speaker is leaving. AS SEEN HERE さてis not used in casual situations.
Well, its already late, so I'm going to excuse myself for today.
90
古代のヨーロッパはローマを中心として発展した。
N を 中心 {と/に} (して） "(centering) around; focusing on; mainly; with N as the center/focus/leader/etc." Nを中心(と/に)する literally means "to make N the center." This phrase takes 2 forms. The form used here is used to modify verbs. The phrase indicates that something takes place around N or with N as the center/focus, or that someone does something focusing on N.
Ancient Europe developed with Rome at its center.
91
地球や火星、木星、金星などの惑星は、太陽を中心として回っている
N を 中心 {と/に} (して） "(centering) around; focusing on; mainly; with N as the center/focus/leader/etc." Nを中心(と/に)する literally means "to make N the center." This phrase takes 2 forms. The form used here is used to modify verbs. The phrase indicates that something takes place around N or with N as the center/focus, or that someone does something focusing on N.
The planets Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Venus, etc. go around their center, the sun.
92
示教に熱心な信者は、示教活動を中心に生活をしている。
N を 中心 {と/に} (して） "(centering) around; focusing on; mainly; with N as the center/focus/leader/etc." Nを中心(と/に)する literally means "to make N the center." This phrase takes 2 forms. The form used here is used to modify verbs. The phrase indicates that something takes place around N or with N as the center/focus, or that someone does something focusing on N.
The most fervent followers of religions center their lives around religious activities.
93
台風が近いづいているため、九州を中心に大雨が降っている。
N を 中心 {と/に} (して） "(centering) around; focusing on; mainly; with N as the center/focus/leader/etc." Nを中心(と/に)する literally means "to make N the center." This phrase takes 2 forms. The form used here is used to modify verbs. The phrase indicates that something takes place around N or with N as the center/focus, or that someone does something focusing on N.
Due to the approaching typhoon, heavy rain is falling, centered in Kyushu.
94
私は、最近、日本の若者言語を中心とした言語の研究をしています。
N1を中心(と/に)した N2 (= N1中心のN2) "(centering) around; focusing on; mainly; with N as the center/focus/leader/etc." N1を中心(と/に)する literally means "to make N the center." This phrase takes 2 forms. The form used here is used to modify nouns. The phrase indicates that something takes place around N or with N as the center/focus, or that someone does something focusing on N.
Lately, I am making the language of young Japanese people the focus of my language research.
95
日本と私の国は、朝と夜が逆だ。いま、こちらは午後９時だが、日本は午前１０時だ。
X は 逆 だ。 "be opposite; the other way" 逆 is used to indicate that X's way of doing something is the opposite of Y's way of doing it, or that the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way Y is or the way Y happens. In different contexts, ぎゃくindicates that X's way of doing something, the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way which is common, expected or intended.
The mornings and evenings in my country are opposite that of Japan. Here it is 9PM, but in Japan it is 10AM.
96
私と両親の教えはいつも逆だ。どうしてこんなに意見が違うのだろう。
X は 逆 だ。 "be opposite; the other way" 逆 is used to indicate that X's way of doing something is the opposite of Y's way of doing it, or that the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way Y is or the way Y happens. In different contexts, ぎゃくindicates that X's way of doing something, the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way which is common, expected or intended.
My ideas and my parents, ideas are always opposite. Why do we have such different opinions on things?
97
ダイエットのために運動を始めたら、おなかが空いてたくさん食べてしまい、逆に太ってしまった。
逆 に V。 "in the opposite direction; the other way; the wrong way; contrary to one's expectations; contrary to one's intention; conversely" 逆 is used to indicate that X's way of doing something is the opposite of Y's way of doing it, or that the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way Y is or the way Y happens. In different contexts, ぎゃくindicates that X's way of doing something, the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way which is common, expected or intended.
When I started exercising to lose weight, I got hungry and ate a lot, so I gained weight contrary to my intention.
98
日本語で数字を１００から逆に数えてみて下さい。
逆 に V。 "in the opposite direction; the other way; the wrong way; contrary to one's expectations; contrary to one's intention; conversely" 逆 is used to indicate that X's way of doing something is the opposite of Y's way of doing it, or that the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way Y is or the way Y happens. In different contexts, ぎゃくindicates that X's way of doing something, the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way which is common, expected or intended.
Try counting backwards (lit. numbers in the opposite direction) from 100 in Japanese, please.
99
一方通行の道だということを知らないで、逆の方向に進んでしまい、警察につかまってしまった。
逆 の N。 "opposite N; the reverse of N" 逆 is used to indicate that X's way of doing something is the opposite of Y's way of doing it, or that the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way Y is or the way Y happens. In different contexts, ぎゃくindicates that X's way of doing something, the way X is or the way X happens is the opposite of the way which is common, expected or intended.
I went against traffic, not realizing it was a one-way street, and ended up getting pulled over by the police.
100
あの映画は面白いはずだよ。映画先行の友達が3回も見たって言ってたから。
{V/A} -plainはず seen here ANa {な/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった) N {の/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった} "Should; I expect that ~; I believe that~" The dependent noun はず indicates that the speaker/writer or someone he/she empathizes with believes or expects that what is stated before はず is true based on his/her knowledge or memory at the moment of speech or at the time of the event stated in the main clause. The negative form can be either 〜ないはずだ or 〜はずがない.However, the sense of negation is stronger in はずがない. When Sはずだ modifies a noun, の must be used between はず and the noun.
That movie must be interesting because my friend majoring in film studies told me that he'd seen it three times.
101
その本なら、大学の図書館に行けば、あるはずだよ。
{V/A} -plainはず seen here ANa {な/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった) N {の/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった} "Should; I expect that ~; I believe that~" The dependent noun はず indicates that the speaker/writer or someone he/she empathizes with believes or expects that what is stated before はず is true based on his/her knowledge or memory at the moment of speech or at the time of the event stated in the main clause. The negative form can be either 〜ないはずだ or 〜はずがない.However, the sense of negation is stronger in はずがない. When Sはずだ modifies a noun, の must be used between はず and the noun.
That book? They should have it at the university library - I've borrowed it before.
102
田中さんからメールの返事ができない。送ったはずのメールが届かなかったようだ。
{V/A} -plainはず seen here ANa {な/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった) N {の/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった} "Should; I expect that ~; I believe that~" The dependent noun はず indicates that the speaker/writer or someone he/she empathizes with believes or expects that what is stated before はず is true based on his/her knowledge or memory at the moment of speech or at the time of the event stated in the main clause. The negative form can be either 〜ないはずだ or 〜はずがない.However, the sense of negation is stronger in はずがない. When Sはずだ modifies a noun, の must be used between はず and the noun.
Mr. Tanaka hasn't replied to my e-mail. I'm sure I sent it, but it looks like it didn't reach him.
103
今月の家賃を払ったはずなのに、大家さんにまだもらっていないと言われた。変だなあ。
{V/A} -plainはず seen here ANa {な/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった) N {の/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった} "Should; I expect that ~; I believe that~" The dependent noun はず indicates that the speaker/writer or someone he/she empathizes with believes or expects that what is stated before はず is true based on his/her knowledge or memory at the moment of speech or at the time of the event stated in the main clause. The negative form can be either 〜ないはずだ or 〜はずがない.However, the sense of negation is stronger in はずがない. When Sはずだ modifies a noun, の must be used between はず and the noun.
I know I already paid my rent for this month, but my landlord told me he hasn't gotten it yet. How weird.
104
その野球選手は、道具を作って切れた人たちのことを教えたら、バットを打ったり、グローブを投げたりするなんてできるはずがないと言った。
{V/A} -plainはず seen here ANa {な/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった) N {の/じゃない/だった/じゃなかった} "Should; I expect that ~; I believe that~" The dependent noun はず indicates that the speaker/writer or someone he/she empathizes with believes or expects that what is stated before はず is true based on his/her knowledge or memory at the moment of speech or at the time of the event stated in the main clause. The negative form can be either 〜ないはずだ or 〜はずがない.However, the sense of negation is stronger in はずがない. When Sはずだ modifies a noun, の must be used between はず and the noun.
That baseball player said that if one thinks about the people who made the equipment, he'd never be able to do something so callous as break a bat or throw a glove.
105
この点について、もう一度、説明していただきませんか。
DemA点 "point; aspect; viewpoint; respect" 点 is used to mean "point" (in the sense of a single, fact, idea or opinion in an argument, discussion, etc.), "aspect," or "viewpoint/standpoint."
Would you please explain this point once more?
106
この留学プログラムは、ホームステイができるという点が、セールスポイントですね。
N {という/の} 点で (は） "in terms of ~; with regard to ~; with respect to ~" 点 is used to mean "point" (in the sense of a single, fact, idea or opinion in an argument, discussion, etc.), "aspect," or "viewpoint/standpoint."
The fact that this study abroad program provides students with the opportunity to do a homestay is one of its selling points, isn't it?
107
店に行かなくても買い物ができるという点が、ネットショッピングに人気がある点です。
DemA点 "point; aspect; viewpoint; respect" 点 is used to mean "point" (in the sense of a single, fact, idea or opinion in an argument, discussion, etc.), "aspect," or "viewpoint/standpoint."
The fact that you can shop without going to the store is one of the factors contributing to online shopping's popularity.
108
サービスという点では、日本のデパートは最高だ。
N {という/の} 点で (は） "in terms of ~; with regard to ~; with respect to ~" 点 is used to mean "point" (in the sense of a single, fact, idea or opinion in an argument, discussion, etc.), "aspect," or "viewpoint/standpoint."
Japanese departments stores are the best in terms of service.
109
この車はガソリンがなくても走れるという点で環境(environment) にいいですが、値段が高いです。
S + という点で "in that ~" 点 is used to mean "point" (in the sense of a single, fact, idea or opinion in an argument, discussion, etc.), "aspect," or "viewpoint/standpoint."
This car is good to the environment in that it doesn't need gasoline to run, but it is expensive.
110
漢字を覚えば覚えほど、単語の数がますます増えて、ますます日本語が分かるようになります。
ますます(~)V "more and more; -er and -er; increasingly; even more; even -er; still more; still -er" ますます occurs with verbs, the adverbial forms of adjectives and adverbs. It indicates that something happens to an even greater (or lesser) degree than before. ますます is NOT used for future controllable events. For example, it cannot replace もっともっと in もっともっとがんばって下さい。
The more you memorize kanji, the more and more the number of your vocabulary will increase, and you will come to understand Japanese even more.
111
台風が近づいてきたので、風がますます強くなってきた。
ますます A-stem くなる increasingly; even more; even -er; still more; still -er" ますます occurs with verbs, the adverbial forms of adjectives and adverbs. It indicates that something happens to an even greater (or lesser) degree than before. ますます is NOT used for future controllable events. For example, it cannot replace もっともっと in もっともっとがんばって下さい。
Because a typhoon drew near, the wind grew stronger and stronger.
112
デートをし始めて、彼のことがますます好きになった。
ますます Adv "more and more; -er and -er; increasingly; even more; even -er; still more; still -er" ますます occurs with verbs, the adverbial forms of adjectives and adverbs. It indicates that something happens to an even greater (or lesser) degree than before. ますます is NOT used for future controllable events. For example, it cannot replace もっともっと in もっともっとがんばって下さい。
I've come to like him even more since we started dating.
113
話すのは速すぎので、ますますゆっくり話すようにする。
ますます Adv "more and more; -er and -er; increasingly; even more; even -er; still more; still -er" ますます occurs with verbs, the adverbial forms of adjectives and adverbs. It indicates that something happens to an even greater (or lesser) degree than before. ますます is NOT used for future controllable events. For example, it cannot replace もっともっと in もっともっとがんばって下さい。
I talk too fast, I'm trying to talk increasingly slower.
114
歌の次にダンスが始まりました。すると、ますますたくさんの人が集まってきました。
ますます Adv "more and more; -er and -er; increasingly; even more; even -er; still more; still -er" ますます occurs with verbs, the adverbial forms of adjectives and adverbs. It indicates that something happens to an even greater (or lesser) degree than before. ますます is NOT used for future controllable events. For example, it cannot replace もっともっと in もっともっとがんばって下さい。
After the singing ended, the dancing began, and more and more people gathered around.
115
この作文は、コンピュータで書き直して、来週の月曜日に出して下さい。
V-masu 直す "again, re-V" 直す, when attached to the masu-stems of verbs, creates compound verbs with the meaning "again; re-."
Use the computer to rewrite this essay, then turn it in monday of next week.
116
分からないときは、もう一度、読み直してみるといいですよ。
V-masu 直す "again, re-V" 直す, when attached to the masu-stems of verbs, creates compound verbs with the meaning "again; re-."
When you don't understand something, it helps to read it one more time.
117
ビデオの日本語が分からなかったので、もう一度、聞き直したら、今度はよくわかった。
V-masu 直す "again, re-V" 直す, when attached to the masu-stems of verbs, creates compound verbs with the meaning "again; re-."
I didn't understand the Japanese in the video, so I watched it over again, and this time I got it.
118
今、ちょっと忙しくて、電話で話してられないから、後で私からかけなおしてもいい？
V-masu 直す "again, re-V" 直す, when attached to the masu-stems of verbs, creates compound verbs with the meaning "again; re-."
I'm a little busy right now, so I can't talk on the phone any longer. Can I call you back later?
119
黒澤明の「七人の侍」という映画は面白いことは面白いけど、ちょっと長すぎると思う。
{V/A} - plain.aff ことは {V/A}-plain.aff (が／けれど） "It is certainly true that~, but; indeed ~, but; do V ~, but; ~ is/are/was/etc. ~, but" This structure is used when the speaker/writer admits that the proposition is true but wants to qualify the proposition with an additional remark.
Akira Kurosawa's The Seven Samurai is an interesting enough movie, but I think it's a little too long.
120
作文を書いたことは書いたけれど、まだ間違いがたくさんあるから書き直さなくてはいけない。
{V/A} - plain.aff ことは {V/A}-plain.aff (が／けれど） "It is certainly true that~, but; indeed ~, but; do V ~, but; ~ is/are/was/etc. ~, but" This structure is used when the speaker/writer admits that the proposition is true but wants to qualify the proposition with an additional remark.
I have written my composition, but there are still lots of errors and I need to do a rewrite.
121
私はテニスをすることはしますが、あまり上手じゃありません。
{V/A} - plain.aff ことは {V/A}-plain.aff (が／けれど） "It is certainly true that~, but; indeed ~, but; do V ~, but; ~ is/are/was/etc. ~, but" This structure is used when the speaker/writer admits that the proposition is true but wants to qualify the proposition with an additional remark.
I do play tennis, but I'm not very good at it.
122
このアパートは駅に近くて便利なことは便利だけれど、家賃はとても高いです。
ANa {な/だった} ことは ANa {だ/だった} が "It is certainly true that ~, but; indeed ~, but; do V ~, but; ~ is/are/was/etc. ~, but" This structure is used when the speaker/writer admits that the proposition is true but wants to qualify the proposition with an additional remark.
It's true that this apartment is close to the station and is convenient, but the rent is really high.
123
あの人は、いい人はいい人だけど、ちょっとがんこ(stubborn)だね。
NP は NP {だ／だった}が [alternatively: NP {だった}ことは NP {だ/だった} が] "It is certainly true that ~, but; indeed ~, but; do V ~, but; ~ is/are/was/etc. ~, but" This structure is used when the speaker/writer admits that the proposition is true but wants to qualify the proposition with an additional remark.
Sure, he's a good person, but he's a little stubborn.
124
友達が手伝ってくれたおかげで、仕事が早く終わった。
{V/A}-plain おかげ "because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result.
Thanks to my friend helping me out, work ended early.
125
大学院で勉強できるのは、授業料を払ってくれる兄のおかげだ。
N {の/じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} おかげ "because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result.
It is due to my elder brother, who pays my tuition, that I'm able to go to graduate school.
126
昨日、学校へ行く途中で交通事故にあったが、シートベルトのおかげで、命が助かった。
N {の/じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} おかげ "because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result.
Yesterday on the way to school I was in a traffic accident; however, thanks to my seat belt, my life was saved.
127
ハンサムなせいで、うそを信じて、ばかなことをしました。
ANa {な/じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} せい／おかげ "because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result.
Because he was handsome, I believed his lies and did foolish things.
128
シートベルトのおかげで、大丈夫でした。
N {の/じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} おかげ "because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result.
Thanks to the seatbelt, I was ok.
129
ゆうべ飲み過ぎたせいで、朝から頭がガンガンする。
{V/A}-plain せい "because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result.
I drank too much alst night, so my head has been throbbing since this morning.
130
犬のせいじゃない！
N {の/じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} せい "because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result. Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result.
It's not because (the fault of) the dog!
131
1日中コンピュータを使っているせいで、目が悪くなってしまった。
{V/A}-plain せい "because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result.
Because I use a computer all day long, my eyesight has gotten worse.
132
A: チームが負けたのは、ピッチャーが弱かったせいだ。B: そんなことないよ。ピッチャだけのせいじゃないよ。
{V/A}-plain せい "because; due to" Both おかげ and せい are dependent nouns indicating cause. The former is used when the cause brings about a desirable result, and the latter when the cause brings about an unwanted result.
A: The team lost because the pitcher's not good. B: That's not true! It wasn't just the pitcher's fault.
