TOPIC 2 - BIRTH

Question 1

process occurs in stages, takes place in different contexts, and in most cases involves one or more attendants

Answer 1

birth

Question 2

The birth process occurs in three stages.

Answer 2

The first stage
The second birth stage
Afterbirth is the third stage

Question 3

is the longest of the three.

Answer 3

The first stage

Question 4

Uterine contractions are 15 to 20 minutes apart at the beginning and last up to a minute. These contractions cause the woman’s cervix to stretch and open.

Answer 4

The first stage

Question 5

For a woman having her first child, the first stage lasts an average of _____; for subsequent children, this stage typically is much shorter.

Answer 5

6 to 12 hours

Question 6

As the first stage progresses, the contractions come closer together, appearing every _____ minutes.

Answer 6

two to five

Question 7

By the end of the first birth stage, contractions dilate the cervix to an opening of about ______, so that the baby can move from the uterus to the birth canal.

Answer 7

10 centimeters (4 inches)

Question 8

begins when the baby’s head starts to move through the cervix and the birth canal.

Answer 8

second birth stage

Question 9

is a hormone that promotes uterine contractions

Answer 9

Oxytocin

Question 10

This stage typically lasts approximately 45 minutes to an hour.

Answer 10

The second birth stage

Question 11

which time the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled.

Answer 11

Afterbirth is the third stage

Question 12

is the shortest of the three birth stages, lasting only minutes

Answer 12

Afterbirth is the third stage

Question 13

In 2015 in the United States, _____ percent of births took place in hospitals

Answer 13

98.5

Question 14

Of the ____ of births occurring outside of a hospital, ____ took place in homes and almost _____ in free-standing birthing centers

Answer 14

1.5 percent
63 percent
31 percent

Question 15

The percentage of U.S. births at home is the highest since reporting of this context began in ____

Answer 15

1989

Question 16

is a profession that provides health care to women during pregnancy, birth, and the postpartum period

Answer 16

Midwifery

Question 17

also may give women information about reproductive health and annual gynecological examinations. They may refer women to general practitioners or obstetricians if a pregnant woman needs medical care beyond a midwife’s expertise and skill

Answer 17

Midwives

Question 18

is a caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth

Answer 18

doulas

Question 19

Many women chose to reduce the pain of childbirth through techniques known as ____

Answer 19

natural childbirth
prepared childbirth.

Question 20

Doula is a Greek word that means ___

Answer 20

a woman who helps.

Question 21

Three basic kinds of drugs that are used for labor are _____

Answer 21

analgesia
anesthesia
oxytocin/Pitocin.

Question 22

used to relieve pain.

Answer 22

Analgesia

Question 23

Analgesics include:

Answer 23

tranquilizers
barbiturates
narcotics

Question 24

is used in late first-stage labor and during delivery to block sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness.

Answer 24

Anesthesia

Question 25

which involves husbands as coaches, relaxation for easier birth, and prenatal nutrition and exercise.

Answer 25

Bradley Method

Question 26

The baby is removed from the mother's uterus through an incision made in her abdomen.

Answer 26

cesarean delivery

Question 27

Cesarean deliveries are performed if the baby is lying ____ in the uterus, if the baby's head is too ___ to pass through the mother's pelvis, if the baby develops ____, or if the mother is bleeding _____.

Answer 27

crosswise large complications vaginally

Question 28

Is the method that aims to reduce the mother's pain by decreasing her fear by providing information about childbirth and teaching her and her partner to use breathing methods and relaxation techniques during delivery

Answer 28

Natural childbirth

Question 29

The most common reasons why physicians do a cesarean delivery are ____

Answer 29

failure to progress through labor and fetal distress.

Question 30

developed a method similar to natural childbirth that is known as prepared childbirth, or the Lamaze method.

Answer 30

Ferdinand Lamaze

Question 31

It includes a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor, as well as more detailed education about anatomy and physiology. The pregnant woman's partner usually serves as a coach who attends childbirth classes with her and helps with her breathing and relaxation during delivery.

Answer 31

Prepared childbirth or Lamaze childbirth

Question 32

is widely used to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth.

Answer 32

Apgar Scale

Question 33

evaluates an infant's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability.

Answer 33

Apgar Scale

Question 34

A total score of 7 to 10 indicates that the newborn's condition is _____.

Answer 34

good

Question 35

indicates there may be developmental difficulties.

Answer 35

A score of 5

Question 36

signals an emergency and indicates that the baby might not survive.

Answer 36

A score of 3 or below

Question 37

An obstetrician or a nurse does the evaluation and gives the newborn a score, or reading, of 0, 1, or 2 on each of these five health signs. T or F

Answer 37

True

Question 38

is especially good at assessing the newborn's ability to cope with the stress of delivery and the demands of a new environment (London & others, 2017). It also identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation

Answer 38

Apgar Scale

Question 39

which is typically performed within 24 to 36 hours after birth.

Answer 39

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

Question 40

It is also used as a sensitive index of neurological competence up to one month after birth for typical infants and as a measure in many studies of infant development

Answer 40

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS),

Question 41

provides another assessment of the newborn's behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities

Answer 41

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)

Question 42

Three related conditions pose threats to many newborns:

Answer 42

low birth weight infants Preterm infants Small for date infants

Question 43

are those born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term-in other words, before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation (the time between fertilization and birth).

Answer 43

Preterm infants

Question 44

weigh less than 5 pounds 8 ounces at birth.

Answer 44

Low birth weight infants

Question 45

(also called small for gestational age infants) are those whose birth weight is below normal when the length of the pregnancy is considered. They weigh less than 90 percent of babies of the same gestational age. Small for date infants may be preterm or full term. One study found that small for date infants had more than a fourfold increased risk of death

Answer 45

Small for date infants

Question 46

infants are those born at less than 28 weeks gestation,

Answer 46

Extremely preterm

Question 47

are those born at less than 33 weeks of gestational age.

Answer 47

very preterm infants

Question 48

Two increasingly used interventions in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are ____

Answer 48

kangaroo care massage therapy

Question 49

involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only a diaper, is held upright against the parent's bare chest, much as a baby kangaroo is carried by its mother

Answer 49

Kangaroo care

Question 50

is typically practiced for two to three hours per day, skin- to-skin over an extended time in early infancy. It can help to stabilize the preterm infant's heartbeat, temperature, and breathing

Answer 50

Kangaroo care

Question 51

improved the scores of HIV-exposed infants on both physical and mental scales, while also improving their hearing and speech

Answer 51

massage therapy

Question 52

were equally effective in improving body weight and reducing length of hospital stay for low birth weight infants

Answer 52

kangaroo care and massage therapy

Question 53

does the evaluation and gives the newborn a score, or reading, of 0, 1, or 2 on each of these five health signs.

Answer 53

obstetrician/nurse

Question 54

weight newborns weigh less than 3 pounds 4 ounces

Answer 54

Very low birth

Question 55

weight newborns weigh less than 2 pounds.

Answer 55

extremely low birth