Topic 1 Flashcards
(18 cards)
What are the differences between prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes: membrane bound organelles and nuclues, can be either single celled or multicellular.
Prokaryotes: No memrbane bound organelles, single celled organisms, no nuclei
What are the simalarites of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
They both have DNA, RNA and proteins. They both go through transcription and translation.
Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotes: simultaneously in cytoplasm
Eukaryotes: separately, transcription in nucleus and translation in cytoplasm
What does transcription do?
Happens in nuclues, done by RNA polymerase. Has TFs that guide RNAP to polymerase. DNA -> mRNA
What does translation do?
Happens in cytosol, done by ribosome. turns mRNA-> amino acids -> protein
How to identify macromolecues?
Amino acids: carboxyl group, amino group, C carbon, R group| RNA polymer: string of nucleotides| Nucleotide: Look for OH, base, and phosphate group| DNA & RNA: always negative charge | Phospholipid: long fatty tail| Carbohydrate: rings all together
What does tRNA do?
tRNA brings in the amino acids based on the codon.
What is gene expression?
Gene expression is how the information encoded for in our DNA is used by the cell
What is differential gene expression?
When different cells express different genes in the genome
How can a cell have the same genetype but different phenotype?
Gene expression. They have the same genetic makeup but because of differential gene expression, they look different based on the tasks and functions they perform
What is potency?
Potency is the ability of a stem cell to differentiate into different cell types.
What are the types of stem cells and what do they mean?
Totipotent: can differentiate into any cell
Pluripotent: can differentiate into any cell in our body except embryonic tissue.
Multipotent: the only type of stem cells that adults can have-more limited as to what they can differentiate into
What type of stem cell is a morula, blastocyst and adult body?
Morula: totipotent | Blastula: inner cell mass: pluripotent and outer cell: totipotent | Adult body: only multipotent
What are stem cells?
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can divide to more cells of the same type or differentiate into specific types.
Where can stem cells be found? (provide example)
Stem cells can be found any place where tissue regeneration can be found. Like bone marrow, liver, blood, skin.
What is a Embyronic stem cell? (ESC) Why are these controversial?
An ESC is the inner cell mass of blastula. These are controversial since when you extract inner cell mass, you destroy embryo.
What are induced pluripotent stem cells? (iPS)
iPS cells are differentiated cells that are genetically reprogrammed back to embryonic stem like state
What are some pros and cons of iPS?
Pros: iPS cells are less controversial that ESC and less likely for body to reject
Cons: Difficult to induce differentiation properly