133
「とびら」で勉強するようになって、学生たちは日本語がどんどん上手になってきた。
どんどん-V "at a fast pace; one after another; keep V-ing vigorously; with no hesitation; with no delay" どんどん expresses the idea that something proceeds from one stage to the next or continues to happen at a fast pace with no delay, or that someone keeps doing something with no hesitation. In some situations both ますますand どんどん can be used, bearing in mind that ますます does not convey the idea that something happens at a fast pace and cannot describe a controllable future action.
Since we started using Tobira, the students' Japanese has been getting better by leaps and bounds.
134
地球温暖化のせいで、グリーンランドの氷がどんどん溶けて(to melt)いるそうだ。
どんどん-V "at a fast pace; one after another; keep V-ing vigorously; with no hesitation; with no delay" どんどん expresses the idea that something proceeds from one stage to the next or continues to happen at a fast pace with no delay, or that someone keeps doing something with no hesitation. In some situations both ますますand どんどん can be used, bearing in mind that ますます does not convey the idea that something happens at a fast pace and cannot describe a controllable future action.
I heard that due to global warming the ice around Greenland is melting at a fast pace.
135
日食(solar eclipse)を見ているうちに、どんどん空が暗くなってきて、ついに真っ暗になってしまった。
どんどん-V "at a fast pace; one after another; keep V-ing vigorously; with no hesitation; with no delay" どんどん expresses the idea that something proceeds from one stage to the next or continues to happen at a fast pace with no delay, or that someone keeps doing something with no hesitation. In some situations both ますますand どんどん can be used, bearing in mind that ますます does not convey the idea that something happens at a fast pace and cannot describe a controllable future action.
As I watched the solar eclipse, the sky got rapidly darker and darker and finally became pitch black.
136
分からなかったら、どんどん質問してください。フィードバックもどんどんしてくださいね。
どんどん-V "at a fast pace; one after another; keep V-ing vigorously; with no hesitation; with no delay" どんどん expresses the idea that something proceeds from one stage to the next or continues to happen at a fast pace with no delay, or that someone keeps doing something with no hesitation. In some situations both ますますand どんどん can be used, bearing in mind that ますます does not convey the idea that something happens at a fast pace and cannot describe a controllable future action.
If you don't understand, don't hestitate to ask questions. Don't be afraid to give me feedback, either, ok?
137
私はもう５回も日本に行っています。行くたびに、新しいことを学んで帰ります。
V-plain.non-past たびに "every time; each time; on every ~; whenever" たびに expresses the idea that each time someone does something, something else takes place. When たびに is modified by a noun, the noun refers to an action or certain time.
I've been to Japan as many as five times now and, each time I go there, I come back with new knowledge.
138
ポチは僕が大学に入る前はまだ子供だったのに、休みに家に帰るたびに、どんどん大きくなっている。
V-plain.non-past たびに "every time; each time; on every ~; whenever" たびに expresses the idea that each time someone does something, something else takes place. When たびに is modified by a noun, the noun refers to an action or certain time.
Before I went off to college, Pochi was still just a puppy, but every time I come home for break he's gotten so much bigger.
139
私の大学のチームは試合に出るたびに、負けてしまう。もっと強くなってほしいなあ。
V-plain.non-past たびに "every time; each time; on every ~; whenever" たびに expresses the idea that each time someone does something, something else takes place. When たびに is modified by a noun, the noun refers to an action or certain time.
My university's team loses every match they have. I whish they'd get better.
140
母が病気なので、休みのたびに家に帰るようにしています。
Nのたびに "every time; each time; on every ~; whenever" たびに expresses the idea that each time someone does something, something else takes place. When たびに is modified by a noun, the noun refers to an action or certain time.
My mother's sick, so every time we have a break I try to go home.
141
彼は、デートのたびにおいしいレストランに連れて行ってくれる。
Nのたびに "every time; each time; on every ~; whenever" たびに expresses the idea that each time someone does something, something else takes place. When たびに is modified by a noun, the noun refers to an action or certain time.
He takes me to a good restaurant every time we go out on a date.
142
とうとう博士論文が完成した。5年もかかってしまった。
とうとう V "finally; at (long) last; eventually; in the end; after all" とうとう indicates that an expected situation has occurred after an extended period of time. The adverb ついに is similar to とうとう and can be used in the place of とうとう. ついに is more formal.
My doctoral dissertation is finally complete. It took me five whole years.
143
子供の時から長い間練習し続けて、とうとうオリンピックに参加することができた。
とうとう V "finally; at (long) last; eventually; in the end; after all" とうとう indicates that an expected situation has occurred after an extended period of time. The adverb ついに is similar to とうとう and can be used in the place of とうとう. ついに is more formal.
I've been practicing ever since I was a child, and now at last I'm getting to compete in the Olympics.
144
彼は、その数学の問題を何時間も教えたが、答えが分からなかったので、とうとうあきらめてしまった。
とうとう V "finally; at (long) last; eventually; in the end; after all" とうとう indicates that an expected situation has occurred after an extended period of time. The adverb ついに is similar to とうとう and can be used in the place of とうとう. ついに is more formal.
He spent hours thinking about that math problem, but he couldn't come up with the answer, so in the end he gave up.
145
彼は医者のアドバイスを聞かないでタバコを吸い続け、とうとう肺がん(lung cancer)になってしまった。
とうとう V "finally; at (long) last; eventually; in the end; after all" とうとう indicates that an expected situation has occurred after an extended period of time. The adverb ついに is similar to とうとう and can be used in the place of とうとう. ついに is more formal.
He ignored the doctor's advice and kept smoking, and eventually he ended up with lung cancer.
146
15年も飼っていた犬が、年を取ってとうとう死んでしまったので、とても悲しい。
とうとう V "finally; at (long) last; eventually; in the end; after all" とうとう indicates that an expected situation has occurred after an extended period of time. The adverb ついに is similar to とうとう and can be used in the place of とうとう. ついに is more formal.
I'm really sad because the dog I've had for 15 long years has finally died.
147
この漢字の書き方は、覚えても覚えなくてもいいです。
V-te も V-nai なくても "Whether V or not"
It doesn't matter whether or not you memorize the way to write this kanji.
148
書いてあることが分かっても分からなくても、とにかく最後まで読んでみましょう。
V-te も V-nai なくても "Whether V or not"
Whether or not you understand what's written, try to read all the way to the end.
149
犬は外でトイレをするから、天気がよくてもよくなくても、毎日散歩に連れて行かなくてはいけない。
A-te も A-nai なくても "whether A or not"
Dogs go to the toilet outside, so whether it's nice out or not you have to take them for a walk every day.
150
この映画は子供でも子供 {じゃ/で} なくても、楽しめます。
{ANa/ANo/N} でも {ANa/ANo/N} {じゃ／で} なくても "whether X or not"
Whether you're a kid or not, you can enjoy this film.
151
このアパートは家賃が安いから、静かでも静か {じゃ/で} なくても、借りようと思っています。
{ANa/ANo/N} でも {ANa/ANo/N} {じゃ／で} なくても "whether X or not"
The rent for this apartment is cheap, so whether it's quiet or not I'm thinking about renting it.
152
日本の代表的な伝統系能に、能と狂言がある。前者は悲劇で後者は喜劇だ。
前者は（〜）{V-te/A-te/ANa で/N で/}、後者は〜 "The former ~, and the latter ~" This sentence structure is used to refer separately to the two things, people, etc. mentioned in the previous sentence.
Among the traditional performing arts of Japan are Noh and Kyougen. The former is a tragedy and the latter is a comedy.
153
日本のお城と言えば、姫路城や大阪城が有名だ。全種は兵庫県にあって、後者は大阪府にある。
前者は（〜）{V-te/A-te/ANa で/N で/}、後者は〜 "The former ~, and the latter ~" This sentence structure is used to refer separately to the two things, people, etc. mentioned in the previous sentence.
When it comes to Japanese castles, Himeji Castle and Osaka Castle are famous. The former is in Hyogo prefecture and the latter is in Osaka prefecture.
154
手塚治虫が描いた漫画では「ジャングル大帝」や「ブラックジャック」が人気がある。前者は白いライオンの話で、後者はどんな病気でも直すことができる医者の話だ。
前者は（〜）{V-te/A-te/ANa で/N で/}、後者は〜 "The former ~, and the latter ~" This sentence structure is used to refer separately to the two things, people, etc. mentioned in the previous sentence.
Among the manga Tezuka Osamu wrote, Kimba the White Lion and Black Jack are popular. The former is the story of a white lion and the latter is the story of a doctor who can cure any disease.
155
この大学には、韓国、中国、台湾、といったアジアの国々からの留学生がたくさんいる。
N1 {や／、} N2 {や／、} といった {N/NP} "like; such as N" といった X is used to present examples of X. X is always a noun or noun phrase. といった may be preceded by nouns, noun phrases and sentences. * If preceded by nouns, 2+ nouns are presented ** If preceded by sentences or phrases, only one sentence or phrase is presented. などのN and のような N are similar in meaning, but they are usually not preceded by sentences.
There are many international students from Asian countries such as Korea, China, and Taiwan at this university.
156
日本語が上手に話せるようになるには、丁寧な話し方やくだけた話し方、敬語といったスピーチレベルが違う話し方の練習もしなければならない。
Phr1(、Phr2,~)といった {N/NP} [in this structure, Phr could also be a sentence] "like; such as N" といった X is used to present examples of X. X is always a noun or noun phrase. といった may be preceded by nouns, noun phrases and sentences. * If preceded by nouns, 2+ nouns are presented ** If preceded by sentences or phrases, only one sentence or phrase is presented. などのN and のような N are similar in meaning, but they are usually not preceded by sentences.
In order to improve one's skill in speaking Japanese, it is necessary to practice speech styles in a variety of different registers, from polite speech to casual speech to honorific speech.
157
どの国の言葉でも、丁寧になればなる補文が長くなるといった傾向がある。
Phr1(、Phr2,~)といった {N/NP} [in this structure, Phr could also be a sentence] "like; such as N" といった X is used to present examples of X. X is always a noun or noun phrase. といった may be preceded by nouns, noun phrases and sentences. * If preceded by nouns, 2+ nouns are presented ** If preceded by sentences or phrases, only one sentence or phrase is presented. などのN and のような N are similar in meaning, but they are usually not preceded by sentences.
No matter what language, the higher the level of politeness, the longer the sentence tends to become.
158
日本の義務教育は小学校が6年、中学校が3年である。一方私の組んでは、小学校だけが義務教育で、中学校から入ってもいかなくてもいい。しかし、ほとんどの子供たちは中学校に進学(to go on to)する。
S1 一方（で）、S2. "While; when; at the same time; on the other hand" The conjunction 一方 is used to present two contrastive situations or two concurrent states, events or actions. 一方 is usually used in written language.
Compulsory education in Japan is made up of six years of elementary school and three of middle school. On the other hand, in my country only elementary school is compulsary, and schooling is optional from middle school on. Still, most students go on to middle school.
159
カタカナは外国から日本に入ってきた言葉や、動物、桜の名前など、特別な名詞に使われます。一方、ひらがなは、助詞や文末、送り仮名などに使われることが多いです。
S1 一方（で）、S2. "While; when; at the same time; on the other hand" The conjunction 一方 is used to present two contrastive situations or two concurrent states, events or actions. 一方 is usually used in written language.
Katakana is used to write foreign loan words and certain nounds such as animal and flower names. Hiragana, on the other hand, is used mostly for particles, sentence endings, and okurigana (i.e., hiragara that follow kanji when they represent a single word, as in 大きい).
160
日本に留学したいと思う一方、外国に住むことに不安もある。
S1 一方（で）、S2. "While; when; at the same time; on the other hand" The conjunction 一方 is used to present two contrastive situations or two concurrent states, events or actions. 一方 is usually used in written language.
While I think I want to be an exchange student in Japan, I'm a little nervous about living in a foreign country.
161
子供たちの学力が低下する一方で、受験戦争はますます激しくなっている。
S1 一方（で）、S2. "While; when; at the same time; on the other hand" The conjunction 一方 is used to present two contrastive situations or two concurrent states, events or actions. 一方 is usually used in written language.
While children's academic skills decline, the entrance exam wars become more and more fierce.
162
勉強が忙しい一方で、学費(tuition)のためにアルバイトもしなければならないから、毎日本当に大変だ。
S1 一方（で）、S2. "While; when; at the same time; on the other hand" The conjunction 一方 is used to present two contrastive situations or two concurrent states, events or actions. 一方 is usually used in written language.
While I'm busy with my studies, at the same time I have to work a part-time job to pay my tuition, so every day is a real struggle.
163
日本語を勉強してみたいと思う。一方、フランス語もいいね。
S1. 一方(で) 、S2. [S1 could be a VN] "On the other hand," The conjunction 一方 is used to present two contrastive situations or two concurrent states, events or actions. 一方 is usually used in written language.
I think I would like to learn Japanese. On the other hand, French is nice too.
164
将来は、ヨーロッパ、あるいは、アジアで仕事ができたらいいと思っている。
N1(、N2、〜）あるいは Nn "or; either ~ or ~" あるいは is used to connect alternatives. It is usually used in formal speech or written language.
I think it'd be nice if I can work in Europe or Asia in the future.
165
この大学では、日本語、あるいは、英語で卒業論文を書くことになっている。
N1(、N2、〜）あるいは Nn "or; either ~ or ~" あるいは is used to connect alternatives. It is usually used in formal speech or written language.
At this university, senior theses are expected to be written in either Japanese or English.
166
メールを出すか、あるいは、電話をするか、どちらでもいいが、とにかく連絡しなくてはいけない。
S1 か、あるいは、S２ か "or; either ~ or ~" あるいは is used to connect alternatives. It is usually used in formal speech or written language.
You may either send an e-mail or call me. Either way is fine, but you must contact me somehow.
167
就職しようか、あるいは、大学院に進んで勉強を続けようか、今、迷っている。
S1 か、あるいは、S２ か "or; either ~ or ~" あるいは is used to connect alternatives. It is usually used in formal speech or written language.
Right now I'm torn between looking for work and going on to graduate school to continue my studies.
168
バスがなかなか来ない。授業に遅れてしまいそうだ。困ったなあ。
なかなか V-nai ない "not easily; not readily; difficult to~; slow to; to refuse to" なかなか with V-nai is usually used when something desirable doesn't happen easily or when something that is supposed to happen doesn't happen.
The bus just won't come. It looks like I'll be late for class. What should I do?
169
1年生の時は漢字がなかなか覚えられませんでしたが、今は、あまり時間をかけずに覚えられます。
なかなか V-nai ない "not easily; not readily; difficult to~; slow to; to refuse to" なかなか with V-nai is usually used when something desirable doesn't happen easily or when something that is supposed to happen doesn't happen.
When I was a first-year student I had a hard time remembering kanji, but now I can memorize them without spending too much time.
170
もう10年もピアノを練習しているが、なかなか上手に引けない。
なかなか V-nai ない "not easily; not readily; difficult to~; slow to; to refuse to" なかなか with V-nai is usually used when something desirable doesn't happen easily or when something that is supposed to happen doesn't happen.
I've been practicing piano for then whole years now, but I still can't play very well.
171
コンサートがなかなか始まらないので、客が怒り出した。
なかなか V-nai ない "not easily; not readily; difficult to~; slow to; to refuse to" なかなか with V-nai is usually used when something desirable doesn't happen easily or when something that is supposed to happen doesn't happen.
The concert is taking forever to begin, so the audience has started to get angry.
172
今年は12月になってもなかなか寒くならない。地球温暖化のせいだろうか。
なかなか V-nai ない "not easily; not readily; difficult to~; slow to; to refuse to" なかなか with V-nai is usually used when something desirable doesn't happen easily or when something that is supposed to happen doesn't happen.
This year it just hasn't gotten cold even though it's already December. I wonder if it's because of global warming.
173
来週、母の弟、つまり、叔父が中国から遊びに来ます。
N1/NP1, つまり、N2/NP2 "That is (to say); in other words; namely; (that) means; you mean ~?" つまりis used to rephrase or restate what has just been mentioned or stated.
Next week, my mother's younger brother - that is to say, my uncle - is coming to visit from China.
174
両親は20年前、つまり、私の生まれた年に結婚した。
N1/NP1, つまり、N2/NP2 "That is (to say); in other words; namely; (that) means; you mean ~?" つまりis used to rephrase or restate what has just been mentioned or stated.
My parents got married 20 years ago - that is, in the year that I was born.
175
日本の伝統芸能というのは、つまり、日本の昔のコメディなんですね。
N1/NP1, つまり、N2/NP2 "That is (to say); in other words; namely; (that) means; you mean ~?" つまりis used to rephrase or restate what has just been mentioned or stated.
So, in other words, the Japanese traditional performing art kyogen is Japan's old (form of) comedy, right?
176
受験戦争というのは、つまり、いい学校に入るために、戦争のように勉強で競争することです。
N/NP （というの）は、つまり〜{だ／（という）ことだ} "That is (to say); in other words; namely; (that) means; you mean ~?" つまりis used to rephrase or restate what has just been mentioned or stated.
In other words, the term "entrance exam war" describes the war-like academic competeition to get into a good school.
177
登校拒否というのは、つまり、いじめなど理由で学校に行かなくなるという意味です。
N/NP （というの）は、つまり〜{だ／（という）ことだ} "That is (to say); in other words; namely; (that) means; you mean ~?" つまりis used to rephrase or restate what has just been mentioned or stated.
In other words, "school refusal" means students' refusal to go to school due to bullying or some similar reason.
