TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSCHOLOGY

Question 1

evidence from evolution

Answer 1

• brain consumes much of the body energy resources
• brain is active even during sleep
• unlikely that a 90% useless brain would have evolved

Question 2

evidence from development

Answer 2

• without activation in childhood, neural pathways atrophy and brain cells degenerate
• unused brain areas would later degenerate

Question 3

evidence from modern brain imaging

Answer 3

• difference behaviours activate different parts of the brain
• many activities use several brain regions simultaneuosly

Question 4

what is psychology

Answer 4

earliest definition was the study of the mind

Question 5

structuralism

Answer 5

• what are the elements of conscious process
• how are they connected
• what are the laws of connection

Question 6

introspection

Answer 6

analysis of ones own conscious experience

Question 7

functionalism

Answer 7

• what is the purpose of consciousness
• how are particular mental processes adaptive
• how to do people change and adapt to their environment

Question 8

psychodynamic approach

Answer 8

• how do dynamic psychological forces affect human motion and behaviour?
• how can psychological disorder be treated

Question 9

psychotherapy

Answer 9

emphasized the influence of unconscious mental forces

Question 10

behaviouralism

Answer 10

• what observable behaviours can be studied
• how are they learned
• how are they modified by the environment

Question 11

gestalt psychology

Answer 11

-how are cognitive processes organized

Question 12

doctrine

Answer 12

whole is different then the sum of the parts

Question 13

William James

Answer 13

(1907) wrote: “We are making use of only a small part of our possible mental and physical resources” (p.322-323)–but didn’t mention the brain

Question 14

Karl Lashley

Answer 14

(1935) showed that removing some of a rat’s cerebral cortex did not affect certain types of learning–but was that tissue useless?

Question 15

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 15

(b.1832-d.1920) founded first psychology lab at University of Leipzig in 1879

Question 16

James mark Baldwin

Answer 16

(b.1861-d.1934) established first psychological lab in British Empire at U of Toronto in 1889

Question 17

Edward Titchener

Answer 17

(b.1867-d.1927) relied onintrospection: analysis of one’s own conscious experience

Question 18

William James

Answer 18

(b.1842-d.1910) worked at Harvard University; wrote influential,The Principles of Psychology(1890)

Question 19

Mary whiten calkins

Answer 19

(b.1863-d.1930) became first woman president of the APA (American Psychological Association) in 1905

Question 20

sigmund frued

Answer 20

(b.1856-d.1939), neurologist; developedpsychoanalytictheory (umbrella term) and psychotherapy.

Question 21

C.G jung

Answer 21

(b.1875-d.1961) extended psychodynamics; proposed all human beings share a “collective unconscious” that stores the symbols and archetypes shared by all people

Question 22

J.B Watson

Answer 22

(b.1878-d.1958) shifted study of mind to study of behaviour

Question 23

B.F skinner

Answer 23

(b.1904-d.1990): we are controlled by our environment, not by free will

Question 24

Max Wertheimer

Answer 24

• doctrine: whole is different than the sum of the parts.

- founded gestalt psychology

Question 25

humanistic psychology

Answer 25

- how can we discover and nurture an individuals potential for growth? - what makes a person unique. - carl rogers and Abraham Maslow worked in humanistic psychology.

Question 26

carl rogers

Answer 26

(b.1902-d.1987) developed nondirective client-centered therapy

Question 27

Abraham Maslow

Answer 27

- Abraham Maslow (b.1908-d.1970) focused on potential for self-actualization. Means what is your potential.

Question 28

cognitive psychology

Answer 28

- How does the mind organize and process information ? - What is the relationship between cognition and behaviors? - George Miller (b.1920-d.2012) founded Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard U in 1960 - Ulric Neisser (b.1928-d.2012) wrote Cognitive Psychology in 1967.

Question 29

biological approach

Answer 29

- What is the relationship between brain structures and psychological functions? - How does evolution influence behavior? - Donald Hebb (b.1904-d.1985) developed connectionism: insightful theory of neurological functioning via neural networks - Leda Cosmides (b.1957) helped pioneer evolutionary psychology: views the mind as a set of adaptive mechanisms.

