TOPIC 5: Circulatory & Respiratory Systems Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Double Circulatory System
A
Mammals, birds and reptiles
2
Q
Double Circulatory System Advantage?
A
Provides high pressure to pump oxygenated blood to the whole body
3
Q
Pulmonary System- How it works?
A
- Carries blood from heart → lungs → heart (for gas exchange)
- Begins at the right ventricle and ends in left atrium
- Deoxygenated blood leaves by the pulmonary artery (heart) and carried to the alveolar capillaries to the lungs.
4
Q
Systemic Circulation- How it works?
A
- Carries blood from heart → body → heart (for delivering oxygen/nutrients)
- Starts at the left ventricle and ends at the right atrium
- Carries oxygenated blood to whole body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
5
Q
Single Circulatory System
A
Blood passes through the heart only once during each complete circuit of the body.
6
Q
Septum
A
To seperate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
7
Q
Blood Going Out: Aorta/Pulmonary Artery
Ventricle____
Atrium____
AV___
SL____
A
Ventricle: Systole
Atrium: Diastole
AV: Close
SL: Open
8
Q
Blood coming in: Vena cava/Pulmonary Vein
Ventricle ___
Atrium____
AV____
SL____
A
Ventricle: Diastole
Atrium: Systole
AV: Open
SL: Close
9
Q
AV Valves
A
Atrioventricular Valves
10
Q
SL Valves
A
Semilunar Valves
11
Q
The 4 Main heart Valves
A
Tricuspid Valve ( AV )
Bicuspid Valve ( AV )
Pulmonary Valve ( SL )
Aortic Valve ( SL )
12
Q
Tricuspid Valve- Location
A
Between right atrium and right ventricle
13
Q
Tricuspid Valve- Function
A
Stops blood flowing back into right atrium
14
Q
Bicuspid Valve- Location
A
Between left atrium and left ventricle
15
Q
Bicuspid Valve- Function
A
Stops blood flowing back into left atrium
16
Q
Pulmonary Valve- Location
A
Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
17
Q
Pulmonary Valve- Function
A
Stops blood flowing back into right ventricle
18
Q
Aortic Valve- Location
A
Between left ventricle and aorta
19
Q
Aortic Valve- Function
A
Stops blood flowing back into left ventricle
20
Q
Heart
A
- Cardiac Muscle
- Ventricle has thicker walls compared to the atria.
- Left Ventricle (oxygenated blood) has a thicker wall compared to the right ventricle (deoxygenated blood). Allows oxygenated blood to travel further (whole body).
21
Q
Coronary Artery
A
- Supplies the heart with nutrients and oxygen
- Coronary heart disease can be caused by a blood clot or cholestrol deposit
22
Q
5 Causes of Coronary Artery
A
- Smoking
- High Cholestrol Diet
- Lack of Exercise
- Stress
- Genes
23
Q
2 Prevention of Coronary Artery
A
- Exercise
- Avoid Saturated Fats
24
Q
5 Treatment of Coronary Artery
A
- Statin (lower blood pressure)
- Aspirin (reduces blood clot)
- Coronary bypass
- Angioplasty
- Stent
25
What is Pulse?
It's the expansion and relaxation of an artery as blood is pumped through it.
26
How many times does the heart beat per minute (at rest)?
Around 60–75 times per minute.
27
What tools can be used to monitor heart activity?
ECG (electrocardiograph) and a stethoscope.
28
Where is the pacemaker in the heart, and what does it do?
Located in the right atrium; it sends electrical signals to control the heartbeat rate.
29
How does exercise affect heartbeat through pH changes?
1. CO₂ builds up → blood pH drops (becomes acidic)
2. Brain detects this → sends more nerve impulses
3. Heart rate increases to remove CO₂ faster
30
What is an artificial pacemaker?
A device used to replace a damaged pacemaker and help control heartbeat.
31
What is the Function of Arteries?
Carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
32
What kind of blood do arteries usually carry?
Oxygenated blood (except the pulmonary artery).
33
Describe artery walls and pressure.
Thick walls and high pressure.
34
Do arteries have valves?
No valves.
35
How fast is blood flow in arteries?
Fast
36
What kind of blood do veins usually carry?
Deoxygenated blood (except the pulmonary vein)
37
Describe vein walls and pressure.
Thin walls and low pressure.
38
Do veins have valves?
Yes, to prevent backflow.
39
How fast is blood flow in veins?
Slow
40
What is the function of capillaries?
Connect arteries and veins; site of gas exchange.
41
What type of blood do capillaries carry?
Both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
42
Describe capillary walls.
Only one cell thick for diffusion.
43
Do capillaries have valves?
No
44
Shunt Vessels
Shunt vessels are special blood vessels that control where blood flows by bypassing capillaries.
45
Shunt Vessels Function
They control blood flow by redirecting blood depending on the body’s needs.
46
Renal Artery
Carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys so they can filter it and remove waste.
47
Renal Vein
Carries clean, deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys back to the heart.
48
Hepatic Artery
Carries oxygenated blood to the liver to give it energy and oxygen.
49
Hepatic Vein
Carries blood away from the liver (after it has processed it) and sends it to the heart.
50
What does haemoglobin in red blood cells do?
Haemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body.
51
Why do red blood cells have no nucleus?
So they can carry more haemoglobin and transport more oxygen.
52
Why are red blood cells biconcave in shape?
To increase surface area for faster oxygen diffusion.
53
What do white blood cells do?
They defend the body against germs.
54
What are phagocytes?
A type of white blood cell that engulfs (eats) germs.