178
学生たちは、先生とだけでなく、一般の日本人とも日本語で話したいはずです。そこで、日本人の留学生のグループとパーティをすることにしました。
S1, そこで, S2. "Because of that; therefore; so" そこで is used to indicate and action (to be) taken because of the situation presented in S1. それで may replace そこで そこで may only replace それで when S2 is a controllable action. ex. 寒かった。それで、見に来た人が少なかった。 only それで can be used here.
We're sure students want to speak Japanese not only with their teachers, but with ordinary Japanese as well. Because of this, we've decided to set up a party for them with a group of students from Japan.
179
将来、小学校の先生になりたいと思っています。そこで、ボランティアで子供達を教えてみることにしました。
S1, そこで, S2. "Because of that; therefore; so" そこで is used to indicate and action (to be) taken because of the situation presented in S1. それで may replace そこで そこで may only replace それで when S2 is a controllable action. ex. 寒かった。それで、見に来た人が少なかった。 only それで can be used here.
I'm thinking that I want to become an elementary school teacher in the future, so I've decided to try teaching children on a volunteer basis.
180
もうすぐクリスマスです。そこで、日本のホストファミリーに何かプレゼントを贈りたいと思っているのですが、どんなものを送ったらいいでしょうか。
S1, そこで, S2. "Because of that; therefore; so" そこで is used to indicate and action (to be) taken because of the situation presented in S1. それで may replace そこで そこで may only replace それで when S2 is a controllable action. ex. 寒かった。それで、見に来た人が少なかった。 only それで can be used here.
It'll be Christmas pretty soon, so I'd like to send my host family in Japan some kind of present. What do you think I should send?
181
一生懸命に就職活動をしたが、日本の会社に就職できなかった。そこで、だいがくいんにすすむことにした。
S1, そこで, S2. "Because of that; therefore; so" そこで is used to indicate and action (to be) taken because of the situation presented in S1. それで may replace そこで そこで may only replace それで when S2 is a controllable action. ex. 寒かった。それで、見に来た人が少なかった。 only それで can be used here.
I worked my hardest to hunt for a job, but I wasn't able to get a job at a Japanese company, so I decided to continue on to graduate school.
182
私はウニ以外の寿司は、何でも食べられる。
{N1/DemP} 以外の N2 "but; except; other than; besides" X以外のY means "Y, excluding X." のY is often omitted.
I can eat any sushi except sea urchin.
183
それ以外の日
{N1/DemP} 以外の N2 "but; except; other than; besides" X以外のY means "Y, excluding X." のY is often omitted.
any day but that one
184
A: 今度のミーティングは金曜日でいいですか。 B: あ、すみません。その日はちょっと、、、。それ以外の日にしていただけませんか。
{N1/DemP} 以外の N2 "but; except; other than; besides" X以外のY means "Y, excluding X." のY is often omitted.
A: Is Friday fine for our next meeting? B: Oh, I'm sorry, Friday is not goo for me. Could we make it another day?
185
このクラスは、田中さん以外は、誰も外国に行ったことがないそうだ。
{N/DemP} 以外に "Besides N/DemP" X以外に means "besides X" and に is sometimes omitted.
I heard that, except for Ms. Tanaka, no one in this class has been around.
186
週末は、勉強以外に、テニスをしたり映画を見たりします。
{N/DemP} 以外に "Besides N/DemP" X以外に means "besides X" and に is sometimes omitted.
Besides studying, I do things like play tennis and watch movies on the weekend.
187
私は楽器は、ギター以外引いたことがない。
{N/DemP} 以外に "Besides N/DemP" X以外に means "besides X" and に is sometimes omitted.
I've never played any instrument but the guitar.
188
どんなに大変でも、日本語の勉強は決してやめない。
決してV-nai { ない／なかった} 決して V-masu {ません／ませんでした} "Never; by no means; not~ at all; not ~ in the least; definitely not" expresses strong negation of an idea, situation, possibility, etc. or strong prohibition
No matter how hard it gets, there's no way I'll give up studying.
189
今日の試験は決してやさしくありませんでしたが、みんなよくできていました。
決して A-nai {ない／なっかた／ありません／ありませんでした} This grammar expresses strong negation of an idea, situation, possibility, etc. or strong prohibition.
The test today was by no means easy, but everyone did very well.
190
彼は決して悪い人間ではない。ちょっとわがままな(selfish)だけだ。
決して{ANa/ANo/N} {では/じゃ} { ない／なかった／ありません／ありませんでした}
He's not a bad person by any measure; he's just a little selfish.
191
危ないですから、このフィンスの中に決して入ってはいけませんよ。
決して{ANa/ANo/N} {では/じゃ} { ない／なかった／ありません／ありませんでした}
It's dangerous, so you absolutely must not enter into this fenced area.
192
アルバイトで忙しいという理由で、学校を休む学生がいます。
S-plain という理由で "because" (lit. for the reason that~) is used to present the reason for a state, event, or action stated in the main clause. The phrase is usually used in written language.
There are students who skip school because they're too busy with their part-time jobs.
193
登録した学生が少ないという理由で、その授業はキャンセルされてしまいました。
S-plain という理由で "because" (lit. for the reason that~) is used to present the reason for a state, event, or action stated in the main clause. The phrase is usually used in written language.
Because there were too few students registered for it, that class ended up being cancelled.
194
このゲーム機は、安くて使いやすいという理由で、よく売れているそうだ。
S-plain という理由で "because" (lit. for the reason that~) is used to present the reason for a state, event, or action stated in the main clause. The phrase is usually used in written language.
I hear that this game console is selling well due to its low price and user-friendliness.
195
日本では外国人だという理由で、アパートを貸してもらえないことがあるらしい。信じられない。
S-plain という理由で "because" (lit. for the reason that~) is used to present the reason for a state, event, or action stated in the main clause. The phrase is usually used in written language.
Apparently, there are cases in Japan where foreigners cannot rent an apartment because they're foreigners. It's unbelievable.
196
これらの問題についてもっと話し合ってみる必要がある。
Demonstrative pronounら "these; those; they; -s; and others" [plural dem. pronouns can be used in polite speech] The plural marker ら is often used with demonstrative pronouns and certain personal pronouns. plural personal pronouns are not used in polite speech.
We need to discuss these problems more.
197
それらの点についてもう一度調べてみるつもりです。
Personal pronoun ら "these; those; they; -s; and others" [plural dem. pronouns can be used in polite speech] The plural marker ら is often used with demonstrative pronouns and certain personal pronouns. plural personal pronouns are not used in polite speech.
I intend to examine those points again.
198
彼らが言っていることはよく分からない。私たちの考えに反対なのだろうか。
Personal pronoun ら "these; those; they; -s; and others" [plural dem. pronouns can be used in polite speech] The plural marker ら is often used with demonstrative pronouns and certain personal pronouns. plural personal pronouns are not used in polite speech.
I don't really understand what they're saying. I wonder if they are disagreeing with our idea.
199
男の子が興味を持つオタク文化に対して、カワイイ文化は女の子に人気があるようだ。
Nに対して "whereas; on the other hand; in contrast" に対して is used when contrasting two actions, states, situations, etc.
It seems that in contrast to otaku culture, which mostly boys are interested in, kawaii culture is more popular among girls.
200
日本語は文法が難しいのに対して、中国語は発音が難しい。
Sのに対して "whereas; on the other hand; in contrast" に対して is used when contrasting two actions, states, situations, etc.
Whereas the difficult part of Japanese is its grammar, the difficult part of Chinese is its pronunciation.
201
中学生の約6割が塾に行っているのに対して、4割は家で勉強している。
Sのに対して "whereas; on the other hand; in contrast" に対して is used when contrasting two actions, states, situations, etc.
While approximately 60% of middle schoolers go to cram school, around 40% study at home.
202
B型の性格は楽天なのに対して、A型はまじめな性格だと言われている。
Sのに対して "whereas; on the other hand; in contrast" に対して is used when contrasting two actions, states, situations, etc.
It is said that people with blood type B are optimistic, whereas people with blood type A are serious.
203
日本ではケータイでメールをする人が多い。それに対して、アメリカではコンピュータでメールをする人が多い。
Nに対して "whereas; on the other hand; in contrast" に対して is used when contrasting two actions, states, situations, etc.
In Japan, people mostly send e-mail with their cell phones. In contrast, most people in the United States send e-mail by computer.
204
私の知っている限り、外国人が使いやすい日本語の辞書はないんですよ。
V-plain 限り "as long as; as far as; while; until; unless; as much as; as much as (one can)" this grammar is used when something is the case or is true as long as the condition in X holds true. It is also used to indicate the extent to which one can do something or one knows something. (as far as one can; as far as one knows)
As far as I know, there's no Japanese dictionary that's easy for non-native speakers to use.
205
明日までにこのレポートを翻訳するのは結構大変ですが、出来る限り頑張ってみます。
V-plain 限り "as long as; as far as; while; until; unless; as much as; as much as (one can)" this grammar is used when something is the case or is true as long as the condition in X holds true. It is also used to indicate the extent to which one can do something or one knows something. (as far as one can; as far as one knows)
It'll be pretty difficult to translate all of this report by tomorrow, but I'll do the best I can.
206
プレイスメントテストに合格しない限り、上のレベルのクラスには入れません。
V-plain 限り "as long as; as far as; while; until; unless; as much as; as much as (one can)" this grammar is used when something is the case or is true as long as the condition in X holds true. It is also used to indicate the extent to which one can do something or one knows something. (as far as one can; as far as one knows)
You won't be able to take upper-level classes until you pass the placement test.
207
この大学の学生である限り、大学が決めたルールは守らなくてはいけません。
V-plain 限り "as long as; as far as; while; until; unless; as much as; as much as (one can)" this grammar is used when something is the case or is true as long as the condition in X holds true. It is also used to indicate the extent to which one can do something or one knows something. (as far as one can; as far as one knows)
As long as you're a student here, you have to abide by the university's rules.
208
私はこの仕事が終わらない限り、家に帰ることが出来ない。
V-plain 限り "as long as; as far as; while; until; unless; as much as; as much as (one can)" this grammar is used when something is the case or is true as long as the condition in X holds true. It is also used to indicate the extent to which one can do something or one knows something. (as far as one can; as far as one knows)
Until this job is finished, I can't return home.
209
本当である限り 本当でない限り
ANoで {ある／ない} V-plain 限り "as long as; as far as; while; until; unless; as much as; as much as (one can)" this grammar is used when something is the case or is true as long as the condition in X holds true. It is also used to indicate the extent to which one can do something or one knows something. (as far as one can; as far as one knows)
As long as it's true... As long as it isn't true...
210
雨が強く降ってきたにもかかわらず、サッカーの試合は続けられた。
X にもかかわらず Y where X is {V/A}-plain ANa {な／じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} N {の／じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} "in spite of (the fact that ~); despite (the fact that ~); although; though; nevertheless" This construction is used to mean "Y in spite of X." It is used when Y is the case even though Y is not usually expected from X.
Despite the fact that it began to rain hard, the soccer match continued.
211
問題が難しかったにもかかわらず、試験はよくできた。
X にもかかわらず Y where X is {V/A}-plain ANa {な／じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} N {の／じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} "in spite of (the fact that ~); despite (the fact that ~); although; though; nevertheless" This construction is used to mean "Y in spite of X." It is used when Y is the case even though Y is not usually expected from X.
Although the questions were difficult, I did well on the exam.
212
彼女は外国人(である)にもかかわらず、日本人より日本の文化を恋している。
X にもかかわらず Y where X is {V/A}-plain ANa {な／じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} N {の／じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} "in spite of (the fact that ~); despite (the fact that ~); although; though; nevertheless" This construction is used to mean "Y in spite of X." It is used when Y is the case even though Y is not usually expected from X.
Although she's a foreigner, she loves Japanese culture more than Japanese people do.
213
オオカミ少年の言ったことは本当だったにもかかわらず、その前に何回も嘘をついていたので、誰も少年の言う事を信じなかった。
X にもかかわらず Y where X is {V/A}-plain ANa {な／じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} N {の／じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} "in spite of (the fact that ~); despite (the fact that ~); although; though; nevertheless" This construction is used to mean "Y in spite of X." It is used when Y is the case even though Y is not usually expected from X.
Although the boy who cried wolf was telling the truth, no one believed him because of all the lies he had told before.
214
せっかく日本語を３年も勉強したのだから、ぜひ一度、日本に行ってみたいです。
せっかく V {のだから/のに} "with effort; at great pain; take the trouble to do ~; ~, which is a rare occasion/event/etc." せっかく is used in 2 situations: (1) when the speaker/writer does something with a lot of effort or at great pain ad therefore he/she wants to make use of it; or, in spite of the effort or pain, he/she cannot make use of it. (this is the case here)
I've spent three whole years studying Japanese, so Id' really love to visit Japan once.
215
せっかくケーキを焼いたのに、誰も食べてくれなかったから、がっかりした。
せっかく V {のだから/のに} "with effort; at great pain; take the trouble to do ~; ~, which is a rare occasion/event/etc." せっかく is used in 2 situations: (1) when the speaker/writer does something with a lot of effort or at great pain ad therefore he/she wants to make use of it; or, in spite of the effort or pain, he/she cannot make use of it. (this is the case here)
I went to all the trouble to bake a cake but no one would eat it - it was so disappointing.
216
せっかく日本に行ったのに、ホームステイが出来なくて、残念だった。
せっかく V {のだから/のに} "with effort; at great pain; take the trouble to do ~; ~, which is a rare occasion/event/etc." せっかく is used in 2 situations: (1) when the speaker/writer does something with a lot of effort or at great pain ad therefore he/she wants to make use of it; or, in spite of the effort or pain, he/she cannot make use of it. (this is the case here)
It was too bad that I went all the way to Japan and wasn't able to do a homestay.
217
せっかくの野球の試合が雨で中止になってしまった。
せっかくのN "with effort; at great pain; take the trouble to do ~; ~, which is a rare occasion/event/etc." せっかく is used in 2 situations: (2) when a given opportunity is rare and therefore he/she wants to make use of it; or, in spite of their opportunity, he/she cannot make use of it
The baseball game we'd been looking forward to ended up being called off due to rain.
218
せっかくですが、今日は仕事が忙しくて。
せっかく{ですが／ですけど／だけど／etc} "with effort; at great pain; take the trouble to do ~; ~, which is a rare occasion/event/etc." せっかく is used in 2 situations: (2) when a given opportunity is rare and therefore he/she wants to make use of it; or, in spite of their opportunity, he/she cannot make use of it
This is a rare (event, invitation, etc), but I'm busy with work today...
219
A: 今夜、私の家に食事にいらっしゃいませんか。 B: ありがとうございます。でも、せっかくですが、今日は仕事が忙しくて、、、
せっかく{ですが／ですけど／だけど／etc} "with effort; at great pain; take the trouble to do ~; ~, which is a rare occasion/event/etc." せっかく is used in 2 situations: (2) when a given opportunity is rare and therefore he/she wants to make use of it; or, in spite of their opportunity, he/she cannot make use of it
A: Would you like to come to my house tonight for dinner? B: Thank you. I hate to pass up such a kind of invitation, but I'm afraid I'm rather busy with work today.
220
春だと言っても、寒くてまだセーターを着ている。
{ANa/N} + {だ／じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} {と／って} 言っても "although ~ say/said that ~; even though ~ say/said that ~"
It's technically spring, but it's still so cold that I'm wearing sweaters.
221
漢字が読めると言っても、まだ300ぐらいしか読めませんから、新聞の内容は全然わかりません。
{V/A}-plain {と/って} 言っても "although ~ say/said that ~; even though ~ say/said that ~" Its used to clarify what has just been said in order to avoid misunderstanding. って is used in place of と in casual conversation or writing.
I say I can read kanji, but I can read only about 300, so I can't understand newspaper articles at all.
222
この文法は難しいと言っても、全部分からないわけではない。
{V/A}-plain {と/って} 言っても "although ~ say/said that ~; even though ~ say/said that ~" Its used to clarify what has just been said in order to avoid misunderstanding. って is used in place of と in casual conversation or writing.
Although I say that this grammar is difficult, that doesn't mean I don't understand it at all.
223
大学に近くて便利だって言っても、家賃が高すぎるから、この部屋は借りられない。
{V/A}-plain {と/って} 言っても "although ~ say/said that ~; even though ~ say/said that ~" Its used to clarify what has just been said in order to avoid misunderstanding. って is used in place of と in casual conversation or writing.
Even if its location is close to the university, the rent for this room is too high for me to rent it.
224
子供だと言っても、ばかにしてはいけない。
{ANa/N} + {だ／じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} {と／って} 言っても "although ~ say/said that ~; even though ~ say/said that ~"
You shouldn't underestimate him just because he's a child.
225
予定が思うように進まないので、とても困っています。
思うように〜ない [->typically, ~ is V-potential] "not ~ as one wishes" This phrase means that something is not in accord with the speaker's/writer's (or the subject's) wish or desire. The verb potential form is usually used in this structure.)
The schedule is not going as planned and I'm having a lot of trouble.
226
人の前では自分の考えが思うように言えない。
思うように〜ない [->typically, ~ is V-potential] "not ~ as one wishes" This phrase means that something is not in accord with the speaker's/writer's (or the subject's) wish or desire. The verb potential form is usually used in this structure.)
In front of other people I can't express my thoughts the way I'd like to.
