TOPIC 1 - Physical Growth and Development

Question 1

During the second year, growth _____, but rapid ______ in such activities as running and climbing take place

Answer 1

decelerates
increases

Question 2

is the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top-the head-with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom.

Answer 2

cephalocaudal pattern

Question 3

infants first touched the toy with their feet when they were ___ weeks old and with their hands when they were ____ weeks old

Answer 3

12
16

Question 4

generally proceeds according to the cephalocaudal principle.

Answer 4

Motor development

Question 5

This same pattern occurs in the head area, because the _____ of the head-the eyes and brain-grow faster than the _____, such as the jaw.

Answer 5

top parts
lower parts

Question 6

the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

Answer 6

proximodistal pattern

Question 7

For example, infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and fingers, and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers

Answer 7

proximodistal pattern

Question 8

For example, infants see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use their hands long before they can crawl or walk.

Answer 8

cephalocaudal pattern

Question 9

As individuals develop from infancy through adulthood, one of the most noticeable physical changes is that the _____ becomes _____ in relation to the rest of the body. The fractions listed refer to head size as a proportion of total body length at different ages.

Answer 9

head
smaller

Question 10

slows considerably in the second year of life

Answer 10

Growth

Question 11

Growth slows considerably in the ____

Answer 11

second year of life

Question 12

By _____ of age, infants weigh approximately 26 to 32 pounds

Answer 12

2 years

Question 13

By 2 years of age, infants weigh approximately _____ pounds

Answer 13

26 to 32

Question 14

At 2 years of age, infants average____ inches in height, which is nearly half of their adult height.

Answer 14

32 to 35

Question 15

At _____ of age, infants average 32 to 35 inches in height, which is nearly half of their adult height.

Answer 15

2 years

Question 16

An important point about growth is that it often is not ___and ___but rather is _____

Answer 16

smooth and continuous
episodic

Question 17

In infancy, growth spurts may occur in a _____ and alternate with_____ characterized by little or no growth for days and weeks

Answer 17

single day
long time frames

Question 18

which includes brain swelling and hemorrhaging, affects hundreds of babies each year

Answer 18

Shaken baby syndrome

Question 19

Because the brain is still developing so rapidly in infancy, the ____ should be protected from falls or other injuries and the baby should never be shaken.

Answer 19

infant’s head

Question 20

______ development continues after birth, through infancy and later

Answer 20

Extensive brain

Question 21

One analysis found that ____ were the most frequent perpetrators of shaken baby syndrome, followed by ______ and _____ of the victim’s mother

Answer 21

fathers
child care providers
boyfriends

Question 22

which uses very low levels of near-infrared light to monitor changes in blood oxygen, to study infants’ brain activity

Answer 22

functional near- infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)

Question 23

which uses magnetic fields or electrical activity

Answer 23

FMRI - functional magnetic resonance imaging

Question 24

is portable and allows the infants to be assessed as they explore the world around them.

Answer 24

fNIRSfunctional near- infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)

Question 25

they have been using magnetoencephalography, or MEG, brainimaging machines to assess infants' brain activity.

Answer 25

Patricia Kuhl and her colleagues

Question 26

brainimaging machines to assess infants' brain activity.

Answer 26

magnetoencephalography/MEG

Question 27

maps brain activity by recording magnetic fields produced by electrical currents and is being used to assess such perceptual and cognitive activities as vision, hearing, and language in infants

Answer 27

magnetoencephalography or MEG

Question 28

By the ____ birthday, the brain is about 75 percent of its adult weight. However, the brain's areas do not mature uniformly

Answer 28

second

Question 29

By the second birthday, the brain is about _____ of its adult weight.

Answer 29

75 percent

Question 30

However, the brain's areas ______ uniformly

Answer 30

do not mature

Question 31

At _____, the newborn's brain is about 25 percent of its adult weight.

Answer 31

birth

Question 32

At birth, the newborn's brain is about _____ of its adult weight.

Answer 32

25 percent

Question 33

The ___ has two halves, or hemispheres.

