TOPIC 3: NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIOUR Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
phrenology
A
linked physical state and mind, study of bumps on your skull.
2
Q
reductionism
A
philosophy that a complex system can be explained by reducing it to its component parts.
3
Q
myelin sheath
A
- fatty cells surrounding axon
- increases processing speed of electric current.
- degeneration of myelin sheath can lead to multiple sclerosis
4
Q
where is the neurone + or - when polarized
A
positive outside and negative inside
5
Q
what’s the state when the neuron is polarized
A
resting potential
6
Q
action potential
A
electrochemical process that produces a traveling electrical charge along the axon
7
Q
depolarization
A
Na+ channels open briefly, Na+ enters
8
Q
depolarization
A
K+ channels open, K+ exits
9
Q
where does depolarization and repolarization occur
A
occurs as a wave down the length of the axon terminal button
10
Q
ion pumps function
A
restores balance of Na+ and K+ ions
11
Q
absolute refractory period
A
time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin
12
Q
synapse
A
functional connection between neutrons
13
Q
synaptic cleft
A
gap between terminal buttons of one neutron and dendrites of another neuron
14
Q
how are messages given
A
carried across by neurotransmitters
15
Q
neurotransmitters
A
chemical messenger released by traveling charge
16
Q
excitatory
A
opens channels allowing inflow of positively charged ions
17
Q
inhibitory
A
opens channels allowing outflow of positively charged ions or inflow of negatively charges ions.
18
Q
when is it increased likelihood of neurone firing?
A
during excitatory state, decreased likelihood during inhibitory state
19
Q
threshold
A
minimum activity needed for action potential to occur
20
Q
all monoamines
A
- dopamine
- norepinephrine
- serotonin
21
Q
all amino acids
A
- glutamate
- gamma-aminobutyric acid
- endorphins
22
Q
acetylcholine
A
(ACh)
-excititory transmitter between motor neurone and muscles; learning and memory
- low levels of ACh associated with Alzheimers disease
- curare is antagonistic towards ACh, and blocks it.
- nicotine ACh receptors activate by nicotine (agonist)
23
Q
curare
A
antagonistic : blocks ACh actions on muscles
24
Q
dopamine
A
(DA)
- voluntary movements, emotional arousal, learning, memory, pleasure system.
- degeneration is linked to Parkinson’s disease
- high levels implicated in schizophrenia
25
norepinephrine
(NE)
| - alertness and arousal, intense fear and pain, enhances attentions and memory.
26
serotonin
(5-HT)
| - generally inhibitory; controls sleep/wakefulness/arousal; implicated in aggression, mood and pain.
27
glutamate
(Glu)
| - always excitatory; NMD receptor implicated in learning/memory and neural plasticity
28
gamma-animobutyric acid
always inhibitory; found throughout the brain
29
endorphins
endogenous (internal) opioids; have analgesic effects, elevate mood.
- hero is exogenous (external) opioid
30
components of the CNS
brain and spinal cord
31
components of PNS
somatic and autonomic
32
what components make up the autonomic
sympathetic and parasympathetic
33
what parts are ascending tracts connected too
the brain
34
what parts are descending tracts connect to
the brain ====> muscles
35
afferent fibre
reflex
36
interneuron
(spinal cord)
37
efferent fibre
controls muscle
38
electrical stimulation of brain
(ESB)
| stimulate brain region with electrode and ask patients what they experience
39
lesions
surgical destruction of tissue, frontal lobotomy severs connection of frontal lobe; reduces seizures.
40
electroencephalogram
(EEG)
| -amplifies evoked potentials produced by large numbers of neurons
41
intra/extracellular
-recordings: measure activity of a single neuron using micro electrode
42
CT (computerized tomography)
- multiple X-rays enhanced by computer
- shows structure
43
PET ( positron emission tomography)
- take radioactive form of glucose
- X-rays cause positron to be emitted
- shows metabolic activity
44
MRI (positron emission tomography)
- magnetic field aligns spinning hydrogen nuclei, found in water molecules I tissue of the body
- resonant radio wave pulse disorients them
- protons emit radio waves open alignment
- shows detailed structure
45
FMRI (functional MRI)
- hemoglobin (which carried oxygen in the blood) contains an iron atom that has magnetic properties
- strong magnetic fail aligns magnetic molecules
- radio waves pulse disorients them
- upon alignment, protons emit radio waves which can be measured quickly
- shows metabolic activity
46
pros and cons to brain imaging
PROS:
- can show neural correlates of a function
- applications range from promising (neurodiagnosis)
CONS:
- can ONLY show neural correlates of a function
- to dodgy (neuromarketing, neuropolitics)
- people are more likely to be convinced by:
(evidence. contacting irrelevant information) & ( brain images that are redundant with other evidence)
47
what is the brain stem made up of
( three components )
- medulla
- pons
- midbrain
48
what is the brain stem connected to
spinal cord
49
components of hindbrain
(three components)
- cerebellum
- medulla
- pons
50
cerebellum
motor coordinations; control of ballistic movements
51
Medulla
heart rate, respiration
52
Pons
sleep stages, arousal
53
Midbrain
- includes relay centres for vision and audition
| - reticular formation
54
reticular formation
reflexes, breathing, pain, sleep & wakefulness.