227
子供の時、ピアノを一生懸命に練習したけど、思うように引けなかったので、辞めてしまった。
思うように〜ない [->typically, ~ is V-potential] "not ~ as one wishes" This phrase means that something is not in accord with the speaker's/writer's (or the subject's) wish or desire. The verb potential form is usually used in this structure.)
When I was young I practiced piano as hard as I could, but I wasn't able to play as well as I wanted, so I ended up quitting.
228
私たちは話も出来ないほど疲れていた。
V-plain.non-past ほど "to the extent that~ ; so~ that ~ (almost)~; not as ~ as N; to (this/that) degree; (this/that) much" The particle ほど is used to express the degree of a state. When a sentence precedes ほど, the element just before ほど is a verb.
We were so tired we couldn't even speak.
229
疲れていて話もできないほどだった。
V-plain.non-past ほど "to the extent that~ ; so~ that ~ (almost)~; not as ~ as N; to (this/that) degree; (this/that) much" The particle ほど is used to express the degree of a state. When a sentence precedes ほど, the element just before ほど is a verb.
We were so tired we couldn't even speak.
230
このカレーは涙ができるほど辛い。
V-plain.non-past ほど "to the extent that~ ; so~ that ~ (almost)~; not as ~ as N; to (this/that) degree; (this/that) much" The particle ほど is used to express the degree of a state. When a sentence precedes ほど, the element just before ほど is a verb.
This curry is so spicy it brings tears to your eyes.
231
このカレーは辛くて涙が出るほどだ。
V-plain.non-past ほど "to the extent that~ ; so~ that ~ (almost)~; not as ~ as N; to (this/that) degree; (this/that) much" The particle ほど is used to express the degree of a state. When a sentence precedes ほど, the element just before ほど is a verb.
This curry is so spicy it brings tears to your eyes.
232
フォトショップを使うと、写真の編集が驚くほど簡単にできる。
V-plain.non-past ほど "to the extent that~ ; so~ that ~ (almost)~; not as ~ as N; to (this/that) degree; (this/that) much" The particle ほど is used to express the degree of a state. When a sentence precedes ほど, the element just before ほど is a verb.
It's surprisingly easy to edit photos when you use Photoshop.
233
私はチョコレートが死ぬほど好きだ。毎日でも食べる。
V-plain.non-past ほど "to the extent that~ ; so~ that ~ (almost)~; not as ~ as N; to (this/that) degree; (this/that) much" The particle ほど is used to express the degree of a state. When a sentence precedes ほど, the element just before ほど is a verb.
I love chocolate to death! I eat it almost every day.
234
日本語は、話せることは話せるが、通訳ができるほどではない。
V-plain.non-past ほど "to the extent that~ ; so~ that ~ (almost)~; not as ~ as N; to (this/that) degree; (this/that) much" The particle ほど is used to express the degree of a state. When a sentence precedes ほど, the element just before ほど is a verb.
I can speak Japanese alright, but not well enough to act as an interpreter.
235
私は日本語が上手に話せることは話せるが、スミスさんほどではない。
N のほど "to the extent that~ ; so~ that ~ (almost)~; not as ~ as N; to (this/that) degree; (this/that) much" The particle ほど is used to express the degree of a state. When a sentence precedes ほど, the element just before ほど is a verb
I'm good enough at Japanese, but I'm not as fluent as Mr. Smith.
236
これほどすばらしい絵を見たことがない。
DemPほど "to the extent that~ ; so~ that ~ (almost)~; not as ~ as N; to (this/that) degree; (this/that) much" The particle ほど is used to express the degree of a state. When a sentence precedes ほど, the element just before ほど is a verb
I've never seen a picture as great as this.
237
1年に700万人以上の人が訪れるという。
S-plain という "It is said that ~; They say that ~" This structure indicate that the preceding information is not first hand. This is a polite form.
It is said over 7 million visit each year.
238
ロンドンの大英博物館(The British Museum)には、約700万点のコレクションがあるという。
S-plain という "It is said that ~; They say that ~" This structure indicate that the preceding information is not first hand. This is a polite form.
It's said that the British Museum in London has around seven million pieces in its collection.
239
聖徳太子(Prince Shotaku)という人物は、一度に十人の人が話していることが分かったという。
S-plain という "It is said that ~; They say that ~" This structure indicate that the preceding information is not first hand. This is a polite form.
They say that Prince Shotaku could listen to eight people talking at once and understand all of them.
240
世界で最も観光客が多い国はフランスで、1年に700万人以上の人が小戸ずれるという。
S-plain という "It is said that ~; They say that ~" This structure indicate that the preceding information is not first hand. This is a polite form.
It's said that France is the most popular tourist destination in the world, with more than seven million visitors a year.
241
病状に合わせて、いろいろな薬が使われる。
N に会わせて "making ~ suitable for N; according to N" The literal meaning this grammar is "fitting/matching/adjusting something to N" and is often used to mean "making something suitable for N" or "according to N"
A variety of medicines are used depending on the condition of the patient.
242
人々の生活の変化に合わせて、家の形も変わってきました。
N に会わせて "making ~ suitable for N; according to N" The literal meaning this grammar is "fitting/matching/adjusting something to N" and is often used to mean "making something suitable for N" or "according to N"
The housing styles have changed in order to match the change in people's lifestyles.
243
このリストの中から、予算に合った商品を選ぶことができます。
N1 に会った N2 "N2 suitable for N1"
You can choose products from this list in accordance with your budget.
244
子供には、子供の年齢に合った本を与えた方がいいですよ。
N1 に会った N2 "N2 suitable for N1"
You should give children books that are suitable for their age.
245
冬の間、カエルは、まるで死んだように動きません。
まるで V-plain ように "as if ~ (were/-ed); just like" This structure is used to introduce a simile, i.e., to describe a thing, person, action, etc. by comparing it with a similar thing, person, action, etc. まるで is an emphatic marker.
During the winter, frogs remain motionless as if they were dead.
246
まだ春なのに、今日はまるで夏のように暑い。
まるで N {の／じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} ように "as if ~ (were/-ed); just like" This structure is used to introduce a simile, i.e., to describe a thing, person, action, etc. by comparing it with a similar thing, person, action, etc. まるで is an emphatic marker.
It's still spring, but today is so hot it seems almost like summer.
247
このロボットは、まるで人間のように歩くことができます。
まるで N {の／じゃない／だった／じゃなかった} ように "as if ~ (were/-ed); just like" This structure is used to introduce a simile, i.e., to describe a thing, person, action, etc. by comparing it with a similar thing, person, action, etc. まるで is an emphatic marker.
This robot can walk such a way that is almost looks like a human.
248
あの小娘は、まるで子猫のようだ。
Sentence ending form: 〜ようだ。 "as if ~ (were/-ed); just like" This structure is used to introduce a simile, i.e., to describe a thing, person, action, etc. by comparing it with a similar thing, person, action, etc. まるで is an emphatic marker.
That young girl is just like a kitten.
249
まるで天子のような女。
sentence ending form: 〜ようなN. "as if ~ (were/-ed); just like" This structure is used to introduce a simile, i.e., to describe a thing, person, action, etc. by comparing it with a similar thing, person, action, etc. まるで is an emphatic marker.
A woman just like an angel.
250
明日の試験では、言うまでもなく、文法の問題が出ます。
（Xは）言うまでもなく、S。 "needless to say; it goes without saying that ~; it is obvious that ~; not to mention ~; let alone ~" This phrase is used when the speaker mentions something obvious or something assumed to be known to the hearer. It is commonly used in written language.
Needless to say, there will be grammar questions on tomorrow's test.
251
図書館では静かにしなくてはいけないことは、言うまでもない。
S {こと／の} は言うまでもない。 "needless to say; it goes without saying that ~; it is obvious that ~; not to mention ~; let alone ~" This phrase is used when the speaker mentions something obvious or something assumed to be known to the hearer. It is commonly used in written language.
It goes without saying that you need to be quiet in the library.
252
世界で人気がある日本のポップカルチャーには、アニメは言うまでもなく、ファッションや音楽などもある。
N1 は言うまでもなく N2 も "needless to say; it goes without saying that ~; it is obvious that ~; not to mention ~; let alone ~" This phrase is used when the speaker mentions something obvious or something assumed to be known to the hearer. It is commonly used in written language.
Anime is a given, but fashion and music are also a part of the Japanese pop culture popular around the world.
253
日本のトイレには、お湯がお尻を洗うトイレから、ふたが自動で開くトイレまでもある。
N1 から N2 までも "even; to even" までも is used to present something which is considered to be beyond one's expectation or imagination.
There are Japanese toilets that wash your bottom with warm water and even those that have self-opening lids.
254
この教科書では、漢字や文法だけでなく、日本の現代の文化から歴史までも学べる。
N1 だけでなく N2 まで（も） "even; to even" までも is used to present something which is considered to be beyond one's expectation or imagination.
In this textbook, you can learn not only kanji and grammar, but also contemporary Japanese culture and even history.
255
最近では、歩くだけでなく、サッカーをするロボットまである。
N まで（も） "even; to even" までも is used to present something which is considered to be beyond one's expectation or imagination.
Recently, there are even robots that not only walk but also play soccer.
256
健康のためには、肉でも、野菜でも、なんでもバランスよく食べなくてはいけませんよ。
N1 でも N2 でも "including X and Y; whether (it is) X or Y" This is used to provide examples for the statement in the sentence. This structure implies that there are also things other than the examples which make the statement true. Note that XもYも (both X and Y) does not carry such an implication..
To be healthy, you must eat in a balanced way, whether it's meat or vegetables or something else.
257
「隣のトトロ」でも、「風の谷のナウシカ」でも、宮崎駿のアニメはみんな素晴らしい。
N1 でも N2 でも "including X and Y; whether (it is) X or Y" This is used to provide examples for the statement in the sentence. This structure implies that there are also things other than the examples which make the statement true. Note that XもYも (both X and Y) does not carry such an implication..
From "My Neighbor Totoro" to "Nausica and the Valley of the Wind", (no matter the choice) all of Hayao Miyazaki's anime are superb.
258
このゲームは、子供でも大人でも楽しむことが出来ます。
N1 でも N2 でも "including X and Y; whether (it is) X or Y" This is used to provide examples for the statement in the sentence. This structure implies that there are also things other than the examples which make the statement true. Note that XもYも (both X and Y) does not carry such an implication..
Everyone from children to adults can enjoy this game.
259
コンビニには、生活用品でも食べ物でも雑誌や新聞でも、なんでも置いてある。
N1 でも N2 でも "including X and Y; whether (it is) X or Y" This is used to provide examples for the statement in the sentence. This structure implies that there are also things other than the examples which make the statement true. Note that XもYも (both X and Y) does not carry such an implication..
They've got everything at convenience stores, from everyday essentials to food to magazines and newspapers.
260
オリンピックは4年に1度行われることになっています。したがって、次のオリンピックは今回のオリンピックから4年後です。
S1 (reason/cause). したがって、S２ (consequence.) "therefore; accordingly; consequently; as a result; so"
It's a rule that the Olympic Games are held once every four years. Accordingly, the next Olympics will be four years from this Olympics.
261
英語は世界で最も使われている言葉の一つだ。したがって、英語を義務教育の中に入れている国は多い。
S1 (reason/cause). したがって、S２ (consequence.) "therefore; accordingly; consequently; as a result; so"
English is one of the most widely-used languages in the world. As a result, many countries have made the English language a part of their compulsory education.
262
コーヒーにはたくさんカフェインが入っている。したがって、飲み過ぎると寝られなくなる。
S1 (reason/cause). したがって、S２ (consequence.) "therefore; accordingly; consequently; as a result; so"
There's a lot of caffeine in coffee. Because of this, if you drink too much you won't be able to sleep.
263
この教科書を使うようになって、学生たちの日本語がどんどん上達したというのは事実だ。
S (という）のは事実だ。 "It is {true/a fact that} ~" Used when the speaker wants to claim that something is true or is a fact, or when he/she admits that something is true or a fact. The presence or absence of という does not change the meaning.
It's a fact that once we started using this textbook, the student's Japanese improved rapidly.
264
東京は物価が高いことだけでなく、土地も狭いので、暮らしにくいというのは事実だ。
S (という）のは事実だ。 "It is {true/a fact that} ~" Used when the speaker wants to claim that something is true or is a fact, or when he/she admits that something is true or a fact. The presence or absence of という does not change the meaning.
The fact is that Tokyo is a hard place to live in, not only because the prices are high there but also because the land is small (i.e. there are too many people for the land)
265
私が彼のことが好きだというのは事実だが、将来彼と結婚しようと思っているわけではない。
S (という）のは事実だ。 "It is {true/a fact that} ~" Used when the speaker wants to claim that something is true or is a fact, or when he/she admits that something is true or a fact. The presence or absence of という does not change the meaning.
It's true that I like him, but it's not that I'm thinking about marrying him in the future.
266
教育という点から考えると、マンガにはテント悪い点がある。
N という点から考えると "to view from the standpoint of ~; from the perspective of ~" used to indicate someone's view from the standpoint of X. Examples of X include business, environment, education, etc.
From an educational standpoint, there are both good and bad things about manga.
267
便利さという点から考えると、このアパートが一番だ。
N という点から考えると "to view from the standpoint of ~; from the perspective of ~" used to indicate someone's view from the standpoint of X. Examples of X include business, environment, education, etc.
From a convenience standpoint, this apartment is the best.
268
面白さという点から考えると、この小説はあまり面白くないが、でも、歴史的なことが分かるので勉強になる。
N という点から考えると "to view from the standpoint of ~; from the perspective of ~" used to indicate someone's view from the standpoint of X. Examples of X include business, environment, education, etc.
From the standpoint of being interesting, this novel is not very interesting, but you can learn some things about history, so it is informative.
269
教育の平等という点から考えると、現在の教育制度には問題がある。
N という点から考えると "to view from the standpoint of ~; from the perspective of ~" used to indicate someone's view from the standpoint of X. Examples of X include business, environment, education, etc.
From the point of view of equality in education, there are problems with the current educational system.
270
最近の子供は、外で遊ばない上に本も読まないらしい。
S 上に "in addition to~; besides~; not only~but also~; moreover~; ~ as well" The conjunction 上に introduces additional information emphatically.
They say that children these days not only don't play outdoors, they don't even read books.
271
このクラスは毎月試験がある上に宿題もたくさんあるから、とても大変だ。
S 上に "in addition to~; besides~; not only~but also~; moreover~; ~ as well" The conjunction 上に introduces additional information emphatically.
In addition to having a test every month, there's also a lot of homework for this class, so it's reallt tough.
272
東京は人が多い上に、物価が高い。だから、住みにくい。
S 上に "in addition to~; besides~; not only~but also~; moreover~; ~ as well" The conjunction 上に introduces additional information emphatically.
Tokyo's not just crowded, it's also expensive. That makes it a hard place to live.
273
このホテルは静かな上に、サービスがとてもいい。
S 上に "in addition to~; besides~; not only~but also~; moreover~; ~ as well" The conjunction 上に introduces additional information emphatically.
This hotel's not just quiet, it also has excellent service.
274
アインシュタインは物理学者だった上に、音楽家としても素晴らしかったそうです。
S 上に "in addition to~; besides~; not only~but also~; moreover~; ~ as well" The conjunction 上に introduces additional information emphatically.
I've heard that in addition to being a physicist Einstein was also superb musician.
275
嬉しいことに、奨学金がもらえることになった。
A.plain.non-past ことに “It is~ that~; I am/We are ~ that ~; To my ~" ことに is used to express the speaker's feeling or subjective judgment about what is said in the main clause. ことに can only be used with a limited set of words.
Happily, I ended up being able to get a scholarship.
276
悲しいことに、大学を卒業してから、大学時代の友達と会えなくなってしまった。
A.plain.non-past ことに “It is~ that~; I am/We are ~ that ~; To my ~" ことに is used to express the speaker's feeling or subjective judgment about what is said in the main clause. ことに can only be used with a limited set of words.
Sadly, since I graduated from college, I haven't been able to see my college friends.
277
残念なことに、私達のチームは最後の試合で負けてしまった。
ANa なことに “It is~ that~; I am/We are ~ that ~; To my ~" ことに is used to express the speaker's feeling or subjective judgment about what is said in the main clause. ことに can only be used with a limited set of words.
Unfortunately, our team lost in the last match.
278
幸せなことに、年をとっても、体だけは健康です。
ANa なことに “It is~ that~; I am/We are ~ that ~; To my ~" ことに is used to express the speaker's feeling or subjective judgment about what is said in the main clause. ことに can only be used with a limited set of words.
Fortunately, even though I've gotten older, at least my body is healthy.
279
驚いたことに、この鳥は人間の言葉が話せるらしい。
V-plain ことに “It is~ that~; I am/We are ~ that ~; To my ~" ことに is used to express the speaker's feeling or subjective judgment about what is said in the main clause. ことに can only be used with a limited set of words.
To my surprise, it seems that this bird can speak human language.
280
腹の立つことには、私、彼が好きです。
V.plain ことに “It is~ that~; I am/We are ~ that ~; To my ~" ことに is used to express the speaker's feeling or subjective judgment about what is said in the main clause. ことに can only be used with a limited set of words.
What makes me angry is that I like him.
281
私は日本文学を研究したいと思っている。だが、両親は私に医者になってほしがっている。
S1. だが、S2. "but; however" だが is a disjunctive conjunction. S1 and S2 present contrastive statements or opposing ideas. Note: でも、けれど、けど are colloquial けれども、しかしながら、だが、and が are primarily used in written language. しかし can be used in both written and spoken language.
