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topic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

whats the particle structure of a solid??

A

fixed volume, fixed shapes don’t move. can’t be compressed as the particles are touching each other and vibrating on the spot

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2
Q

whats the particle structure of a liquid?

A

fixed volume but shape can change depending on container as particles move around. can’t be compressed as particles are close together and touching

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3
Q

whats the particle structure of a gas?

A

no fixed shape or volume and can be compressed as a lot of space between particles gases have most energy . particles often bump into each other

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4
Q

whats the inter-convention from a solid to a liquid ?

A

melting

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5
Q

whats the inter-convention from a liquid to a gas ?

A

evaporation

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6
Q

whats the inter-convention from a gas to a liquid ?

A

condensation

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7
Q

whats the inter-convention from a liquid to a solid ?

A

freezing

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8
Q

whats the inter-convention from a solid to a gas?

A

sublimation

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9
Q

whats the inter-convention from a gas to a solid ?

A

deposition

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10
Q

whats the difference between evaporation and boiling?

A

boiling has a fixed temperature but evaporation donse’t

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11
Q

what happens to solid when it heated?

A

energy provided by heat source makes the particles vibrate faster until the forces of attraction between them are no longer strong enough to hold them together; the particles then move around each other called melting

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12
Q

what happens to a liquid when it’s cooled?

A

particles will move around more slowly until they move so slowly the force son attraction between them will hold them in a fixed position and freezes

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13
Q

what happens to particles in boiling?

A

boiling occurs when liquids heated so strongly that particles are moving fast enough to overcome all the forces of attraction between them. the stronger the forces of attraction between the particles, the higher the boiling point of a liquid. because more energy needed to break force

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14
Q

whats a melting point

A

the temperature a which a solid melts

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15
Q

what happenes to particles in evaporation?

A

some particles move faster than others and some fast particles have enough energy to break away to form a gas

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16
Q

if a substance sublimates or deposits then what state does it not exist in

A

a liquid

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17
Q

solvent

A

the substance the solute dissolves in

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18
Q

solute

A

the solid that dissolves in a solvent

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19
Q

solution

A

the mixture of a dissolved solute in a solvent

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20
Q

saturated solution

A

a solution in which no more solute can be added

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21
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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22
Q

what 2 states does diffusion happen in?

A

gases and liquids

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23
Q

why does it only happen in these 2 states ?

A

because the particles are able to move around. if a solid dissolves in water then it can diffuse but not if it’s still a solid

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24
Q

what happens if i put ammonia and hydrochloric acid in a tube then what will happen?

A

both substances give off fumes and when the 2 substances meet they react to form a white cloud of fine white crystals of the salt ammonium chloride a third of the way through the tube from the hydrochloric acid

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25
if the white cloud is nearer the hydrogen chloride than the ammonia then which substance travels faster?
the hydrogen chloride
26
why do some substances move faster than others?
cause their particles weigh less so the substance diffuses faster
27
ammonia + hydrogen chloride=
ammonium chloride
28
what speeds up diffusion?
heating and stiring
29
what does 'the mass of solute which must dissolve in 100g of solvent at that temperature to form a saturated solution' mean?
the solubility of a solid in a solvent at a particular temperature . the maximum mass of solute that dissolves in 100g of solvent at a particular temperature
30
what is a solubility curve?
a graph showing the solubility of solids at different temperatures
31
what happens to the solid as the temperature increases ?
the solubility increases
32
what can solubility curves teach you ?
you can work out the mass of crystals you would get if you cooled a saturated solution
33
what variable goes on the x axis
the independant varible
34
what variable goes on the y axis
the dependant variable
35
you have a solubility curve of substance b if 60g of substance b has been dissolved in 100g of water then how would you work out the mass of crystals
you look at the graph and look at 60g of solute on the y axis and were it meets the line follow it down to get the mass
36
what happens when a hot saturated solution cools
some of the solute will separate from the solution
37
whats the difference between a compound and a mixture
compounds are 2 or more elements chemically joined together and a mixture is 2 elements mixed together not chemically
38
what are elements and compounds melting and boiling points like
they have a fixed melting point and would show up on a graph as a horizontal line because they only have a pure separate melting or boiling point
39
whats a mixtures melting point like
not a fixed melting and boiling point would show up as a wiggly line as the boil or melt over a range of temperatures . this because elements keep their boiling and melting points in mixture so it's between the 2 elements boiling or melting points
40
what are the properties of compounds
they don't have the properties of either elements
41
how do you carry out a practical to investigate the solid in water at a specific temperature in 12 steps ?
1. measure hight of solid 2. half fill a 250ml beaker with water 3. add 10ml of distilled water to test tube and place in the beaker of water 4. stir mixture in test tube carefully using thermometer 5. stop stirring and allow to settle 6. read temperature on thermometer 7. measure hight in mm 8. put test tube in beaker heat until temperature is 40 degrees 9. remove from heat and stir mixture for 30 seconds with thermometer 10. allow to settle 11. read thermometer and measure height of solid 12. repeat until 80 degrees
42
what are the properties of mixtures?
the elements keep their properties
43
how can you tell if a substance is a mixture or a compound?
cause you look at their melting or boiling points
44
what is simple distillation used for?
separate the components of a solution such as salt from salt water. separate the solvent from the solution
45
how does simple distillation work?
the solvent evaporates and rises up into the condensing chamber and the solvent condenses and drips into the beaker
46
what is fractional distillation used for?
used to separate a mixture of liquids
47
how does fractional distillation work
both such as water and ethanol liquids boil at different temperatures and by carefully heating you can control the temperature of the column so that the water condenses and trickles back into the column and trickles back into the flask. only the ethanol remains as a vapour all the way to the top of the fractional column and out into the condenser
48
what is filtration used for?
used for separating a solute from a solvent / a solid from a liquid
49
how does filtration work?
the solution goes through a funnel of filter paper and the substance left in is called the residue and the liquid coming through is called the filtrate
50
what is crystallisation used fro?
to separate a solute from a solution
51
how does crystallisation work?
the solution is heated in an evaporating basin until an almost saturated solution is formed and and it is cooled to allow crystals to form
52
what is paper chromatography used for?
to separate a variety of mixtures . to separate and identify the different colours contained in a mixture of colours
53
how does paper chromatography work ?
a pencil line is drawn on the chromatography paper 1-2 cm from the bottom of the paper and ink spots are placed on this line . as the solvent rises up the chromatography paper , individual dyes are separated and different dyes move up the paper leaving a line called the solvent front. the more soluble a colour is the further it will travel up the paper . identical colours travel the same distance up the paper
54
how can you use a chromatogram to identify what substances are in an unknown substance?
you place the unknown substance on the pencil line and next to it you place known substance next to it . as same colours travel up the same distance you look at which dyes in the unknown substance match with the known dyes using the rf values and if they match then the unknown substance must contain those dyes .
55
what is an rf value ?
the distance a substance moves up the chromatogram is comparison to the distance the solvent moves
56
what does rf value stand for?
retardation factor
57
whats the equation for the rf value ?
distance spot travels up the paper(from the pencil line) divided by distance of solvent front (from the pencil line)
58
whats the solvent front ?
distance between the pencil line to the top of the paper .
59
what is a rf value always under?
1
60
what units are rf values in ?
they have no units
61
who should you keep it a fair test in making chromatograms ?
keep the solvent the same and the paper the same
62
are rf values unique?
they are unique for every substance
63
what is a word used to describe a solution that can not dissolve ant more crystals?
saturated solution
64
whats the solvent front?
distance from pencil line to line at the top

chemistry (7 decks)

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