55
Forebrain
(three components)
- thalamus
- basal ganglia
- hypothalamus
56
thalamus
relay / processing centre for incoming sensory informational; and regulates arousal
57
Basal ganglia
control slower, deliberate actions
58
Hypothalamus
Mediator between brain & endocrine system (glands and hormones); regulates bodily functioning
59
Limbic system
(three components)
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- nucleus accumbens
60
hippocampus
important forearming and retrieving memories
61
amygdala
plays a role in emotion, aggression
62
nucleus accumbens
involved in reward, pleasure ad addiction
63
cerebral cortex
- outermost layer of the brain; responsible for higher order functioning
```
- wrinkles increase surface area
(3 components)
-Gyrus
-sulcus
-longitudinal fissure
```
64
Gyrus
convolutes ridge between anatomical grooves in the cerebral cortex
65
Sulcus
small groove in the cortex (vs. fissure which is deeper)
66
longitudinal Fissure
divides brain into two hemispheres,
67
how many lobes are the hemispheres dived into
4 four lobes
68
name the four lobes
- forntal lobe
- parietal lobe
- temporal lobe
- occipital lobe
69
Frontal lobe
includes motor cortex (move forward)
- assisting in planning, controlling and executive behaviour; emotions control; judgment speech production
70
Parietal lobe
includes somatosensory cortex (touch a person)
- processing sensory information regarding the location of parts of the body as well as interpreting visual information and processing language
71
Occipital lobe
includes visual cortex(see an object)
- does vision & spatial processing, colour, motion perception.
72
contralaterally
opposites side
- motor functions: right side of body is governed by the left side of the brain (& vice-versa)
- vision: object in right visual field first goes to the left occipital lobe (& vice-versa)
73
which part of the brain connects the two hemispheres
corpus collosum
74
how can one hemisphere be studied ?
through split brain syndrome
75
split-brain syndrome
- corpus callous severed surgically, leaving left and right brain hemispheres intact-- but mostly separated
- if an image was present to the right visual field, the patient could verbal identify it
- of the image was presented to the left visual field, the patient was unable to verbally name it.
- however, they could select the correct item using their left hand.
76
Roger Sperry
Studied Split-brain
77
collection of cell bodies in neutral nervous system
nucleus
78
collections of body cells in peripheral nervous system
ganglion
79
alien and syndrome
patient loses conscious control of one hand, which seems to act on its own.
- the domination hemisphere loses conscious control over the ipsilateral hand
- caused when corpus collosum is damaged or severed
80
ipsilateral
same side
| left hand left hemisphere
81
hemisphere specialization
- in split-brain patients, the two hemispheres of the brain function largely independently; whereas in intact brains, functions are integrated
82
left and right side of split brain hemispheres
left side: superior for functions like speech, math, and logic
right side: superior for cantons like recognizing faces, handling emotions, and spatial tasks
83
Neural plasticity
- is experience dependant
- can produce extensive
changes in the cortical regions
- can occur during any stages of the lifespan-even adulthood
- 'brain training' is billion-dollar industry- but is difficult to help make brains younger
84
Marian Diamond & colleagues (1964)
Experiment: how do experiences change the cortex of rats.
rats placed in three controlled environments for 30days
- enriched
- standard
- impoverished
- cortex of enriched group increases in thickness compared to standard group
- impoverished groups thickness decreased
85
Eleanor Maguire & colleagues (2002)
Experiment: ca adult human brains change with experience
- taxi drivers posterior hippocampus were larger compared to control participants
- right posterior hippocampus volume was correlated with ice spent as a taxi driver (problem with this and a following stid followed)
86
Maguire, Wollett, & Spiers, (2006)
taxi drivers posterior hippocampus were larger then bus drivers
87
Woollett & Maguire, (2011)
successful trainees had improved memories, and their hippocampi grew over time
conclusions:
• hippocampus is important for processing and storing navigational and spatial information
• may be due to growth of new neurons (neurogenesis), or increased neural connection
88
conclusion from all of the taxi drivers experiments
- hippocampus is important for processing and storing navigation and spatial information
- may be due to growth of new neurone (neurogenesis), or increases neural connections
89
neurogenesis
the growth or development of new neurons
90
Richard Haier & colleagues (2009)
Experiment: how does playing video games affect brain structure
- lil girls played Tetris for 1.5 hours per week for 3 months
- BRAINS WERE ANALYZED USING FMRI
- results: increased efficiency of some cortical area (mostly in frontal lobe)
- different area of the cortex got thicker (indicates grey matter)
91
what happens when neurotransmitters are not relieved by the other end?? reuptake ??
when neurotransmitters are deactivated by being broken down, or by reuptake which is when they are reabsorbed into axon terminals
92
( split brain syndrome) If an image was presented to the right visual field
the patient could verbally identify it
93
( split brain syndrome) If an image was presented to the left visual field
the patient was unable to verbally name it, however, they could select the correct item using their left hand
94
left hemisphere superior functions
speech, math, and logic
95
right hemisphere superior functions
recognizing faces, handling emotions, and spatial tasks
96
what did we learn from Richards Haier's experiment ??
- increased efficiency of some cortical areas (mostly frontal lobe)
- different area of the cortex got thicker (indicates increased grey area)
97
Temporal lobe
includes auditory cortex (hear a tone)
- handles auditory processing, language comprehension, vision, memory formation; object categorization