I think I'd like to study Japanese literature. My parents, however, want me to become a doctor.
282
Wikipediaは何かを調べるときにとても便利だ。だが、間違った情報もたくさんあるので、注意した方がいい。
S1. だが、S2. "but; however" だが is a disjunctive conjunction. S1 and S2 present contrastive statements or opposing ideas. Note: でも、けれど、けど are colloquial けれども、しかしながら、だが、and が are primarily used in written language. しかし can be used in both written and spoken language.
Wikipedia is really useful when you want to look something up, but it has a lot of inaccurate information, so you've got to be careful.
283
YouTubeは面白い。だが、問題のある動画も多い。
S1. だが、S2. "but; however" だが is a disjunctive conjunction. S1 and S2 present contrastive statements or opposing ideas. Note: でも、けれど、けど are colloquial けれども、しかしながら、だが、and が are primarily used in written language. しかし can be used in both written and spoken language.
YouTube is interesting, but there are also a lot of problematic video clips.
284
いつ起きるか分からない地震に対して、対策を考えておかなければならない。
N に対して "toward; for; in; with regard to" This grammar marks something to/toward/about which one does something, or mark someone to/toward whom one does something or owes something. In different contexts, it can mark something one has interest in. Do not confuse with the use where に対して indicates two contrasting actions, states, situations, etc.
We need to think about how to deal with earthquakes, which are unpredictable as to when they will be hit.
285
日本語では、目上の人に対して「あなた」と呼ぶのはとても失礼なことだ。
N に対して "toward; for; in; with regard to" This grammar marks something to/toward/about which one does something, or mark someone to/toward whom one does something or owes something. In different contexts, it can mark something one has interest in. Do not confuse with the use where に対して indicates two contrasting actions, states, situations, etc.
In Japanese, it's very rude to address your superiors as "anata".
286
税金を払うことは、国民の句に対する義務である。
N1 に対する N2 "toward; for; in; with regard to" This grammar marks something to/toward/about which one does something, or mark someone to/toward whom one does something or owes something. In different contexts, it can mark something one has interest in. Do not confuse with the use where に対して indicates two contrasting actions, states, situations, etc."toward; for; in; with regard to" This grammar marks something to/toward/about which one does something, or mark someone to/toward whom one does something or owes something. In different contexts, it can mark something one has interest in. Do not confuse with the use where に対して indicates two contrasting actions, states, situations, etc.
Paying taxes is a citizen's responsibility to his country.
287
日本語を勉強して、日本の歴史に対する興味がさらに強くなった。
N1 に対する N2 "toward; for; in; with regard to" This grammar marks something to/toward/about which one does something, or mark someone to/toward whom one does something or owes something. In different contexts, it can mark something one has interest in. Do not confuse with the use where に対して indicates two contrasting actions, states, situations, etc."toward; for; in; with regard to" This grammar marks something to/toward/about which one does something, or mark someone to/toward whom one does something or owes something. In different contexts, it can mark something one has interest in. Do not confuse with the use where に対して indicates two contrasting actions, states, situations, etc.
After I studied Japanese, my interest in Japanese history became even stronger.
288
日本語や中国語を勉強して、アジアの国々に対する見方が変わった。
N1 に対する N2 "toward; for; in; with regard to" This grammar marks something to/toward/about which one does something, or mark someone to/toward whom one does something or owes something. In different contexts, it can mark something one has interest in. Do not confuse with the use where に対して indicates two contrasting actions, states, situations, etc."toward; for; in; with regard to" This grammar marks something to/toward/about which one does something, or mark someone to/toward whom one does something or owes something. In different contexts, it can mark something one has interest in. Do not confuse with the use where に対して indicates two contrasting actions, states, situations, etc.
Studying Japanese and Chinese has changed the way I look at Asian countries.
289
次の電車がすぐ来るから、急ぐことはありません。ゆっくり行きましょう。
V-plain.non-past すること（は）ない "don't have to ~; don't need to ~; It's not necessary to ~; There is no need to ~" In casual conversation the は may drop.
The next train will come soon, so we don't need to rush. Let's take our time.
290
インターネットで注文すればいいから、店まで買いに行くことはないよ。
V-plain.non-past すること（は）ない "don't have to ~; don't need to ~; It's not necessary to ~; There is no need to ~" In casual conversation the は may drop.
Because we can just order it on the Internet, there's no need to go to the store to get it.
291
よく勉強したんだから、１００点を取っても、驚くことないよ。
V-plain.non-past すること（は）ない "don't have to ~; don't need to ~; It's not necessary to ~; There is no need to ~" In casual conversation the は may drop.
You studied hard, so you shouldn't be surprised that you got a perfect score.
292
彼と別れてもがっかりすることないよ。もっといい人がすぐ見つかるから。
V-plain.non-past すること（は）ない "don't have to ~; don't need to ~; It's not necessary to ~; There is no need to ~" In casual conversation the は may drop.
You don't have to be down just because you broke up with your boyfriend. You'll meet someone much better in no time.
293
スミスさんは、日本語が上手だ。なぜかというと、日本に長く住んでいたからだ。
{どうして／なぜ} かというと 〜から {だ/です／etc.} "The reason is (that) ~; Because ~" If the sentence starts with どうして／なぜ it must end with から だ／です。
Mr. Smith is good at Japanese. As to why, it's because he lived in Japan for a long time.
294
私は辛い食べ物が好きだから、どちらかというと日本語料理より、韓国料理の方が好きだ。
どちらかというと "if anything; rather; if I have to decide" This is a set phrase.
I like spicy food, so if I had to pick, I'd say I like Korean food more than Japanese food.
295
A: 今度のミーティングはいつですか。 B: えっと、今度のミーティングは五日というと、あっ、来週の水曜日ですね。
{いつ／だれ／どのぐらい} かというと "to tell you when/who/etc.~ (it is ~)." Question word + かというと literally means "if I were to tell you who/what/when/etc." In general this phrase is used to emphasize the information which follows or to delay providing the information in order to keep the hearer in suspense or to stall while recalling it.
A: Where's the next meeting? B: Let's see, the next meeting is… here wo go, next Wednesday.
296
このコンピュータのメモリは、どのぐらいかというと、２GB ぐらいです。
{いつ／だれ／どのぐらい} かというと "to tell you when/who/etc.~ (it is ~)." Question word + かというと literally means "if I were to tell you who/what/when/etc." In general this phrase is used to emphasize the information which follows or to delay providing the information in order to keep the hearer in suspense or to stall while recalling it.
As for how much memory this computer has, it's around 2 GB.
297
次に発表する人は、誰かというと、田中さんです。
{いつ／だれ／どのぐらい} かというと "to tell you when/who/etc.~ (it is ~)." Question word + かというと literally means "if I were to tell you who/what/when/etc." In general this phrase is used to emphasize the information which follows or to delay providing the information in order to keep the hearer in suspense or to stall while recalling it.
The next presenter is… um… it's Ms. Tanaka.
298
A：頭が痛いです。 B： それなら、すぐに寝た方がいいよ。
それなら "If that's the case; If so" それ meaning "that" refers to the speaker's previous statement of the statement which was just made by the hearer.
A: My head aches. B: If that's the case, you should go to bed right away.
299
A：今度、どこか美味しいレストランで食事したいと思っているんだけど。 B：ああ、それなら、新しくできた和食レストランに行ってみたら？なかなかおいしかったよ。
それなら "If that's the case; If so" それ meaning "that" refers to the speaker's previous statement of the statement which was just made by the hearer.
A: I think I want to eat out at a restaurant with good food tonight. B: Oh, if that's so, why don't you try that new Japanese restaurant? It was pretty good.
300
両親は毎日のように、よく勉強していい大学に入りなさいと言います。それなら、私が勉強しているとき、弟や妹に静かにするように言ってほしいと思います。
それなら "If that's the case; If so" それ meaning "that" refers to the speaker's previous statement of the statement which was just made by the hearer.
My parents tell me almost every day to study hard so I can get into a good university. If that's what they want, I want them to tell my little brother and sister to be quiet while I'm studying.
301
漢字が難しいと思っている学生は少なくない。
N {は／が／も} 少なくない "many; much; plenty of; not a few' 少なくない is a double negative meaning "many; much" and is commonly used in written language. It cannot modify nouns. For ex. 少なくない人 is a BAD expression.
There are more than a few students who think that kanji are difficult.
302
この大学には、外国からきている留学生も少なくないそうだ。
N {は／が／も} 少なくない "many; much; plenty of; not a few' 少なくない is a double negative meaning "many; much" and is commonly used in written language. It cannot modify nouns. For ex. 少なくない人 is a BAD expression.
I hear that there are also a considerable amount of foreign students at this university.
303
給料は少なくないのに、あまり貯金ができないのはどうしてだろうか。
N {は／が／も} 少なくない "many; much; plenty of; not a few' 少なくない is a double negative meaning "many; much" and is commonly used in written language. It cannot modify nouns. For ex. 少なくない人 is a BAD expression.
Although my salary's not bad, I wonder why I haven't been able to save up much money.
304
日本に住んでいた時は地震が少なくなかったから、本高のそばにはねないようにしていた。
N {は／が／も} 少なくない "many; much; plenty of; not a few' 少なくない is a double negative meaning "many; much" and is commonly used in written language. It cannot modify nouns. For ex. 少なくない人 is a BAD expression.
There were more than a few earthquakes when I was living in Japan, so I made sure not to sleep near the bookshelf.
305
インタネットを通して、色々な情報を得ることが出来る。
N を通して "through; via" を通して indicates a medium (X) through which someone does something or something happens. X can be things, people, activities or actions.
You can get all sorts of information over the Internet.
306
スポーツを通して、子供たちはとても仲良くなりました。
N を通して "through; via" を通して indicates a medium (X) through which someone does something or something happens. X can be things, people, activities or actions.
Through sports, the children became good friends.
307
伝統芸能を通して、日本の古くて美しい文化を学んだ。
N を通して "through; via" を通して indicates a medium (X) through which someone does something or something happens. X can be things, people, activities or actions.
I learned of Japan's old time, beautiful culture through its traditional performing arts.
308
彼が私を好きだということは、彼の友達を通して聴いた。とてもうれしかった。
N を通して "through; via" を通して indicates a medium (X) through which someone does something or something happens. X can be things, people, activities or actions.
It was from one of his friends that I heard that he likes me, which made me very happy.
309
コンピュータウイルスは、インターネットやメールだけでなく、DVDやCDを通しても入ることがあるので、気を付けてください。
N を通して "through; via" を通して indicates a medium (X) through which someone does something or something happens. X can be things, people, activities or actions.
You can get computer viruses not just through the Internet and by e-mail, but also from DVDs and CDs, so be careful.
310
昨夜から今朝にかけて、たくさん雨が降った。
N1 から N2 にかけて "from N1 to N2" indicates a span of time or space and is used primarily in written language.
We had lots of rain from last night through this morning.
311
年末から年始にかけて、ヨーロッパを旅行しました。
N1 から N2 にかけて "from N1 to N2" indicates a span of time or space and is used primarily in written language.
I traveled in Europe from year end into the new year.
312
ここから隣の町にかけて、スーパーやレストランが並んでいるので、道がとても混む。
N1 から N2 にかけて "from N1 to N2" indicates a span of time or space and is used primarily in written language.
There are supermarkets and restaurants lined up along the road from here to the next town, so the road gets so crowded.
313
今の気温は華氏 (fahrenheit) で50度だから、摂氏で言うと10度ぐらいだ。
"in terms of; in; according to; from the viewpoint of" で言うと is used to restate something according to a different system or framework (e.g. a calendar, a measurement system, a language, a country's history)
The temperature right now is 50 degrees Fahrenheit, so that would be around 10 degrees Celsius.
314
イタリアのりネっサンス時代は、日本の歴史で言うと鎌倉時代から室町時代に当たります。
"in terms of; in; according to; from the viewpoint of" で言うと is used to restate something according to a different system or framework (e.g. a calendar, a measurement system, a language, a country's history)
In terms of Japanese history, the Italian Renaissance corresponds to the Kamakura and Muromachi Periods.
315
西暦（AD）2000年は、平成で言うと平成12年に当たります。
"in terms of; in; according to; from the viewpoint of" で言うと is used to restate something according to a different system or framework (e.g. a calendar, a measurement system, a language, a country's history)
2000 AD corresponds to the 12th year of Heisei.
316
僕の身長は6フィート、メートル法で言うと約180センチだ。
"in terms of; in; according to; from the viewpoint of" で言うと is used to restate something according to a different system or framework (e.g. a calendar, a measurement system, a language, a country's history)
I'm 6 feet tall or, going by the metric system, around 180 centimeters.
317
病気の人に言う「お大事に」という表現は、英語で言うと”Please take care."に当たります。
"in terms of; in; according to; from the viewpoint of" で言うと is used to restate something according to a different system or framework (e.g. a calendar, a measurement system, a language, a country's history)
The expressions "O-daijini" which is said to sick people, corresponds to the English "Please take care".
318
ここには各先生のメールアドレスと、各セクションの教室の番号が書いてあります
各 + N "each ~; various" A prefix which adds the meaning "each; various." When the referent of the noun after 各 is unknown, it means "various."
The e-mail address for each instructor and the classroom for each section are written here.
319
各学年から選ばれた学生が、スピーチコンテストにでることになった。
各 + N "each ~; various" A prefix which adds the meaning "each; various." When the referent of the noun after 各 is unknown, it means "various."
It's been decided that a student chosen from each class (i.e. first-year etc), will take part in the speech contest.
320
アメリカでは、お酒が飲める年齢についての規制は、各州でそれぞれ違う。
各 + N "each ~; various" A prefix which adds the meaning "each; various." When the referent of the noun after 各 is unknown, it means "various."
In the United States, the rules concerning the legal drinking age are different in each state.
321
各国の代表者が集めって、テロの犯罪について会議を開いた。
各 + N "each ~; various" A prefix which adds the meaning "each; various." When the referent of the noun after 各 is unknown, it means "various."
The countries gathered each of their delegates and opened the session related to Terrorism.
322
あのレストランは、安いばかりでなく、とてもおいしい。
S ばかりでなく This structure is similar to XだけでなくY(も). It is usually used in written language.
That restaurant's not only cheap; it's also delicious.
323
一生懸命勉強したら、日本語が上手になったばかりでなく、成績もよくなった。
N1(part) ばかりでなく N2(part) +(も） This structure is similar to XだけでなくY(も). It is usually used in written language.
I studied as hard as I could, and not only did I get better at Japanese, but my grades also improved.
324
京都には日本国内からばかりでなく、世界中から観光客が来る。
S ばかりでなく This structure is similar to XだけでなくY(も). It is usually used in written language.
Tourists come to Kyoto not just from other parts of Japan but from all over the world.
325
洋風のホテルも和風の温泉旅館も、どちらも好きです。
N1 風の N2 "~style; ~type; look like" 風 is a suffix and is added to nouns to make no-adjectives. X風 means "X style/type" or "looks like X"
I like Western-style hotels as well as Japanese-style inns with hot springs.
326
このさむらい風の人形は、いくらですか。
N1 風の N2 "~style; ~type; look like" 風 is a suffix and is added to nouns to make no-adjectives. X風 means "X style/type" or "looks like X"
How much does this samurai-style doll cost?
327
A: 今、誰かここに来ませんでしたか。 B: ええ、ちょっと前にサラリーマン風の人が来ました。
N1 風の N2 "~style; ~type; look like" 風 is a suffix and is added to nouns to make no-adjectives. X風 means "X style/type" or "looks like X"
A: Was there someone here just now? B: Yes, a little while ago someone who looked like an office worker came by.
328
このドレスは着物風だ。
N風だ。 "~style; ~type; look like" 風 is a suffix and is added to nouns to make no-adjectives. X風 means "X style/type" or "looks like X"
This dress is kimono style.
329
自信とともに、家事や波が起こった。
Nと共に "with; along with; as" indicates that someone does something or that something happens with N.
Fires and tidal waves accompanied the earthquake.
330
両親が亡くなった後、私は兄とともに二人で助け合って生きてきました。
Nと共に "with; along with; as" indicates that someone does something or that something happens with N.
Since my parents died, my older brother and I have helped each other (and managed) to get by.
331
言葉は時代と共に変化する。
Nと共に "with; along with; as" indicates that someone does something or that something happens with N.
Language changes with the times.
332
コンピュータの普及と共に、Eメールを使う人が増えた。
Nと共に "with; along with; as" indicates that someone does something or that something happens with N.
As computers became widespread, the number of people using e-mail increased.
333
私は毎日漢字を五つずつ覚えることにしている。
{Number +(counter)} +ずつ "per/a; at a time; each; (little) by (little)" The number/amount X+ずつ indicates that someone does something (or something happens) with X as the unit.
I make it a rule to memorize five kanji a day.
334
みんなが同時に話さないで、一人ずつ順番に話して下さい。
{Number +(counter)} +ずつ "per/a; at a time; each; (little) by (little)" The number/amount X+ずつ indicates that someone does something (or something happens) with X as the unit.
Please don't all talk at once - take turns and speak one at a time.
335
この和紙を2枚ずつ取って、鶴を2羽ずつ打ってほしいんですが。
{Number +(counter)} +ずつ "per/a; at a time; each; (little) by (little)" The number/amount X+ずつ indicates that someone does something (or something happens) with X as the unit.
I'd like each one of you to take two sheets of this Japanese paper and fold cranes.