Answer 33

brain

Question 34

This region includes the cerebral cortex and several structures beneath it.

Answer 34

forebrain

Question 35

The portion farthest from the spinal cord is known as the _____.

Answer 35

forebrain

Question 36

play important roles in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control

Answer 36

Parietal lobes

Question 37

have an active role in hearing, language processing, and memory.

Answer 37

Temporal lobes

Question 38

function in vision.

Answer 38

Occipital lobes

Question 39

are involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose.

Answer 39

Frontal lobes

Question 40

scientists distinguish four main areas, called ____, in each hemisphere.

Answer 40

lobes

Question 41

4 lobes

Answer 41

Frontal lobes Occipital lobes Temporal lobes Parietal lobes

Question 42

This specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other is called _____.

Answer 42

lateralization

Question 43

humor and the use of metaphors depend on activity in the _____

Answer 43

right hemisphere

Question 44

Speech and grammar, for example, depend on activity in the ______ in most people

Answer 44

left hemisphere

Question 45

the type of information handled by neurons depends on whether they are in the _______ of the cortex

Answer 45

left or right hemisphere

Question 46

in normal people is the outcome of communication between both hemispheres of the brain

Answer 46

Complex thinking

Question 47

because they are creative thinkers does not correspond to the way the brain's hemispheres work.

Answer 47

"right-brained"

Question 48

Labeling people as _____ because they are logical thinkers

Answer 48

"left-brained"

Question 49

most neuroscientists agree that complex functions such as reading or performing music involve _____.

Answer 49

both hemispheres

Question 50

send electrical and chemical signals, communicating with each other

Answer 50

Neurons

Question 51

is a nerve cell that handles information processing. Extending from the neuron's cell body are two types of fibers known as axons and dendrites

Answer 51

neuron

Question 52

two types of fibers

Answer 52

Axon Dendrites

Question 53

3 cell body

Answer 53

Neurons Axon Dendrites

Question 54

speeds up neural transmissions, the expansion of dendritic connections facilitates the spreading of neural pathways in infant development

Answer 54

myelination

Question 55

New dendrites grow, connections among dendrites ____, and synaptic connections between axons and dendrites ____.

Answer 55

increase proliferate

Question 56

connectivity among neurons _____, creating new neural pathways

Answer 56

increases

Question 57

it appears that genes mainly direct basic wiring patterns. Neurons grow and travel to distant places awaiting further instructions.

Answer 57

Before birth

Question 58

the inflowing stream of sights, sounds, smells, touches, language, and eye contact help shape the brain's neural connections.

Answer 58

After birth

Question 59

emphasizes the importance of considering interactions between experience and gene expression in the brain's development, much as the epigenetic view proposes

Answer 59

neuroconstructivist view

Question 60

These factors constrain or advance the construction of cognitive skills

Answer 60

(a) biological processes (genes, for example) and environmental conditions (enriched or impoverished, for example) influence the brain's development (b) the brain has plasticity and is context dependent (c) the child's cognitive development is closely linked to development of the brain.

Question 61

The typical newborn sleeps approximately _____a day, but newborns vary greatly in how much they sleep

Answer 61

18 hours

Question 62

The range of sleep is from about _____ a day.

Answer 62

10 hours to about 21 hours

Question 63

In a recent study, sleep sessions lasted approximately ______ during the first few months and increased to about _____from 3 to 7 months

Answer 63

3.5 hours 10.5 hours

Question 64

In a recent study, sleep sessions lasted approximately 3.5 hours during the ____ few months and increased to about 10.5 hours from _____ months

Answer 64

first 3 to 7

Question 65

Another study revealed that by _____ of age the majority of infants slept through the night, awakening their parents only once or twice a week

Answer 65

6 months

Question 66

A previous research review concluded that infants _____ of age slept an average of 12.8 hours out of the 24, within a range of 9.7 to 15.9 hours

Answer 66

0 to 2 years

Question 67

A previous research review concluded that infants 0 to 2 years of age slept an average of _____out of the 24, within a range of _____ hours

Answer 67

12.8 hours 9.7 to 15.9

Question 68

Sleep problems have been estimated to affect ______ of infants.