55
What are lymphocytes?
A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies to destroy germs or poisons.
56
What do antibodies do?
They destroy germs or the poisons that germs make.
57
What does a phagocyte look like?
It has a lobed nucleus and granule-filled cytoplasm.
58
What does a lymphocyte look like?
It has a large, round nucleus.
59
Platelets
- Small fragments of cells
- No nucleus
60
Blood clotting
Provides a barrier against the entry of bacteria and viruses
61
8 Transport in blood (within the plasma)
- Oxygen
- Carbon Dioxide
- Nutrients
- Urea
- Hormones
- Heat
- Plasma Protein
62
UNIT 11/12 : Respiration
Chemical reactions that breakdown glucose in living cells to release energy
63
Respiration (energy used?)
- Muscle Contraction
- Protein Synthesis
- Cell Division
- Active Transport
- Growth
- Homeostatis
- Passage of nerve impulses
64
Anaerobic Respiration (yeast & plants)
C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂ + energy
(Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + energy)
65
Anaerobic Respiration
- Involves the incomplete breakdown of glucose.
- Glucose- Lactic Acid (+little energy)
66
Does aerobic respiration use oxygen?
Yes, it uses oxygen
67
Does anaerobic respiration use oxygen?
No, it does not use oxygen
68
What is produced in anaerobic respiration that is not made in aerobic?
Alcohol (in yeast/plants) or lactic acid (in animals)
69
How much energy is released in aerobic respiration?
A large amount from each glucose molecule.
70
How much energy is released in anaerobic respiration?
Much less energy from each glucose molecule
71
Is carbon dioxide produced in aerobic respiration?
Yes, it is made
72
Is carbon dioxide produced in anaerobic respiration?
Only by yeast and plants—not by animals
73
Where does gas exchange take place?
In the alveoli of the lungs.
74
What gas enters the blood during gas exchange?
Oxygen (O₂)
75
What gas leaves the blood during gas exchange?
Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
76
How do gases move during gas exchange?
By diffusion (from high to low concentration)
77
Name two features of alveoli that help gas exchange
Thin walls and large surface area
78
Process of the Lungs
Air in the environment - Nostril- Larynx/Pharynx- Trachea- Bronchus- Bronchioles- Alveoli
79
Epiglottis
Bone that prevents food from entering the trachea
80
Ribs
Bone structure that protects internal organs such as the lungs
81
Intercostal Muscle
Muscles between the ribs which control their movement causing inhalation and exhalation
82
Diaphragm
Sheet of connective tissue and muscle at the bottom of the thorax that helps change the volume of the thorax to allow inhalation and exahaltion
83
Trachea
Windpipe that connects the mouth and nose to the lungs
84
Larynx (voice box)
When air passes across here we are able to make sounds
85
Bronchi
Large tubes branching off the trachea with one bronchus for each lung
86
Bronchioles
Bronchi split to form smaller tubes called bronchioles in the lungs connected to alveoli
87
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs where gas exchange takes place
88
Adaptation of Alveoli
Think Like Mr Beast
T- Thin (1 cell thick)
L- Large surface area
M- Moist surface & good ventillation
B- Blood Capillaries
89
What does mucus do in the respiratory system?
It traps dust, dirt, and microbes
90
What are cilia?
Tiny hairs that move mucus out of the airways
91
Why are mucus and cilia important?
They help protect the lungs from germs and dirt
92
Where does the mucus go after being moved by cilia?
To the throat, where it is swallowed or coughed out
93
INHALATION
- Lungs more are move upward and outward
- External intercostal muscle contract and internal intercostal muscle relax
- Diaphragm contracts and move downward
- Volume of thoraic activity (lung volume) increases
- Pressure decreases, air pressure outside higher than thoracic cavity
- Air to flow into lungs
94
EXHALATION
- Lungs more are move inward and downward
- External intercostal muscle relaxes and internal intercostal muscle contracts
- Diaphragm relaxes and moved upward
- Volume of thoracic cavity (lung volume) decreases
- Pressure higher, air pressure outside is lower than thoracic cavity
- Air to flow out from lungs
95
What is the trachea supported by?
C-shaped rings of cartilage
96
Why does the trachea need cartilage?
To keep it open for air to pass through
97
Why is the cartilage C-shaped, not a full ring?
To allow the oesophagus to expand during swallowing
98
Nitrogen- Inspired/Expired %
Inspired- 78%
Expired- 78%
99
Oxygen- Inspired/Expired %
Inspired- 21%
Expired- 16%
100
Carbon Dioxide- Inspired/Expired %
Inspired- 0.04 or 0.03%
Expired- 3 or 4%
101
Water Vapour-Inspired/Expired %
Inspired- Variable
Expired- Higher
102
Nitrogen (explanation)
Nitrogen is not used in respiration
103
Oxygen (explanation)
Oxygen is used in aerobic respiration
104
Carbon dioxide (explanation)
Carbon dioxide is a waste product from aerobic respiration
105
Water Vapour (explanation)
Water vapour is produced from aerobic respiration
106
Testing Carbon Dioxide
Limewater turns milky/chalky/cloudy because of the formation of calcium carbonate
Why? Expired air has high concentration of carbon dioxide
107
What is oxygen debt?
Extra oxygen needed after exercise to remove lactic acid
108
When does oxygen debt occur?
After anaerobic respiration or intense exercise
109
What happens to breathing after heavy exercise?
It stays fast to repay the oxygen debt
110
Why is lactic acid removed with oxygen?
To prevent muscle pain and allow recovery
