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IGCSE BIOLOGY > TOPIC 1: Cells & Cells Processes > Flashcards

TOPIC 1: Cells & Cells Processes Flashcards

UNIT 1/2/3/4/5 (76 cards)

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1
Q

(UNIT 1) The 7 Characteristics Of living

A

M- Movement
R- Respiration
S- Sensitivity
G- Growth
R- Reproduction
E- Excretion
N- Nutrition

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2
Q

What is Movement?

A

Can change position or place

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3
Q

What is Respiration?

A

Uses food to get energy

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4
Q

What is Sensitivity?

A

The ability to detect or sense

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5
Q

What is Growth?

A

Gets bigger or develops

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6
Q

What is Reproduction?

A

Can make babies or new organisms

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7
Q

What is Excretion?

A

Gets rid of waste

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8
Q

What is Nutrition?

A

Eats food or takes in nutrients

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9
Q

( UNIT 2 ) Caculating Magnification

A

Actual Size- Image Size/ Magnification
Magnification- Image Size/ Actual Size

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls the cell, holds the DNA

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11
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Where the chemical reaction happens

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12
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

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13
Q

Mitochondria

A

Makes energy for the cell

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14
Q

Rigid Cell Wall ( Plant Cell )

A

Provides protection

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15
Q

Vacoule ( Plant Cell )

A

Stores water, sugar, and keeps the cell firm

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16
Q

Green Chloroplasts

A

Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis

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17
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein Synthesis happens here

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18
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulam

A

Moves stuff (like proteins) around the cell

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19
Q

Permanent Vacoule

A

Stores nutrients, waste products and helps the plant to stay firm.

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20
Q

Type of Cell ( Prokaryotes )

A

Simple, small cells with no nucleus.

The DNA floats freely in the cell.

They have no membrane-bound organelles (like mitochondria).

Example: Bacteria

🧠 Think: “Pro = No” (no nucleus, no complex parts)

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21
Q

Type of Cell ( Eukaryotes )

A

Complex, larger cells with a nucleus that stores DNA.

Have lots of organelles (like mitochondria, ER, Golgi).

Found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
📌 Think: Eukaryote = “You-Karyote” You have these cells!

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22
Q

Cells

A

Basic unit of life and can carry out life’s activity

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23
Q

Tissue

A

A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to do the same job.

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24
Q

Organ

A

An organ is a part of the body made of different tissues that work together to do a special job.

