Topic 4

Question 1

What mechanisms carry out translating in the ribosome?

Answer 1

tRNA, rRNA in the ribsome does the translating

Question 2

Explain the steps of prokaryotic translation.

Answer 2

Initiation: Ribosome binding site on mRNA binds to small subunit of ribosome, tRNA binds at start codon, large subunit of ribosome binds
Elongation: New tRNA come and base pair to matching codons, each tRNA adds a new amuno acid to the chain, ribosome keeps moving down
Termination: Ribosome reaches stop codon and releases the mRNA and amino acid chain

Question 3

Explain steps of eukaryotic translation

Answer 3

There is only a few differences.
Initiation: tRNA binds to small subunit first then binds mRNA. Binds at 5’ cap instead of ribosome binding site.
Elongation: tRNA moves into P-site bringing specifc amino acids. peptide bond formation occurs in the catalytic pocket. Translocation of ribosome down mRNA
Termination: Translocation occurs until stop codon is reached. Release factor enters the E-site and catalyzes the hydrolysis of bond between tRNA and polypeptide chain. Polypeptide is released and final folding occurs resulting in a functional protein. Dissociation of tRNAs, subunits, and mRNA.

Question 4

What is a silent mutation? What is its effect?

Answer 4

A silent mutation is a change in the nucleotide that doesnt change the amino acids. This doesnt make a difference since the amino acid doesnt change

Question 5

What is a missense mutation? What is its effect?

Answer 5

A missense mutation is a change in nucleotide that changes the amino acid. This changes the primary structure of protien.

Question 6

What is a nonsense mutation? What is its effect?

Answer 6

A nonsense mutation is a change in nucleotide that results in early stop codon. This results in premature termination.

Question 7

What is a frameshift mutation? What is its effect?

Answer 7

A frameshift mutation is the addition or deletion of a nucleotide. This causes the reading frame to be shifted.

Question 8

Whats mRNA?

Answer 8

mRNA is the code thats translated into an amino acid chain.

Question 9

Whats tRNA?

Answer 9

tRNA is what adds each amino acid by binding with anticodon

Question 10

Whats rRNA?

Answer 10

rRNA is part of the ribsome that catalyzes peptide bond formation.