336
「とびら」サイトを利用する人が毎日少しずつ増えている。
non-specific amount expression + ずつ "per/a; at a time; each; (little) by (little)" The number/amount X+ずつ indicates that someone does something (or something happens) with X as the unit.
The number of people using the Tobira website increases little by little every day.
337
ホテルのビュッフェで色々な種類の料理をちょっとずつ食べてみた。
non-specific amount expression + ずつ "per/a; at a time; each; (little) by (little)" The number/amount X+ずつ indicates that someone does something (or something happens) with X as the unit.
I tried a little of each of the different kinds of food at the hotel buffet.
338
日本では、12世紀から19世紀に至るまで、武士が活躍した。
N1 から N2 に至まで "from N1 all the way through N2; from N1 to even N2." This construction indicates a span of time or space and emphasizes the size of that span at the same time. It can also be used for other than spatial or temporal spans, as seen here. Primarily used in written language.
Samurai were active in Japan from the 12th century all the way through the 19th century.
339
北海道から沖縄に至るまで、同じ時代に同じNHKニュースが見られます。
N1 から N2 に至まで "from N1 all the way through N2; from N1 to even N2." This construction indicates a span of time or space and emphasizes the size of that span at the same time. It can also be used for other than spatial or temporal spans, as seen here. Primarily used in written language.
You can see the same NHK news at the same time from Hokkaido all the way to Okinawa.
340
このゲームは子供から大人に至るまで、誰でも楽しめます。
N1 から N2 に至まで "from N1 all the way through N2; from N1 to even N2." This construction indicates a span of time or space and emphasizes the size of that span at the same time. It can also be used for other than spatial or temporal spans, as seen here. Primarily used in written language.
Anyone can enjoy this game, from children (all the way) to adults.
341
友達同士で話し合って決めて下さい。
N同士 {が／で／を} Indicates that Ns do something together, that Ns do something to/for/against each other, or that someone puts Ns together in some way.
Please talk amongst your friends and make a decision.
342
このサイトでは、iPodのユーザー同士が意見を交換し合うことができます。
N同士 {が／で／を} Indicates that Ns do something together, that Ns do something to/for/against each other, or that someone puts Ns together in some way.
At this site, iPod users can exchange opinions with each other.
343
お盆には毎年兄弟同士で集まって、両親のお墓参りに行くことになっている。
N同士 {が／で／を} Indicates that Ns do something together, that Ns do something to/for/against each other, or that someone puts Ns together in some way.
Each year at Obon, we (my siblings and I) get together and go to visit our parent's grave.
344
次の試合は、強いチーム同士の戦いになるから、どちらが勝つか全く分からない。
N同士 {が／で／を} Indicates that Ns do something together, that Ns do something to/for/against each other, or that someone puts Ns together in some way.
The next match is between two strong teams, so I have no idea which will win.
345
子供同士のけんかが原因で、親同士の関係も悪くなってしまった。
N同士 {が／で／を} Indicates that Ns do something together, that Ns do something to/for/against each other, or that someone puts Ns together in some way.
A fight between the children also caused the relationship between the two sets of parents to sour.
346
自分で出来ることは、自分ですべきだ。
V. plain.non-past.aff べき {だ／じゃない／ではない／だった／じゃなかった／ではなかった} "should; ought to" The auxillary べき expresses the speaker's strong judgment that one should do something. The form of する before べき can be either す or する, as in すべき or するべき。
If there are things you can do by yourself, you should.
347
電車の中や病院などでは、携帯電話を使うべきではない。
V. plain.non-past.aff べき {だ／じゃない／ではない／だった／じゃなかった／ではなかった} "should; ought to" The auxillary べき expresses the speaker's strong judgment that one should do something. The form of する before べき can be either す or する, as in すべき or するべき。
You shouldn't use your cell phone on the train or at the hospital.
348
このレストランは人気があるので、昨日うちに約束をしておくべきだった。
V. plain.non-past.aff べき {だ／じゃない／ではない／だった／じゃなかった／ではなかった} "should; ought to" The auxillary べき expresses the speaker's strong judgment that one should do something. The form of する before べき can be either す or する, as in すべき or するべき。
This restaurant is popular - we should've made a reservation yesterday.
349
彼は彼女と結婚するべきではなかったと思う。
V. plain.non-past.aff べき {だ／じゃない／ではない／だった／じゃなかった／ではなかった} "should; ought to" The auxillary べき expresses the speaker's strong judgment that one should do something. The form of する before べき can be either す or する, as in すべき or するべき。
I think he never should have married her.
350
するべきことが多すぎて、時間がいくらあっても足りない。
V. plain.non-past.aff べき {だ／じゃない／ではない／だった／じゃなかった／ではなかった} "should; ought to" The auxillary べき expresses the speaker's strong judgment that one should do something. The form of する before べき can be either す or する, as in すべき or するべき。
I've got so many things I have to do that I never have enough time to get through them all.
351
空の様子からすると、夕方には雨になるようだ。
Nからすると "judging from~" Introduces the source or basis for the speaker's conjecture or judgment. The information can be of any sort including visual or verbal.
Judging from how the sky looks, it'll probably rain this evening.
352
あの話し方からすると、彼女は、たぶん、関西地方出身の人だろう。
Nからすると "judging from~" Introduces the source or basis for the speaker's conjecture or judgment. The information can be of any sort including visual or verbal.
Judging by the way she speaks, I'd say she probably grew up in the Kansai area.
353
キッチンから流れてくるにおいからすると、今日の晩御飯はカレーライスかなあ。
Nからすると "judging from~" Introduces the source or basis for the speaker's conjecture or judgment. The information can be of any sort including visual or verbal.
The smell from the kitchen makes me think we're having curry tonight.
354
この内容からすると、この漫画は子供向けではなく、大人向けのマンガだろう。
Nからすると "judging from~" Introduces the source or basis for the speaker's conjecture or judgment. The information can be of any sort including visual or verbal.
Judging from its content, this is probably a manga written with adults, not children, in mind.
355
思わぬ結果になって、びっくりしている。
V-nai ぬ "not" ぬ is a verb ending from classical Japanese and is equivalent to ない in meaning and form. In modern Japanese, it often appears in set phrases.
I'm surprised to get such an unexpected result.
356
「聞くは一時の恥、聞かぬは、一生の恥」ですよ。だから、どんどん質問してください。
V-nai ぬ "not" ぬ is a verb ending from classical Japanese and is equivalent to ない in meaning and form. In modern Japanese, it often appears in set phrases.
You know what they say: "Asking a question makes for momentary embarrassment; not asking makes for a lifetime of shame." Ask as many questions as you like.
357
物言わぬ自然に代割って、自然の大切さを話したいと思う。
V-nai ぬ "not" ぬ is a verb ending from classical Japanese and is equivalent to ない in meaning and form. In modern Japanese, it often appears in set phrases.
Since nature doesn't speak, I would like to speak on its behalf about its importance.
358
日本の国土は狭そうに思われているが、数字の上で見ると、そうでもない。
N のうえで "in terms of; from the viewpoint of ~; as far as ~ is concerned; according to ~" Nの上で and N上 are used to indicate that the speaker's statement refers only to N. Commonly used in written language.
People think of Japan as having a small landmass, but when you look at the numbers, that's not quite the case.
359
翻訳の上での間違いが、お互いの国の間に誤解を生んでしまった。
N1 の上での N2 "in terms of; from the viewpoint of ~; as far as ~ is concerned; according to ~" Nの上で and N上 are used to indicate that the speaker's statement refers only to N. Commonly used in written language.
Mistakes in translation resulted in a misunderstanding between the two countries.
360
この公園は地図の上では家から近いように見えるが、歩くと結構時間がかかる。
N のうえで "in terms of; from the viewpoint of ~; as far as ~ is concerned; according to ~" Nの上で and N上 are used to indicate that the speaker's statement refers only to N. Commonly used in written language.
On a map this park looks close to the house, but when you walk there it takes quite a while.
361
田中さんは、健康上の問題があって、仕事を辞めた。
N1 上の N2 "in terms of; from the viewpoint of ~; as far as ~ is concerned; according to ~" Nの上で and N上 are used to indicate that the speaker's statement refers only to N. Commonly used in written language.
Mr. Tanaka resigned due to health problems.
362
日本の歴史上、明治維新は大きい意味を持っている。
N 上 "in terms of; from the viewpoint of ~; as far as ~ is concerned; according to ~" Nの上で and N上 are used to indicate that the speaker's statement refers only to N. Commonly used in written language.
The Meiji Restoration is very significant in Japanese history.
363
アラビア語は、日本語やロシア語と並んで難しい言葉だと言われている。
N と並んで "as well as; just like" Is used when introducing one or more examples to be compared to the subject of the sentence. It is used primarily in written language.
Arabic, along with languages like Japanese and Russian, is said to be a difficult language to learn.
364
この大学のビジネス学部は、医学部と並んではいるのが難しいらしい。
N と並んで "as well as; just like" Is used when introducing one or more examples to be compared to the subject of the sentence. It is used primarily in written language.
I hear that the business school at this university, just like the medical school, is hard to get into.
365
奈良は京都と並んで、古い歴史のある町で、日本の首都だったこともある。
N と並んで "as well as; just like" Is used when introducing one or more examples to be compared to the subject of the sentence. It is used primarily in written language.
Nara, like Kyoto, is a city with a long history and used to be the capital of Japan.
366
おそらく来年は、日本に行けるだろう。
おそらく〜だろう "probably" おそらく means "probably" and usually occurs with the conjecture auxiliaries だろう or でしょう。
I can probably go to Japan next year.
367
宗教の問題が理解決しない限り、おそらくこの戦争は終わらないだろう。
おそらく〜だろう "probably" おそらく means "probably" and usually occurs with the conjecture auxiliaries だろう or でしょう。
As long as the religious problems remain unresolved, it's unlikely that this war will end.
368
今度、隣の土地に新しいビルが建つので、おそらくうるさくなるでしょう。
おそらく〜だろう "probably" おそらく means "probably" and usually occurs with the conjecture auxiliaries だろう or でしょう。
There's going to be a new building going up on the lot next door, so it'll probably get noisy around here.
369
まったく同じ絵を美術館で見たことがあるから、この絵はおそらく偽物でしょう。
おそらく〜だろう "probably" おそらく means "probably" and usually occurs with the conjecture auxiliaries だろう or でしょう。
I've seen this exact picture at a museum before, so this is probably a copy.
370
彼と私の考えはまったく同じだ。
まったく {V/A/ANo/(の)N/Ano} "totally; utterly; entirely; completely; extremely; absolutely; really" used for emphasis in affirmative sentences. often used to express the speaker's emotion. In negative sentences, it indicates complete negation. It is used with verbs (often in potential form) and i-adjectives in negative sentences. まったく〜（という）わけではない indicates partial negation.
His idea and mine are exactly the same.
371
このレポートはまったくだめだ。もう一度、書き直したほうがいいと思う。
まったく {V/A/ANo/(の)N/Ano} "totally; utterly; entirely; completely; extremely; absolutely; really" used for emphasis in affirmative sentences. often used to express the speaker's emotion. In negative sentences, it indicates complete negation. It is used with verbs (often in potential form) and i-adjectives in negative sentences. まったく〜（という）わけではない indicates partial negation.
This report is no good at all. I think it'd be best to rewrite it.
372
教育問題に対するこの国の対策は全く間違っていると思う。
まったく {V/A/ANo/(の)N/Ano} "totally; utterly; entirely; completely; extremely; absolutely; really" used for emphasis in affirmative sentences. often used to express the speaker's emotion. In negative sentences, it indicates complete negation. It is used with verbs (often in potential form) and i-adjectives in negative sentences. まったく〜（という）わけではない indicates partial negation.
I think the measures this country is taking to deal with its educational problems are way off track.
373
このカレーは辛すぎて、まったく食べられない。
まったく〜ない "not ~ at all; not ~ in the least" used for emphasis in affirmative sentences. often used to express the speaker's emotion. In negative sentences, it indicates complete negation. It is used with verbs (often in potential form) and i-adjectives in negative sentences. まったく〜（という）わけではない indicates partial negation.
This curry is so hot that I can't eat even a bite.
374
あの映画は全く面白くなかった。時間の無駄だった。
まったく〜ない "not ~ at all; not ~ in the least" used for emphasis in affirmative sentences. often used to express the speaker's emotion. In negative sentences, it indicates complete negation. It is used with verbs (often in potential form) and i-adjectives in negative sentences. まったく〜（という）わけではない indicates partial negation.
There was absolutely nothing interesting about that movie. It was a waste of time.
375
納豆は嫌いだが、まったく食べられないというわけではない。
まったく〜（という）わけではない "It's not that ~ totally/completely/extremely/etc." used for emphasis in affirmative sentences. often used to express the speaker's emotion. In negative sentences, it indicates complete negation. It is used with verbs (often in potential form) and i-adjectives in negative sentences. まったく〜（という）わけではない indicates partial negation.
I don't like natto, but it's not that I can't eat it at all.
376
その人のことを全く知らないというわけではないが、あまり話したことはない。
まったく〜（という）わけではない "It's not that ~ totally/completely/extremely/etc." used for emphasis in affirmative sentences. often used to express the speaker's emotion. In negative sentences, it indicates complete negation. It is used with verbs (often in potential form) and i-adjectives in negative sentences. まったく〜（という）わけではない indicates partial negation.
It's not that I have no idea who she is, but we haven't talked much.
377
そんなにやせてしまって、いったいどうしたの？
いったい QW "(what, who, where, how, etc.) on earth" いったい is an intensifier used with questions. It usually occurs immediately preceding the question word, but it may appear in other locations before the QW, as seen here.
You lost so much weight! What on earth happened to you?
378
いったいあなたは何を考えてそんなことをしたんですか。
いったい QW "(what, who, where, how, etc.) on earth" いったい is an intensifier used with questions. It usually occurs immediately preceding the question word, but it may appear in other locations before the QW, as seen here.
What in the world were you thinking, doing something like that?
379
会議が始まってからもう3時間以上経っている。いったいいつ終わるのだろうか。
いったい QW "(what, who, where, how, etc.) on earth" いったい is an intensifier used with questions. It usually occurs immediately preceding the question word, but it may appear in other locations before the QW.
It's already been more than three hours since the meeting began. When on earth will it end?
380
オゾン層の破壊がが地球温暖化の原因の一つだとされている。
S-plain とされている "it is thought/believed/considered that~; ~ is considered/believed to ~" This is used to introduce a commonly accepted idea or belief.
It's thought that the destruction of the ozone layer is one of the causes of global warming.
381
昔はいいとされていたことが、今はよくないとされていることがある。タバコはその一つだ。
S-plain とされている "it is thought/believed/considered that~; ~ is considered/believed to ~" This is used to introduce a commonly accepted idea or belief.
There are things that used to be considered fine but now are considered bad. Tobacco is one of these.
382
この絵はモネによって描かれたとされているが、絵の中にモネのサインは入っていない。
S-plain とされている "it is thought/believed/considered that~; ~ is considered/believed to ~" This is used to introduce a commonly accepted idea or belief.
This painting is believed to have been painted by Monet, but his signature doesn't appear on the canvas.
383
家に帰って、いつも第一にすることは、Eメールのチェックだ。
第一 に V "first; first of all; to begin with; the first; the primary"
The first thing I always do when I get home is check my e-mail.
384
試験に合格できた第一の理由は、覚えた言葉や漢字が全部試験に出たことだ。
第一 のN "first; first of all; to begin with; the first; the primary"
The primary reason I passed the test is that all the words and kanji I memorized were on it.
385
彼女の第一印象は悪かったのに、なぜか私と彼女はとてもいい友達になった。
第一 N "first; first of all; to begin with; the first; the primary"
My first impression of her was bad, but for some reason she and I became really good friends.
386
私のモットーは「健康が第一」です。
N が第一 だ。 "first; first of all; to begin with; the first; the primary"
My motto is "health first".
387
この大学の図書館には、アジア経済に関する本がたくさんあります。
N1 に関する N2 formal "with regard to; concerning; regarding; about; on; related to"
There are many books related to the economy of Asia in this university's library.
388
ウィキペディアのこと人物に関する情報は正しくないようだ。
N1 に関する N2 formal "with regard to; concerning; regarding; about; on; related to"
It seems that the information Wikipedia has on this person is incorrect.
389
和紙の利用法に関して調べてみたら、とても面白いことがわかった。
N に関して V formal "with regard to; concerning; regarding; about; on; related to" について is similar in meaning to に関して, but is less formal and is used in both written and spoken language.
I learned something really interesting when I did some research on the ways of using Japanese paper.
390
コンピュータの知識に関しては、彼が一番だと思う。
N に関して は S formal "with regard to; concerning; regarding; about; on; related to" について is similar in meaning to に関して, but is less formal and is used in both written and spoken language.
When it comes to knowledge about computers, I think he's the best.
391
このサイトはとても役に立つけれど、セキュリティに関しては問題が多い。
N に関して は S formal "with regard to; concerning; regarding; about; on; related to" について is similar in meaning to に関して, but is less formal and is used in both written and spoken language.
This site is really useful, but it has a lot of security issues.
392
現代人にとって、コンピュータのない生活は考えられないだろう。
N {は／なんて} 考えられない "unimaginable; inconceivable; unthinkable"
I feel that life without computers is unthinkable to people today.