Question 30

Donald Hebb

Answer 30

(b.1904-d.1985) developed connectionism: insightful theory of neurological functioning via neural networks

Question 31

leda cosmides

Answer 31

(b.1957) helped pioneer evolutionary psychology: views the mind as a set of adaptive mechanisms.

Question 32

the types of research

Answer 32

*  basic research: intended to add to our knowledge | *  applied research: designed to solve a practical problem

Question 33

experimental psychology

Answer 33

- behavioural genetics - cognitive neuroscience - sensation and perception - behaviour analysis - human factors and ergonomics -social psychology positive psychology

Question 34

Professional psychology

Answer 34

- clinical psychology - counselling psychology - educational/school psychology - industrial/ organizational psychology

Question 35

cognitive neuroscience

Answer 35

Which brain structures underlie specific behaviors? | What are the effects of the drug ecstasy on the brain

Question 36

sensation and perception

Answer 36

How do we extract information from energy in the world? | Why do some people hear colors or taste shapes?

Question 37

cognitive psychology

Answer 37

How does the mind process information? | What is the best way for you to learn and remember information for an exam?

Question 38

human factors and ergonomics

Answer 38

How does psychology relate to design and everyday things? | What’s worse, drinking and driving, or using a cell phone and driving?

Question 39

social psychology

Answer 39

How do we influence and interact with one another? | How much of your feelings and attitudes do you express in your body language?

Question 40

positive psychology

Answer 40

What things lead to strength of character, optimism, and health? How can you lead a happier life?

Question 41

Lightner Witmer

Answer 41

(b.1867-d.1956) established the first psychological clinic in 1896; introduced the term “clinical psychology" in 1907

Question 42

clinical psychology

Answer 42

How can we learn about, diagnose, and treat people who have major problems coping with everyday life, or a psychological disorder?

Question 43

counselling psychology

Answer 43

How can we help people overcome less severe difficulties in one aspect of their lives (e.g., family or marriage)? e.g., in family or married life

Question 44

educational/school psychology

Answer 44

How can we help children who have difficulties in school? What’s the best way to do standardized testing? What is appropriate curriculum for a particular grade/age?  

Question 45

industrial/ organizational psychology

Answer 45

What candidates are the best fit for a job? | How should a company’s organizational structure be designed?

Question 46

psychology is empirical

Answer 46

It is based on empirical evidence (observation and experimentation), and adapts as new data is collected.

Question 47

 Reciprocal determinism

Answer 47

psychology affects society, but is also affected by society | When was homosexuality no longer classified as a psychological disorder?

Question 48

how to become a chartered psychologist

Answer 48

- complete Bachelor’s degree (4 years) - take GRE (Graduate Records Exam) General Test and apply to graduate school » GRE General Test does not include any psychology content - earn Master’s or Ph.D. degree in psychology or related field, or Psy.D. (2+ years) - practice for 1,600 hours under supervision of chartered psychologist - pass written and oral exams - register with provincial regulating body, College of Alberta Psychologists (CAP): • sets standards (e.g., Code of Conduct, Code of Ethics) • monitors/regulates practice • licenses psychologists (a.k.a. registered or chartered)

Question 49

how to become a psychiatrist

Answer 49

- take relevant courses and complete Bachelor’s degree (2+ years) - take MCAT (Medical College Admission Test) and apply to medical school » MCAT includes a section on psychological, social, and biological foundations of behavior - earn M.D. (3 or 4 years) - become a resident in psychiatry (5 years) - pass certification exams - become registered member of College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta (CPSA): • administers standards of practice and conduct • resolves complaints • licenses physicians

Question 50

multiple levels of analysis are required for explanations

Answer 50

- what are the multiple causes of a given behaviour - understand the influence of psychological, biological, social, and environmental has on behaviour and mental processes.

Question 51

The SQ4R Study Method

Answer 51

Survey: skim through chapter   Question: what’s the point of each section?   Read: in the proper environment   Recite: make active notes in your own words   Relate: associate new information to what you already know   Review: concentrate on problem areas

Question 52

two guys involved in cognitive psychology

Answer 52

George Miller and ulric neisser