Answer 68

15 to 25 percent

Question 69

The most common infant sleep-related problem reported by parents is

Answer 69

nighttime waking

Question 70

Risk of SIDS is highest at ______ months of age.

Answer 70

2 to 4

Question 71

is a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly without any apparent reason.

Answer 71

SIDS Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Question 72

a temporary cessation of breathing in which the airway is completely blocked, usually for 10 seconds or longer, die of SIDS

Answer 72

sleep apnea

Question 73

The following factors are linked to SIDS:

Answer 73

SIDS occurs more often in infants with abnormal brain stem functioning involving the neurotransmitter serotonin Six percent of infants with sleep apnea, a temporary cessation of breathing in which the airway is completely blocked, usually for 10 seconds or longer, die of SIDS Breast feeding is linked to a lower incidence of SIDS Low birth weight infants are 5 to 10 times more likely to die of SIDS than are their normal-weight counterparts SIDS is more likely to occur in infants who do not use a pacifier when they go to sleep than in those who do use a pacifier

Question 74

is less common when infants sleep in a bedroom with a fan.

Answer 74

SIDS

Question 75

SIDS is more common if infants sleep in ____

Answer 75

soft bedding

Question 76

SIDS is more common when infants and parents share the _____

Answer 76

same bed

Question 77

SIDS is more common in infants who are passively exposed to ____

Answer 77

cigarette smoke

Question 78

Infants whose siblings have ____ of SIDS are two to four times as likely to die of it

Answer 78

died

Question 79

And in another study, infants with _____ patterns showed more distractibility during an attention

Answer 79

poorer sleep

Question 80

A study also revealed that a lower quality of sleep at 1 year of age was linked to lower attention regulation and more behavior problems at _____

Answer 80

3 to 4 years of age

Question 81

A study also revealed that a lower quality of sleep at _____ was linked to lower attention regulation and more behavior problems at 3 to 4 years of age

Answer 81

1 year of age

Question 82

By the end of the ______of life, children can sit independently, can chew and swallow a range of textures, are learning to feed themselves, and are making the transition to the family diet and meal patterns

Answer 82

first year

Question 83

As their fine motor control improves in the first year, they transition from being fed by others toward ____.

Answer 83

self-feeding

Question 84

As infants' motor skills improve, they change from using ______ movements with breast milk or formula to ______ movements with semisolid and then more complex foods.

Answer 84

suck-and-swallow chew-and-swallow

Question 85

parents need guidelines, nutritionists recommend that infants consume approximately _______for each pound they weigh-more than twice an adult's caloric requirement per pound.

Answer 85

50 calories per day

Question 86

Caregivers who are _____ to developmental changes in infants' nutritional needs, caregivers who are _____, and conditions of poverty can contribute to the development of eating problems in infants

Answer 86

not sensitive negligent

Question 87

play very important roles in infants' early development of eating patterns

Answer 87

Caregivers

Question 88

_____ in the first six months followed by continued breast feeding as ______ are introduced, and further breast feeding for one year or longer as mutually desired by the mother and infant.

Answer 88

breast feeding complementary foods

Question 89

The growing consensus is that ______ is better for the baby's health

Answer 89

breast feeding

Question 90

For the first four to six months of life, _______ is the baby's source of nutrients and energy.

Answer 90

human milk or an alternative formula

Question 91

reconfirmed its recommendation of exclusive breast feeding in the first six months followed by continued breast feeding as complementary foods are introduced, and further breast feeding for one year or longer as mutually desired by the mother and infant.

Answer 91

American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding (2012)

Question 92

can cause protein deficiency and malnutrition in infants.

Answer 92

unsuitable and unsanitary cow's milk formula

Question 93

Severe and lengthy malnutrition is detrimental to ___

Answer 93

physical cognitive social development