TOPIC 2 - Genetic Foundations of Development

Question 1

is not just inherited from our parents; it includes what we inherited as a species from other species that were our ancestors.

Answer 1

DNA

Question 2

evolved over time and across many species.

Answer 2

Genetic influences on behavior

Question 3

Each of us carries a “____” that we inherited from our parents.

Answer 3

genetic code

Question 4

Each of us began life as a single cell weighing about ____

Answer 4

one twenty-millionth of an ounce

Question 5

which are threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Answer 5

chromosomes

Question 6

is a complex molecule that has a double helix shape, like a spiral staircase and contains genetic information

Answer 6

DNA

Question 7

the units of hereditary information, are short segments of DNA.

Answer 7

Genes

Question 8

They help cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins.

Answer 8

Genes

Question 9

are the building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body’s processes

Answer 9

Proteins

Question 10

Among the major approaches to gene identification and discovery that are being used today are the

Answer 10

genome-wide association method
linkage analysis
next-generation sequencing
Thousand Genomes Project

Question 11

to identify genetic variations linked to a particular disease, such as obesity, cancer, cardiovascular disease, or Alzheimer disease

Answer 11

genome-wide association method

Question 12

researchers obtain DNA from individuals who have the disease and others who don’t have it. Then, each participant’s complete set of DNA, or genome, is purified from the blood or other cells and scanned on machines to determine markers of genetic variation. If the genetic variations occur more frequently in people who have the disease, the variations point to the region in the human genome with the disease.

Answer 12

genome-wide association

Question 13

in which the goal is to discover the location of a gene (or genes) in relation to a marker gene (whose position is already known

Answer 13

Linkage analysis

Question 14

is often used to search for disease- related genes

Answer 14

Linkage analysis

Question 15

is a term used to describe the vast increase in genetic data generated at a much reduced cost and in a much shorter period of time than in the past.

Answer 15

Next-generation sequencing

Question 16

A current project that began in 2008

Answer 16

Thousand Genomes Project

Question 17

is the most detailed study of human genetic variation to date. This project has the goal of determining the genomic sequences of at least 1,000 individuals from different ethnic groups around the world (Li & others, 2017)

Answer 17

Thousand Genomes Project

Question 18

A gene does not act _____. Rather than being a group of independent genes

Answer 18

independently

Question 19

consists of many genes that collaborate both with each other and with nongenetic factors inside and outside the body

Answer 19

human genome

Question 20

The activity of genes (genetic expression) is affected by their ____

Answer 20

environment

Question 21

that certain genes become turned on or off as a result of exercise mainly through a process called

Answer 21

methylation

Question 22

This process makes the gene more or less capable of receiving and responding to biochemical signals from the body

Answer 22

methylation

Question 23

the cell’s nucleus-including the chromosomes-duplicates itself and the cell divides. Two new cells are formed, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Answer 23

Mitosis

Question 24

a cell of the testes (in men) or ovaries (in women) duplicates its chromosomes but then divides twice, thus forming four cells, each of which has only half of the genetic material of the parent cell. By the end of meiosis, each egg or sperm has 23 unpaired chromosomes.

Answer 24

Meiosis

Question 25

an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called a zygote

Answer 25

Fertilization

Question 26

the 23 unpaired chromosomes from the egg and the 23 unpaired chromosomes from the sperm combine to form one set of 23 paired chromosomes-one chromosome of each pair coming from the mother's egg and the other from the father's sperm.

Answer 26

Zygote

Question 27

those that make the individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or accelerated aging

Answer 27

susceptibility genes

Question 28

those that make the individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age

Answer 28

longevity genes

Question 29

mistake by cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent such as radiation may produce a _____, which is a permanently altered segment of DNA

Answer 29

mutated gene

Question 30

one gene of a pair always exerts its effects; it is dominant and overrides the potential influence of the other gene, called the recessive gene.

Answer 30

dominant- recessive genes principle.

Question 31

Most mutated genes are ___.

Answer 31

recessive

Question 32

When a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome, the result is called

Answer 32

X-linked inheritance

Question 33

examples of X-linked inheritance diseases

Answer 33

Hemophilia Fragile X

Question 34

Remember that males have only ___ X chromosome.

Answer 34

one

Question 35

if there is an absent or altered disease-relevant gene on the X chromosome, males have no "backup" copy to counter the harmful gene and therefore may develop an _____

Answer 35

X-linked disease.