393
漢字が800も書けるようになるなんて、日本語の勉強を始めた時には考えられなかった。
S-plain {ということは／なんて} 考えられない "unimaginable, unthinkable, inconeivable"
I never imagined when I first started studying Japanese that I'd ever be able to write as many as 800 kanji.
394
将来は、誰でも宇宙旅行ができるようになるということは、考えられないことではありません。
N {は／なんて} 考えられない "unimaginable; inconceivable; unthinkable"
It's not onconceivable that, in the future, anyone can take a spacetrip.
395
将来は、自分の能力を生かすことが出来る会社で働きたい。
生かす "make the most of; make the best use of; use effectively; maintain" 生かす means literally "to keep alive," but it is also used to mean "to make the most of one's ability, etc"
In the future, I want to work at a company that puts my skills to good use.
396
日本人は、「サービスが第一」という考え方を、ビジネスの様々なところで生かしている。
生かす "make the most of; make the best use of; use effectively; maintain" 生かす means literally "to keep alive," but it is also used to mean "to make the most of one's ability, etc"
The Japanese put the "service first" mindset to work in all aspects of business.
397
プラスチックが持つ様々な特徴は、多くの製品の中で生かされている。
生かす "make the most of; make the best use of; use effectively; maintain" 生かす means literally "to keep alive," but it is also used to mean "to make the most of one's ability, etc"
Many products make use of the various unique characteristics of plastic.
398
日本に留学した経験を生かして、大学の留学アドバイザーになるつもりだ。
生かす "make the most of; make the best use of; use effectively; maintain" 生かす means literally "to keep alive," but it is also used to mean "to make the most of one's ability, etc"
I intend to make the most of my experience studying abroad in Japan and become a study-abroad adviser at a university.
399
エコカーは空気を汚さず、ガソリン代もあまりかからないことから、環境にやさしい車だと言える。
ことから "because; from the fact that" ことから is used to express a reason
Because eco card don't pollute the air and they keep people from spending a lot of money on gas, you could say that they are environment-friendly.
400
どんなところにでも自動販売機が置いてあることから、日本は犯罪が少ない自然な国だという人もいる。
ことから "because; from the fact that" ことから is used to express a reason
From the fact that there are vending machines wherever you look, some say that Japan is a safe country with low crime rates.
401
土の中から魚の骨や貝などが出てきたことから、ここは大昔海だったということが分かった。
ことから "because; from the fact that" ことから is used to express a reason
Based on the fact that fish bones and shells were unearthed here, we've learned that long ago this place used to be under the sea.
402
早く辞書なしで新聞が読めるようになりたい。
N なし で V "without ~; with no ~"
Soon I want to be able to read a newspaper without a dictionary.
403
今はもうコンピュータなしの生活は考えられない。
N なし の N "without ~; with no ~"
I can't even imagine life without computers now.
404
あのレストランは週末は沈混んでいるけど、今日は水曜日だから、予約なしでも大丈夫だろう。
N なし で V "without ~; with no ~"
That restaurant is busy on weekends, but it's Wednesday today, so we should be all right without a reservation.
405
ダイエット中だから、今日はデザートなしだ。
N なし だ。 "without ~; with no ~"
I'm on a diet, so I'll pass on dessert today.
406
A: どうぞよろしくお願いします。 B: こちらこそ、どうぞよろしくお願いします。
N こそ "the very ~; It is that~; in particular; precisely; definitely; only (when, by doing, etc~)" こそ emphasizes the preceding word, phrase or clause. When こそ is used, the particles は、が and を drop.
A: I'm pleased to meet you. B: The pleasure is mine.
407
今年こそ日本に留学したいと思っている。
N こそ "the very ~; It is that~; in particular; precisely; definitely; only (when, by doing, etc~)" こそ emphasizes the preceding word, phrase or clause. When こそ is used, the particles は、が and を drop.
I really want to go to Japan to study this year.
408
サッカーの面白さはテレビで見ているだけでは分からない。スタジアムに行って実際に見てこそ本当の面白さが分かるのだ。
V-te こそ "the very ~; It is that~; in particular; precisely; definitely; only (when, by doing, etc~)" こそ emphasizes the preceding word, phrase or clause. When こそ is used, the particles は、が and を drop.
You can't understand how interesting soccer is just from watching it on TV. It's only when you go to a stadium and watch it in person that you can really understand its appeal.
409
大きい音に驚いて、ガムを飲み込んでしまった。
V−masu 込む "in; into; deeply; heavily; thoroughly; completely" The compound verb base 込む can mean one of 4 things: (A) Taking or putting something/someone into something {飲み込む}
Surprised by a loud sound, I gulped down (swallowed deeply) my gum.
410
昨日は久しぶりに会った友達と一晩中話し込んで、徹夜してしまった。
V−masu 込む "in; into; deeply; heavily; thoroughly; completely" The compound verb base 込む can mean one of 4 things: (c) being heavily involved in something {話し込む}
Yesterday, I got deep into conversation with a friend I hadn't seen in a while and ended up pulling an all-nighter.
411
その子は水に飛び込む気持ちにはどうしてもなれなかった。
V−masu 込む "in; into; deeply; heavily; thoroughly; completely" The compound verb base 込む can mean one of 4 things: (B) getting into something {飛び込む}
He could not bring himself to jump into the water.
412
自分は絶対に正しいと思い込んでいる人とは、あまりはなしたくない。
V−masu 込む "in; into; deeply; heavily; thoroughly; completely" The compound verb base 込む can mean one of 4 things: (D) doing something thoroughly and completely {思い込む}
I don't really want to talk to people who are convinced that they are always right.
413
A: あれっ、その足、どうしたの。 B: 実はさあ、昨日、階段で転んじゃってさあ、骨、折っちゃったんだよ。
phrase/clause/sentence さ(あ) "(you know)" さ occurs after phrases, clauses, or sentences in very casual conversation. One function is to catch the hearer's attention, but it is also used as a filler with no meaning.
A: Oh, what did you do to your leg? B: Actually, I fell down some stairs yesterday and ended up breaking it.
414
レストラン、予約しといたからさ、7時に来てね。
phrase/clause/sentence さ(あ) "(you know)" さ occurs after phrases, clauses, or sentences in very casual conversation. One function is to catch the hearer's attention, but it is also used as a filler with no meaning.
I reserved a table at the restaurant, so be there at 7, OK?
415
キムさんってさあ、フランス語がペラペラなんだけど、日本語も上手なんだってさ。すごいね。
phrase/clause/sentence さ(あ) "(you know)" さ occurs after phrases, clauses, or sentences in very casual conversation. One function is to catch the hearer's attention, but it is also used as a filler with no meaning.
So I heard that Kim's not just fluent in French, she's also really good at Japanese. Isn't that cool?
416
レオナルド・ダ・ビンチは芸術家でもあり、科学者でもあった。
N／ANa でもある "be also" X は Y でもある. OR X は Y でもあり、Z でもある。 Are used to introduce another property of X when X has more than one property.
Leonardo da Vinci was a scientiest as well as an artist.
417
私と弟は都市は3歳違うが、同じ日に生まれたので、今日は私の誕生日でもあり、弟の誕生日でもある。
N／ANa でもある "be also" X は Y でもある. OR X は Y でもあり、Z でもある。 Are used to introduce another property of X when X has more than one property.
My brother's three years younger than I am, but we were born on the same date, so today is both his birthday and mine.
418
京都という町は、古いお寺があるだけでなく、日本の伝統文化の中心地でもある。
N／ANa でもある "be also" X は Y でもある. OR X は Y でもあり、Z でもある。 Are used to introduce another property of X when X has more than one property.
Kyoto is not only home to many ancient temples; it is also the center of traditional Japanese culture.
419
私が住んでいるアパートは、周りが静かなだけでなく安全でもあるので、学生に人気がある。
N／ANa でもある "be also" X は Y でもある. OR X は Y でもあり、Z でもある。 Are used to introduce another property of X when X has more than one property.
The apartment I'm living in is in an area that's not just quiet; it's also safe, so it's popular among students.
420
今日は朝からずっと雨が降った。
ずっと "all the time; all along; all the way; all through ~; throughout~; ever (since); never (since)" ずっと means that a state or action is ongoing, from one point in time to another point in time (often the moment of speech)
It's been raining ever since this morning.
421
何年も前からずっと戦争が続いている。いったいいつ終わるのだろうか。
ずっと "all the time; all along; all the way; all through ~; throughout~; ever (since); never (since)" ずっと means that a state or action is ongoing, from one point in time to another point in time (often the moment of speech)
This war's been going nonstop for years and years. When will it end?
422
私は彼のことが小学校の時からずっと好きだったんです。
ずっと "all the time; all along; all the way; all through ~; throughout~; ever (since); never (since)" ずっと means that a state or action is ongoing, from one point in time to another point in time (often the moment of speech)
I've liked him ever since elementary school.
423
今から2,3時間、図書館に勉強しに行ってきます。
Number1, Number2 + Counter "(2 or 3) days/times/etc.; (3,4) hours/cars/etc." Two successive numbers are used to indicate an approximate number or amount
I'm off to the library to study for two or three hours.
424
あの車は、3，4日ずっと家の前に止まっている。いったい誰の車なんだろうか。
Number1, Number2 + Counter "(2 or 3) days/times/etc.; (3,4) hours/cars/etc." Two successive numbers are used to indicate an approximate number or amount
That car's been parked in front of my house for three or four whole days. Who on earth does it belong to?
425
あの人には5，6回あったことがあるが、話したことは一度もない。
Number1, Number2 + Counter "(2 or 3) days/times/etc.; (3,4) hours/cars/etc." Two successive numbers are used to indicate an approximate number or amount
I've met that person five or six times, but we haven't talked even once.
426
今のままだと、地球温暖化は止まらない。
N のままだ "remain the same as ~" まま indicates that the state of X remains unchanged or that someone does something without changing the current state of X.
If things keep going like this, global warming won't come to an end.
427
あのまま日本に残っていたら、もっと日本語が上手になっただろう。
DemAまま "remain the same as ~" まま indicates that the state of X remains unchanged or that someone does something without changing the current state of X.
If I had just stayed in Japan, I probably would've gotten better at Japanese.
428
このお菓子は、冷たいまま食べるより、電子レンジで温めた方がおいしく食べられますよ。
Aまま（で）V "V with ~; V while ~; V as (it is); V without ~" まま indicates that the state of X remains unchanged or that someone does something without changing the current state of X.
This sweet is better when you warm it up in the microwave instead of just eating it as it is.
429
これはこのままにする。
Xままにする。 "leave ~ as (it is)" "remain the same as ~" まま indicates that the state of X remains unchanged or that someone does something without changing the current state of X.
Leave this as it is.
430
疲れていたので、電気をつけたまま寝てしまった。ネクタイもしたままだった。
Aまま（で）V "V with ~; V while ~; V as (it is); V without ~" まま indicates that the state of X remains unchanged or that someone does something without changing the current state of X.
I was tired, so I fell asleep with the lights still on. I left my tie on, too.
431
日本の家には、靴を履いたまま入ってはいけないということを知っていましたか。
Aまま（で）V "V with ~; V while ~; V as (it is); V without ~" まま indicates that the state of X remains unchanged or that someone does something without changing the current state of X.
Did you know that it's against the rules to enter a Japanese house with your shoes on?
432
彼は２０代で会社を作り、３０代で、大金持ちになった。
10/20/30/etc. ＋ 代 "one's teens/twenties/ thirties/etc." The suffix 代 is used with ten or its multiples to describe someone's approximate age.
He started his company in his twenties and became a very rich man in his thirties.
433
私は10台で結婚してすぐ子供を産み、40台で孫が産まれ「おばあさん」になりました。
10/20/30/etc. ＋ 代 "one's teens/twenties/ thirties/etc." The suffix 代 is used with ten or its multiples to describe someone's approximate age.
I got married in my teens and had a child right away, and in my forties my first grandchild was born and I became a grandma.
434
1980年代の後半から1990年代の初めにかけての日本の経済は「バブル経済」と呼ばれている。
1900/1910/1920/etc. + 年代 "1990s/1910s/1920s/etc." the suffix 代 is used with 10 or its multiples and 年 to refer to a certain decade.
Japan's economy from the latter half of the 1980s through the beginning of the 1990s is referred to as a "bubbly economy".
435
日本では秋になると仕事の面接に行くスーツ姿の学生が増える。
N (の）姿 "in ~; wearing ~; 姿 means "appearance; figure". It is used to describe someone's external appearance, i.e. someone's form or physical form or physical appearance; someone's appearance in certain clothing; or the ay someone appears when he/she is doing something.
When fall comes in Japan, you start to see more students in suits on their way to job interviews.
436
現代の日本の女性の姿を見ていると、女性は本当に強くなったなあと思う。
N (の）姿 "in ~; wearing ~; 姿 means "appearance; figure". It is used to describe someone's external appearance, i.e. someone's form or physical form or physical appearance; someone's appearance in certain clothing; or the ay someone appears when he/she is doing something.
Looking at women in Japan today, I feel like they've really become strong.
437
母が病気で苦しむ姿を見て、私は将来医者になろうと心に決めた。
V-plain.non-past 姿 "the way one V" 姿 means "appearance; figure". It is used to describe someone's external appearance, i.e. someone's form or physical form or physical appearance; someone's appearance in certain clothing; or the ay someone appears when he/she is doing something.
As I watched my mother suffering from her illness, I determined to myself that I would become a doctor in the future.
438
作文がうまく書けなくて、書いては消し、消しては書いていたら、朝になってしまった。
V1-te は V2 "V1 and V2 repeatedly/over and over again/many times/etc." The construction of VteはV is used when a set of actions is repeated over a period of time. It can be said once, or repeated, as here.
I struggled with my composition, and while I was writing and deleting over and over again, it had become morning.
439
僕の犬は散歩に連れて行くと、ちょっと歩いては立ち留まって花をクンクンさせ、なかなか前に進まない。
V1-te は V2 "V1 and V2 repeatedly/over and over again/many times/etc." The construction of VteはV is used when a set of actions is repeated over a period of time. It can be said once, or repeated, as here.
When I take my dog for a walk, he stops every few feet, sniffing this and that, and it's hard to move on.
440
今日は朝から、雨が降ってはやみ、降ってはやみしていて嫌な天気だ。
V1-te は V2 "V1 and V2 repeatedly/over and over again/many times/etc." The construction of VteはV is used when a set of actions is repeated over a period of time. It can be said once, or repeated, as here.
The weather's horrible today; it's been raining off and on since this morning.
441
子供の頃は、毎年夏休みになると、家族と海に泳ぎに行ったものだ。
V-plain.non-past ものだ "used to ~; would" V-plain.past ものだ is used to describe in a nostalgic fashion what someone did or what happened in the past
When I was a child, I used to go swimming at the shore with my family every year during summer vacation.
442
大学時代は、よく遊び、よく勉強し、そしてよくスポーツをしたものだ。
V-plain.non-past ものだ "used to ~; would" V-plain.past ものだ is used to describe in a nostalgic fashion what someone did or what happened in the past
When I was in college, I used to party hard, study hard and pay a lot of sports.
443
携帯電話がなかったころは、よく友達を待たせたり、逆に待たせられたりしたものだが、今はすぐ連絡できるのでとても便利だ。
V-plain.non-past ものだ "used to ~; would" V-plain.past ものだ is used to describe in a nostalgic fashion what someone did or what happened in the past
Back before there were cell phones, it often happened that I caused my friends to wait for me or my friends caused me to wait for them, but now we can get in touch right away, so it's really convenient.
444
毎日日本語で話すようにしていると、だんだん上手に話せるようになりますよ。
だんだん "gradually; little by little; bit by bit" だんだん is used to indicate that a state changes gradually. Thus, it often occurs with ~ていく; 〜てくる；〜くなる；〜になる；〜ようになる
If you keep trying to speak Japanese every day, you'll get better little by little.
445
夏になって、だんだん暖かくなってきた。
だんだん "gradually; little by little; bit by bit" だんだん is used to indicate that a state changes gradually. Thus, it often occurs with ~ていく; 〜てくる；〜くなる；〜になる；〜ようになる
Spring has come, and it's gradually gotten warmer.
446
せっかく4年間も日本語を勉強したのに、大学を卒業してからあまり使わなかったら、だんだん忘れてしまった。
だんだん "gradually; little by little; bit by bit" だんだん is used to indicate that a state changes gradually. Thus, it often occurs with ~ていく; 〜てくる；〜くなる；〜になる；〜ようになる
I put in four whole years studying Japanese, but I haven't used it much since I graduated from the university, so now bit by bit I'm forgetting it.
447
この猫、拾ってきたときは死にそうだったけど、だんだん元気になったんだ。
だんだん "gradually; little by little; bit by bit" だんだん is used to indicate that a state changes gradually. Thus, it often occurs with ~ていく; 〜てくる；〜くなる；〜になる；〜ようになる
When I took in this abandoned cat, it was close to dying, but little by little it's gotten healthier.
448
暖かくなるにつれて、雪が溶け、木が緑になっていく。
V-non-past.aff につれて "as ~; with ~" Xにつれて indicates that omething takes place as X occurs. X can be either a verb or the stem of a suru-V.
As it becomes warmer, the snow is melting and the trees are turning green.
449
日本語が上手になる地つれて、日本人と話すのが静香しくなくなってきた。
V-non-past.aff につれて "as ~; with ~" Xにつれて indicates that omething takes place as X occurs. X can be either a verb or the stem of a suru-V.
As my Japanese improves, I've become less embarrassed when talking with Japanese people.
