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PSYCHOLOGY 104 > TOPIC 5 : PERCEPTION > Flashcards

TOPIC 5 : PERCEPTION Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

WHAT IS ATTENTION

A

attention is the ability to focus on a stimuli in the environment or conscious processes, while not processing other info.

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2
Q

Selective attention

A

conscious awareness focus on a particular stimulus

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3
Q

Divided attention

A

conscious awareness is spread over two or more stimuli

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4
Q

The myth of multitasking

A

“multitaskers” actually just switch rapidly between tasks.

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5
Q

problems with multitasking

A
  • Decreases productivity and speed
  • Decrease creative thinking
  • Increases release of stress hormones and stress
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6
Q

Early-selection theory

A

unimportant information is “filtered out” early on before processing

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7
Q

cocktail party phenomenon

A
  • part of early-selection theory

- when you ignore all other convos around you and pay attention to one person

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8
Q

the problem with cocktail part phenomenon

A

when someone across the room mentions your name and you notice.

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9
Q

inattention blindness

A

when visual attention is engaged, other events fail to be perceived

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10
Q

change blindness

A

when a visual stimulus is interrupted and charged, we cannot detect the charge

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11
Q

What does change blindness suggest?

A

suggests that the entire visual scene is not fully attended to, encoded, or retained.

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12
Q

Gastalt psychology

A
  • in form perception
  • Asked how are sensation organized into perceptions ?
  • Motto: the whole is different then the sum of parts
  • Figure V.S Ground: what is the object and what is the background?
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13
Q

Laws of perpetual

A

governed how related stimuli are associated

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14
Q

Pros and Cons of laws of perpetual

A

PROS:
- Holistic approach: perpetual experience cannot be broken down into concepts

CONS:
- not good for making predictions.

  • not good at explanations
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15
Q

Pattern perception

A
  • Template models
  • Prototype models
  • Feature model
  • Structural models
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16
Q

Template models

A
  • input compared to fixed template stored in memory

- stimulus categorized into exact match.

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17
Q

pros and cons for template model

A

PROS:
- successfully used in machines

CONS:
- cannot handle novel stimuli, or variations in a stimulus.

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18
Q

Prototype models

A
  • input compared to abstract, idealized patterns until best match
  • prototype is like an “average” formed by repeated experience
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19
Q

pros and cons to prototype models

A

PRO:
- more flexible; allows for differences in “goodness” (some category members are more representative than others)

CON:
- how do we perceivespecificthings?; cannot handle context

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20
Q

feature models

A
  • Input broken down into simple component
  • features, like line segments
    feature list compared to stored catalog
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21
Q

Pros and cons to feature models

A

PRO:
- can account for variations, and “goodness”
CON:
- features are poorly defined; cannot handle context

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22
Q

structural models

A

Recognition By components(Biederman, 1987)

  • object identified by matching configuration of geons with stored catalog of objects
  • evidence: if an object’s geons can be determined, the object can be recognized–even if partially obscured
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23
Q

goons

A

(geometric icons):

volumetric shapes that can be modified (length, width, etc.), but remain identifiable (cylinder, brick, cone)

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24
Q

pros and cons to structural models

A

PROS:
- can account for variations

CONS:
- cannot differentiate between two things that have the same geons ; cannot handle context

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25
types of processing
- Bottom-up | - Top-down
26
Bottom-up
sensory data is gathered, put together, and evaluated on the basis of what emerges from the pattern
27
Top-down
higher-level processes (e.g., based on context, experience, knowledge) aid in interpreting data gathered by the senses
28
perceptual set
predisposition to interpret a stimulus in a particular way
29
perceptual schemas
Mental structures that help us organize the world into a coherent whole. - Are learned, thus affected by context, culture, & experience
30
Binocular cues
depth cues requiring two eyes
31
convergence
feedback from eye muscles provides information on distance to object being focused on
32
binocular disparity
Each eye sees a slightly different image - These differences are interpreted in terms of depth
33
Stereopsis
stereoscopic vision
34
Monocular (“pictorial”) cues
depth cues applied by one eye
35
relative size
closer objects cast larger retinal image
36
linear perspective
parallel lines appear to converge (at “vanishing point”)
37
relative brightness
dimmer objects seem farther away
38
elevation
objects closer to the horizon are interpreted as being farther away
39
texture gradient
texture elements appear smaller and more densely arranged as they get farther away
40
Motion perception
- structure from motion | - apparent motion
41
structure from motion
the movement of an object can assist in determining its shape
42
 apparent motion
if two adjacent objects are shown in sufficiently brief succession, one moving object is perceived
43
Perpetual constancies
- The proximal stimulus is dynamic and changing - But we perceive the distal stimulus as being constant - how does this work?
44
shape constancy
object perceived to have a constant shape, despite changes in shape of retinal image
45
size constancy
- perceived size of an object doesn’t change, despite variations in size of image on the retina - depends on knowledge about object’s size, and information about object’s distance
46
lightness constancy
- perception of greyness of an object’s surface is constant, despite differences in illumination - depends on knowledge of object’s surface, and information about ambient light
47
perceptual constancies
- Shape constancy - size constancy - lightness constancy
48
what does perpetual constancies allow?
perceptual constancies allow for an accurate and stable percept of a changing world by applying knowledge in our heads, and information from the world
49
what can visual illusions tell us?
may tell us how our sensory systems work, and reveal our sensory biases
50
what is a visual illusion ?
illusions are errors in perception-- incorrect interpretations of the world
51
ponzo illusion
(Ponzo, 1913) - converging lines give false impression of 3-D depth and distance - top bar is perceived farther away then bottom bar
52
Gregory ( 1968, 1990 )
examines Müller-Lyer illusion - line with arrows at the ends appears shorter then line with wings at the ends.
53
problem with the Müller-Lyer illusion
illusion is also obtained with circles
54
conclusions with Müller-Lyer illusions
- stimuli interact with depth perception mechanisms - false depth perception leads to misapplies size and shape constancy - you cannot think away an illusion even if you understand how it works - thus depth perception mechanisms must be "hardwired"
55
human factors psychology
- applies psychological knowledge to real-world problems | - also known as engineering psychology , cognitive engineering, and ergonomics
56
Real-world illusion example.
- American Airlines had landing accidents occurring at night in good weather - Pilots used flight rules not instrumental landings. no mechanical problems
57
Conrad L. Kraft
suspected pilots experienced a visual illusion approaching city lights while over dark water or land.
58
what caused the illusions pilots saw ?
black-hole approach illusion
59
Black-hole approach illusion
when on approach over water on a dark night toward brightly lighted city, pilots misperceive runway to be larger, nearer, and lower in the visual field
60
ESP (extra sensory perception)
- Telepathy - Clairvoyance - Precognition - Telekinesis or psychokinesis
61
Telepathy
direct mind-to-mind communication
62
Clairvoyance
direct perception of distant events
63
precognition
perception of future events (not guessing!)
64
tele-/psychokinesis
acting upon objects with the mind
65
Anecdotes VS Evidence
- Nostradamus (16th century) | - Strentz (1986)
66
Nostradamus (16th century)
wrote ambiguous prophesies; only interpretable post hoc
67
Strentz (1986)
surveyed National Enquirer’s psychic predictions - from 1978-1985, 486 predictions made - only 2 came true lol.

PSYCHOLOGY 104 (10 decks)

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