Question 36

Remember that ____ have only one X chromosome.

Answer 36

males

Question 37

have a second X chromosome, which is likely to be unchanged.

Answer 37

females

Question 38

Females who have one abnormal copy of the gene on the X chromosome are known as ___

Answer 38

carriers

Question 39

Brown hair, farsightedness, and dimples are

Answer 39

dominant genes

Question 40

blond hair, nearsightedness, and freckles

Answer 40

recessive genes.

Question 41

Is a bleeding disorder where blood doesn't clot properly due to a deficiency in certain clotting factors

Answer 41

Hemophilia

Question 42

genetic disorder caused by changes in the FMR1 gene, located on the X chromosome

Answer 42

Fragile x syndrome

Question 43

occurs when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene

Answer 43

Genetic imprinting

Question 44

A chemical process "silences" one member of the gene pair.

Answer 44

Genetic imprinting

Question 45

(a growth disorder)

Answer 45

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

Question 46

(a type of cancer)

Answer 46

Wilms tumor

Question 47

is usually more complex than the simple examples we have examined thus far

Answer 47

Genetic transmission

Question 48

means that many different genes determine a characteristic

Answer 48

polygenic inheritance

Question 49

is increasingly used to describe studies that focus on the interdependent process by which two or more genes influence characteristics, behavior, diseases, and development

Answer 49

gene-gene interaction

Question 50

Sometimes a gamete is formed in which the male's sperm and/or the female's ovum do not have their normal set of 23 chromosomes.

Answer 50

Chromosomal Abnormalities

Question 51

form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21

Answer 51

Down syndrome

Question 52

has a round face, a flattened skull, an extra fold of skin over the eyelids, a protruding tongue, short limbs, and impaired motor and mental abilities.

Answer 52

Down syndrome

Question 53

involve the presence of an extra chromosome (either an X or Y) or the absence of one X chromosome in females.

Answer 53

Sex-Linked Chromosomal Abnormalities

Question 54

is a chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY

Answer 54

Klinefelter syndrome

Question 55

is a chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted

Answer 55

Turner syndrome

Question 56

Females with Turner syndrome are _____

Answer 56

short in stature and have a webbed neck

Question 57

is a genetic disorder that results from an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks

Answer 57

Fragile X syndrome (FXS)

Question 58

is a chromosomal disorder in which a male has an extra Y chromosome

Answer 58

XYY syndrome

Question 59

a learning disability, or a short attention span

Answer 59

autism

Question 60

Abnormalities can be produced not only by an abnormal number of chromosomes but also by harmful genes.

Answer 60

Gene-Linked Abnormalities

Question 61

More than _____ such genetic disorders have been identified, although most of them are rare

Answer 61

7,000

Question 62

Two widely studied gene-linked abnormalities are

Answer 62

phenylketonuria sickle-cell anemia.

Question 63

is a genetic disorder in which the individual cannot properly metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid. It results from a recessive gene and occurs about once in every 10,000 to 20,000 live births.

Answer 63

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 64

which occurs most often in African Americans, is a genetic disorder that impairs the functioning of the body's red blood cells.

Answer 64

Sickle-cell anemia

Question 65

a recessive gene causes the red blood cell to become a hook- shaped "sickle" that cannot carry oxygen properly and dies quickly

Answer 65

Sickle-cell anemia

Question 66

Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body's other cells and are usually _____.

Answer 66

disk-shaped

Question 67

Recent research strongly supports the use of _____ for infants with sickle cell anemia, beginning at 9 months of age

Answer 67

hydroxyurea therapy

Question 68

one gene of a pair always exerts its effects;

Answer 68

Dominant genes

Question 69

overrides the potential influence of the other gene

Answer 69

Recessive genes

Question 70

When imprinting goes awry, development is disturbed

Answer 70

Beckwith-Wiedeman Syndrome

Question 71

Glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production; breathing and digestion are hampered, resulting in a shortened life span.

Answer 71

Cystic fibrosis

Question 72

Body does not produce enough insulin, which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar.

Answer 72

Diabetes

Question 73

Central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration

Answer 73

Huntington disease

Question 74

Neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities

Answer 74

Spina bifida

Question 75

Deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system.

Answer 75

Tay-Sachs disease