450
技術の進歩につれて、私達の生活は便利になった。
Nにつれて "as ~; with ~" Xにつれて indicates that omething takes place as X occurs. X can be either a verb or the stem of a suru-V.
As technology advances, our lives have become more convenient.
451
今日中にこのレポートを書き上げてしまわなければならない。
書き上げる transitive "to write out or down; to finish writing" Affixed to the end of masu-stems of verbs, 上げる forms compound verbs, adding meanings such as "finish something up," "upward," or "to a great extent." The meaning is determined by the preceeding verb.
I have to finish this report by the end of the day.
452
この荷物は重すぎて誰も持ち上げることは出来ない。
持ち上げる transitive "1: to elevate; to raise; to lift up; 2: to flatter; to extol; to praise to the sky" Affixed to the end of masu-stems of verbs, 上げる forms compound verbs, adding meanings such as "finish something up," "upward," or "to a great extent." The meaning is determined by the preceeding verb.
This bag is to heavy for anyone to pick up, but if we had a machine we'd be able to lift it easily.
453
日本語を勉強している学生が、自分達で日本語のブログサイトを立ち上げた。
立ち上げる （V-masu 上げる） transitive "to start (something); to start up; to boot (a computer)" Affixed to the masu-stems of verbs, 上げる forms compound verbs, adding meanings such as "finish something up," "upward" or "to a great extent." the meaning is determined by the preceding verb.
The Japanese students started up a Japanese blog site on their own.
454
泥棒はコンビニの店員を縛り上げて、レジのお金を盗んで行った。
縛り上げる （V-masu 上げる） transitive ”to bind (tie) up” Affixed to the masu-stems of verbs, 上げる forms compound verbs, adding meanings such as "finish something up," "upward" or "to a great extent." the meaning is determined by the preceding verb.
The robber tied up the convenience store attendant, took the money from the register, and left.
455
この岩を磨き上げてください。
磨き上げる (V-masu 上げる） transitive "to polish up; to shine up" Affixed to the masu-stems of verbs, 上げる forms compound verbs, adding meanings such as "finish something up," "upward" or "to a great extent." the meaning is determined by the preceding verb.
Please polish up this rock.
456
2行目から10行目まで、読み上げた。
読み上げる (V-masu 上げる) transitive "to read out loud (and clearly); to call a roll" Affixed to the masu-stems of verbs, 上げる forms compound verbs, adding meanings such as "finish something up," "upward" or "to a great extent." the meaning is determined by the preceding verb.
I read loud and clearly lines 2-10.
457
会社への行きがけに銀行によって、お金をおろして行こう。
V-masu がけに "on one's way" がけに is used with the masu-stem of motion verbs like 行く、来る、and 帰る to mean "on one's way."
Let's stop at the bank on the way to work and withdraw some money.
458
高校生の頃は、学校の帰りがけに友達と映画を見たり、本屋に行ったりしたものです。
V-masu がけに "on one's way" がけに is used with the masu-stem of motion verbs like 行く、来る、and 帰る to mean "on one's way."
When I was in high school, I used to do things like see movies with friends and go to the bookstore on the way home from school.
459
日本に行ったら 英語は使わないでなるべく日本語だけで生活するつもりだ。
N だけで "just N (is fine/enough/etc.) N/Vだけで is used to express the idea that X or just doing X is fine or good enough or that one can do something just with X or by doing X.
When I get to Japan, I'm going to try not to use English and to get by the best I can with just Japanese.
460
この植木は２週間に一度水をやるだけでいいですよ。
{V-plain.non-past/N} だけで {いい／十分だ／etc.} "just with ~; just by V-ing (is fine/enough/etc.) N/Vだけで is used to express the idea that X or just doing X is fine or good enough or that one can do something just with X or by doing X.
All you have to do for this plant is water it once every two weeks. It's easy to take care of.
461
スミスさんは自分で勉強しただけで、日本語が話せるようになりました。
{V-plain.non-past/N} だけで {いい／十分だ／etc.} "just with ~; just by V-ing (is fine/enough/etc.) N/Vだけで is used to express the idea that X or just doing X is fine or good enough or that one can do something just with X or by doing X.
Mr. Smith has come to the point where he can speak Japanese just by studying on his own.
462
お金を入れてボタンを押すだけで、暖かいラーメンが出て来る自動販売機がある。
{V-plain.non-past/N} だけで {いい／十分だ／etc.} "just with ~; just by V-ing (is fine/enough/etc.) N/Vだけで is used to express the idea that X or just doing X is fine or good enough or that one can do something just with X or by doing X.
There are vending machines where you can get hot ramen just by putting in some money and pushing a button.
463
「飲むだけでやせられる薬」などという広告は信じない方がいいですよ。
V1-plain だけで V2 "just with ~; just by V-ing (is fine/enough/etc.) N/Vだけで is used to express the idea that X or just doing X is fine or good enough or that one can do something just with X or by doing X.
You'd better not trust an advertisement that says something like "Just drink this medicine and you'll lose weight".
464
この読み物は、あまりにも漢字が多すぎて、何か書いてあるのかまったく理解できない。
あまりに（も） "too; excessively; so" あまりに（も） indicates that the degree of something is excessively high. It is commonly used in formal language.
There are so many kanji in this reading, I can't make heads or tails of it.
465
隣の家のパーテイがあまりにうるさかったので、警察を連絡した。
あまりに（も）{A/Anaだ} "too; excessively; so" あまりに（も） indicates that the degree of something is excessively high. It is commonly used in formal language.
The party next door was so loud that I called the police.
466
あまりに便利な生活は、人間を駄目にすると思う。
あまりに（も）{Adv/ANa/A-stem く} "too; excessively; so" あまりに（も） indicates that the degree of something is excessively high. It is commonly used in formal language.
I think that too convenient a lifestyle spoils some people.
467
漢字を覚えるにはフラッシュカードを作るのが一番です。
V-plain.non-past.aff には "to; in order to; for; for the purpose of; when" には indicates purpose in general statements (often stating the speaker's judgement about an action in terms of its effectiveness, convenience, necessity, etc.). には can also mean "when" (=時には). Verbs or nouns can precede には. Note that when ために is used, the predicate in the main clause describes an action. Such that: Xには Y, where Y is a judgment and never an action XためにY, where Y is an action and never a judgement. AND, XためにはY, where Y is a judgment, never an action
Making flash cards is the best way to memorize kanji.
468
東京から京都に行くには、新幹線が早くて便利ですよ。
V-plain.non-past.aff には "to; in order to; for; for the purpose of; when" には indicates purpose in general statements (often stating the speaker's judgement about an action in terms of its effectiveness, convenience, necessity, etc.). には can also mean "when" (=時には). Verbs or nouns can precede には. Note that when ために is used, the predicate in the main clause describes an action. Such that: Xには Y, where Y is a judgment and never an action XためにY, where Y is an action and never a judgement. AND, XためにはY, where Y is a judgment, never an action
To get from Tokyo to Kyoto, the bullet train is a fast, convenient way.
469
この情報を見るには、このソフトウェアをインストールする必要があります。
V-plain.non-past.aff には "to; in order to; for; for the purpose of; when" には indicates purpose in general statements (often stating the speaker's judgement about an action in terms of its effectiveness, convenience, necessity, etc.). には can also mean "when" (=時には). Verbs or nouns can precede には. Note that when ために is used, the predicate in the main clause describes an action. Such that: Xには Y, where Y is a judgment and never an action XためにY, where Y is an action and never a judgement. AND, XためにはY, where Y is a judgment, never an action
In order to view this information, it is necessary to install this software.
470
風の予報には、ビタミンCをたくさん撮って、よく寝るのが結果的です。
N (of a VN, or direct object of する) には "to; in order to; for; for the purpose of; when" には indicates purpose in general statements (often stating the speaker's judgement about an action in terms of its effectiveness, convenience, necessity, etc.). には can also mean "when" (=時には). Verbs or nouns can precede には. Note that when ために is used, the predicate in the main clause describes an action. Such that: Xには Y, where Y is a judgment and never an action XためにY, where Y is an action and never a judgement. AND, XためにはY, where Y is a judgment, never an action
Gettings lots of vitamin C and plenty of sleep is effective in preventing colds.
471
海外旅行には、このスーツケースを持って行くと便利ですよ。
N (of a VN, or direct object of する) には "to; in order to; for; for the purpose of; when" には indicates purpose in general statements (often stating the speaker's judgement about an action in terms of its effectiveness, convenience, necessity, etc.). には can also mean "when" (=時には). Verbs or nouns can precede には. Note that when ために is used, the predicate in the main clause describes an action. Such that: Xには Y, where Y is a judgment and never an action XためにY, where Y is an action and never a judgement. AND, XためにはY, where Y is a judgment, never an action
This suitcase is useful for traveling overseas.
472
先生の説明を聞いて、この言葉の意味はだいたい分かったけれど、まだ上手に使えない。
だいたいV "mostly V; nearly V; almost V" だいたい means "most, almost, nearly (all), approximate." The meaning changes depending on what it modifies.
After listening to my teacher's explanation, I understood the meaning of this word more or less, but I still can't use it well.
473
この大学では、だいたいの学生がアルバイトをしている。
だいたいの N "most N; almost all N; approximate N; rough N" だいたい means "most, almost, nearly (all), approximate." The meaning changes depending on what it modifies.
At this university, most students work part-time.
474
だいたいの数は分かりますが、正確な数は調べてみないと分かりません。
だいたい number/amount "approximately number/amount" だいたい means "most;almost; nearly(all); approximate." The meaning changes depending on what だいたい modifies.
We have approximate figures, but we'll have to do some research to get an accurate count.
475
1年生のクラスでは、だいたい20％ぐらいの学生が、日本ニッタことがあるようです。
だいたい number/amount "approximately number/amount" だいたい means "most;almost; nearly(all); approximate." The meaning changes depending on what だいたい modifies.
It appears that around 20% of the first-year class has been to Japan.
476
鍋に、だいたい3分の2ぐらいまで、水を入れてください。
だいたい number/amount "approximately number/amount" だいたい means "most;almost; nearly(all); approximate." The meaning changes depending on what だいたい modifies.
Please fill the pot about two/third full with water.
477
アジアにおける歴史に関する問題は、解決が難しそうです。
N1 における N2 "in;at;on;during" The compound particle における indicate the place or time of an action, event, or state. The pre-verbal form is において. Both are used only in formal language.
Resolving the disputes in Asia regarding history looks difficult.
478
1964年に東京において夏のオリンピックが行われた。1998年には、長野において冬のオリンピックが開かれた。
N1 において V "in;at;on;during" The compound particle における indicate the place or time of an action, event, or state. The pre-verbal form is において. Both are used only in formal language.
In 1964 the Summer Olympics were held in Tokyo and in 1998 the Winter Olympics were held in Nagano.
479
７時から大学ホールにおいて学生会議が行います。
N1 において V "in;at;on;during" The compound particle における indicate the place or time of an action, event, or state. The pre-verbal form is において. Both are used only in formal language.
We'll be holding a student meeting at 7 o'clock in the university's auditorium.
480
過去において、その問題についてだれも対策を考えなかったというわけではない。
N1 において V "in;at;on;during" The compound particle における indicate the place or time of an action, event, or state. The pre-verbal form is において. Both are used only in formal language.
It is not that in the past no one has given a thought as to how to deal with the problem.
481
暑いのは好きではないが、寒いのもまた苦手だ。
もまた "as well; also; too" In this usage もまた means the same as も; however it is more emphatic and formal than も.
I don't like hot weather, but I'm not a fan of cold weather, either.
482
日本語は話せるだけでなく、読んだり書いたりできることもまた大切です。
もまた "as well; also; too" In this usage もまた means the same as も; however it is more emphatic and formal than も.
It's important to be able not only to speak Japanese but to read and write it as well.
483
俳句だけでなく、単価もまた日本を代表する文字の一つとして知られている。
もまた "as well; also; too" In this usage もまた means the same as も; however it is more emphatic and formal than も.
In addition to haiku, tanka is also well known as a literary style representative of Japan.
484
A: ね、田中さん、来年、結婚するだって！ B: えー、知らなかったの。みんな知ってるよ。先生が先週クラスで話したから。 A: なんだ、そうだったんだ。私、先週、暮らす休んじゃったから。
なんだ "oh!" The literal meaning of なんだ is "What is X?" However it can also be used to express the speaker's slight surprise。 Used only in very casual conversation.
A: Hey, did you hear? Prof. Tanaka's getting married next year! B: You didn't know? Everyone knows that. Prof. Tanak told us last week in class. A: Oh, really? I missed class last week, so I didn't know.
485
何だ、もう食べちゃったの。一緒に食べたかったのに。
なんだ "oh!" The literal meaning of なんだ is "What is X?" However it can also be used to express the speaker's slight surprise。 Used only in very casual conversation.
Wait, you already ate? But I wanted to eat together.
486
なんだ、まだ宿題終わってないの。早くしないと、授業がはじまっちゃうよ。
なんだ "oh!" The literal meaning of なんだ is "What is X?" However it can also be used to express the speaker's slight surprise。 Used only in very casual conversation.
Oh, you're not done with your homework yet? Hurry up; class is about to start.
487
ほら、これ、見て。リリーが子犬の時の写真。かわいいねえ。
ほら "Look!; See?; Come on!" The interjection ほら can be used to draw the hearer's attention to something. Only used in very casual conversation.
Here, take a look at this. It's a picture of Lily when she was a puppy. Isn't she cute?
488
ほら、私が言った通りでしょ。
ほら "Look!; See?; Come on!" The interjection ほら can be used to draw the hearer's attention to something. Only used in very casual conversation.
See? It's just like I told you.
489
ほら、あと1キロでゴールだよ。頑張れ！
ほら "Look!; See?; Come on!" The interjection ほら can be used to draw the hearer's attention to something. Only used in very casual conversation.
Come on, there's only one more kilometer to the goal! Hang in there!
490
あ、ちょっと、静かにして！ほら、鳥の声が聞こえる！
ほら "Look!; See?; Come on!" The interjection ほら can be used to draw the hearer's attention to something. Only used in very casual conversation.
Be quiet for a sec! Listen - I hear birds chirping!
491
私が重い病気だということは、両親を除いてだれも知らない。
N を除いて "except (for); with the exception of ~; but ~" 除く means "to remove; get rid of." を除いて is used as a compound particle meaning "except."
Aside from my parents, no one knows that I have a serious disease.
492
盲導犬などのサービスドッグを除いて、病院には犬を連れて入ってはいけません。
N を除いて "except (for); with the exception of ~; but ~" 除く means "to remove; get rid of." を除いて is used as a compound particle meaning "except."
With the exception of guide dogs and other service dogs, no dogs are allowed inside the hospital.
493
留学中、沖縄を除く日本全国各地を友達と一緒に旅行した。
N1 を除く N2 "except (for); with the exception of ~; but ~" 除く means "to remove; get rid of." を除いて is used as a compound particle meaning "except."
WhileI was studying in Japan, I travelled everywhere but Okinawa.
494
昭和25年頃、すなわち 1950年頃の日本は、戦争が終わったすぐ後で、みんな貧乏だった。
NP1/S1, すなわち NP2/S2 "that is; i.e.; namely" すなわち
Around the 25th year of Showa, that is, 1950, the war had just ended and everyone in Japan was poor.
495
お宅の聖地、すなわち、東京の秋葉原は、電気製品が安い「電気の町」でもある。
NP1/S1, すなわち NP2/S2 "that is; i.e.; namely" すなわち
The otaku "holy land", i.e. Akihabara in Tokyo, is also an "Electric Town", where you can get electronic goods cheaply.
496
新しいアルバイトは、今までの2倍、すなわち、1時間当たり3千円の時給がもらえる。
NP1/S1, すなわち NP2/S2 "that is; i.e.; namely" すなわち
My new part-time job pays me twice what I've been getting up until now - that is to say, 3000 yen per hour.
497
受付の仕事は一応私達がやることになっています。
一応 "for the time being; for now; tentatively; although not perfectly; sort of; just in case" In this sentence the use means "for the time being" 一応 is used when an action/state is tentative or not quite complete, perfect or satisfactory. It is also used when an action is taken as a precaution.
We're supposed to work at the reception desk for the time being.
498
まだ反しあわなくてはいけない問題がありますが、時間になりましたので、今日は、一応、これで会議を終わります。
一応 "for the time being; for now; tentatively; although not perfectly; sort of; just in case" In this sentence the use means "tentatively" 一応 is used when an action/state is tentative or not quite complete, perfect or satisfactory. It is also used when an action is taken as a precaution.
There are still problems we need to discuss, but we're out of time, so we'll end the meeting here for now.
499
コンピュータがフリーズする問題は一応解決したけれど、まだ、メールが文字化けするという問題が残っている。
一応 "for the time being; for now; tentatively; although not perfectly; sort of; just in case" In this sentence the use means "tentatively" 一応 is used when an action/state is tentative or not quite complete, perfect or satisfactory. It is also used when an action is taken as a precaution.
We've managed to fix the computer-freezing problem, but we still have the e-mail text encoding problem to deal with.
500
レポートは一応書き上げたけれど、英語のスペルチェックがまだだ。
一応 "for the time being; for now; tentatively; although not perfectly; sort of; just in case" In this sentence the use means "although not perfectly" 一応 is used when an action/state is tentative or not quite complete, perfect or satisfactory. It is also used when an action is taken as a precaution.
I've sort of finished the report (although not perfectly), but I still need to do an English spell check.