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25
Organ System
An organ system is a group of organs that work together to do a big job for the body.
26
Cillated Cells
Found? Lining the trachea and bronchi Function? Move back and forth: Sweep dust, bacteria, and mucus out of the lungs and toward the throat, so you can cough or swallow it
27
Root hair cells
Found? Near the ends of plant roots Function? Absorbs water and nutrients from the soil.
28
Xylem Vessels
Found? In stems, roots and leaves of plants Function? Transport water and minerals salts to help support
29
Palisade Mesophyll Cells
Found? Beneath the epidermis of a leaf Function? Photosynthesis
30
Nerve Cells
Found? Throughout the bodies of animals Function? special cells that carry messages around your body as electrical signals.
31
Red Blood Cell
Found? In the blood of mammals Function? Transport oxygen
32
Sperm & Egg Cells
Found? In testes and ovaries Function? Fuse together to produce a zygote (fertilized egg cell)
33
( UNIT 3 ) DIFFUSION
Particles spread out from high concentration to low concentration.
34
Temperature?
Higher Temperature- Diffuse faster
35
Surface Area?
Larger Surface Area- Diffuse faster
36
Concentration Gradient?
Higher Gradient- Diffuse faster
37
Size of Particles?
Smaller Particles- Diffuse faster
38
Brownian Motion
Collision with air molecule
39
Osmosis
Water moves from low water potential to high water potential through a special barrier (membrane).
40
Lysis
Lysis is when a cell bursts because too much water has entered it. *Animal Cell*
41
Crenation
Crenation is when an animal cell shrinks because water leaves the cell.
42
Turgid
Turgid means a plant cell is full of water and becomes firm.
43
Plasmolysed
Plasmolysed means a plant cell has lost water and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall.
44
Flaccid
Flaccid means a plant cell has lost some water and becomes soft or limp, but not fully plasmolysed yet.
45
Active Transport
Active transport is the movement of molecules or ions in or out of a cell through the cell membrane, against the concentration gradient, using energy from respiration. (low to high concentration)
46
Movement of Nitrate ions
Nitrate ions move into plant root hair cells by active transport. why? Nitrates are needed to make proteins for growth
47
Vilus/ Villi
A villus is a tiny finger-shaped structure found in the small intestine that helps to absorb food nutrients into the blood.
48
(UNIT 4) Compounds in living organisms
Nutrient is a substance which is needed for growth,repair and metabolism. The three main nutrients are carbohydates, proteins, fats and oils (ORGANIC CHEMICALS)
49
Metabolism
Metabolism is the total of all chemical reactions happening in your body to keep you alive.
50
Water
Needed for metabolic reactions (IMPORTANT SOLVENT)
51
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose Give energy Used in the form of glucose by respiration Made of: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) Also called as monosaccharides
52
Monosachharides
They are single sugar molecules that give your body quick energy.
53
Disaccharides
Disaccharides are carbohydrates made of 2 monosaccharides (simple sugars) joined together.
54
Polysaccharides
Poly = Many sugars stuck together = Big storage molecules or structural support. Starch and cellulose (found in plants) Glycogen (found in animals)
55
Maltose? Sucrose? Lactose?
Maltose (glucose + glucose) Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Lactose (glucose + galactose)
56
Formula for Glucose/ Galactose/ Fructose
Glucose- C₆H₁₂O₆ Galactose- C₆H₁₂O₆ Fructose- C₆H₁₂O₆
57
Biochemical Food Tests - Iodine Solution (Orangy Brown)
Test for? Starch Result? Blue black (positive)
58
Biochemical Food Tests - Biuret's Solution (Blue)
Test for? Protein Result? Lilac Purple
59
Biochemical Food Tests - Ethanol (Colourless)
Test for? Lipid (Fats) Result? Cloudy/Milky
60
Biochemical Food Tests - Benedict's Solution (Blue-blue)
Test for? Reducing sugar (Glucose/Maltose) 80 degrees c Result? Green/Yellow (present) Result? Brick- Red precipitate (absent)
61
Fats
Lipids are fats and oils They are energy-rich molecules used for energy storage, insulation, and cell structure. Small units of fatty acids and glycerol
62
Protein
Proteins are made up of amino acids- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen Making new cells, growth and repair Needed to make antibodies Needed to make enzymes To carry oxygen: Haemoglobin (red blood cells) Example: Muscle, skin, organs
63
DCPIP TEST (Ascorbic/Vitamin C)
Blue to colourless
64
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA is made up of 4 bases- A (Adenine), T (Thymine), G (Guanine) and C (Cytosine) Controls: Your traits, proteins, and cell functions
65
UNIT 5 Enzymes
Proteins that function as biological catalyst
66
Biological Catalyst
It helps reactions happen faster in living things (like digestion or respiration).
67
Enzyme: Amylase Reaction Catalysed?
Starch to Maltose/Glucose
68
Enzyme: Protease Reaction Catalysed?
Proteins to Amino Acid
69
Enzyme: Lipase Reaction Catalysed?
Lipids to Fatty acid + Glycerol
70
Enzyme: Catalase Reaction Catalysed?
Hydrogen Peroxide to Water + Oxygen
71
Active Site
The active site is the part of an enzyme where the substrate fits and the reaction happens.
72
Properties Of Enzymes
All enzymes are proteins Enzymes are cataylsts Enzymes are specific Enzymes work best at a particular tempereature or pH Enzymes can be reused
73
pH and Enzyme Activity
Many Enzymes work best in neutral conditions, though some prefer acidic/ alkaline conditions. (Rate of reaction the enzyme depends on its optimum pH) Change in pH (too high/low) alters the shape of active site of enzymes, causing them to be denatured.
74
Temperature and Enzyme Activity
When temperature increases enzyme and substrate molecules gain more kinetic energy to move faster. Effective collision increases. Rate of reaction increases. Rate of reaction will increase until the optimum temperature. If the temperature is too high the enzyme will denature.
75
What is denature?
Denature means the enzyme changes shape, especially the active site, so it can’t work anymore.
76
What's the optimum temperature in enzyme?
pH 8.0 ❄️ Too cold – enzyme works slowly (like it's sleepy). 🔥 Too hot – enzyme gets denatured (changes shape and stops working).

IGCSE BIOLOGY (6 decks)

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