TOPIC 3 - Sensory and Perceptual Development

Question 1

is the interpretation of what is sensed.

Answer 1

Perception

Question 3

occurs when waves of pulsating air are collected by the outer ear and transmitted through the bones of the inner ear to the auditory nerve.

Answer 3

sensation of hearing

Question 4

occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors-the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.

Answer 4

Sensation

Question 5

For the past several decades, much of the research on perceptual development in infancy has been guided by the ____

Answer 5

ecological view of Eleanor and James J. Gibson

Question 6

They argue that we do not have to take bits and pieces of data from _____ and build up representations of the world in our minds. Instead, our _____ can select from the rich information that the environment itself provides.

Answer 6

sensations
perceptual system

Question 7

According to the _____ we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us. This view is called ecological “because it connects perceptual capabilities to information available in the world of the perceiver”

Answer 7

Gibsons’ ecological view

Question 8

“because it connects perceptual capabilities to information available in the world of the perceiver”

Answer 8

ecological

Question 9

____ brings us into contact with the _____ so we can interact with and adapt to it

Answer 9

perception
environment

Question 10

In the Gibsons’ view, objects have _____, which are opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities.

Answer 10

affordances

Question 11

By 6 months of age, though, on average vision is ____

Answer 11

20/40

Question 12

object 20 feet away is only as clear to the newborn as it would be if it were _____ away from an adult with normal vision

Answer 12

240 feet

Question 13

The newborn’s vision is estimated to be ____ on the well-known _____ used for eye examinations, which means that a newborn can see at 20 feet what an adult with normal vision can see at 240 feet

Answer 13

20/240
Snellen chart

Question 14

are possibly the most important visual stimuli in children’s social environment, and it is important that they extract key information from others’ faces

Answer 14

Faces

Question 15

Research shows that within hours after infants are born, they prefer to look at ____ rather than other _____ and to look at _______ more than at _____ ones

Answer 15

faces
objects
attractive faces
unattractive

Question 16

By _____ of age, they have color preferences that mirror adults’ in some cases, preferring _____ colors such as ____

Answer 16

4 months
saturated
royal blue over pale blue

Question 17

is also necessary for color vision to develop normally

Answer 17

Experience

Question 18

in which sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remains constant.

Answer 18

perceptual constancy

Question 19

Two types of perceptual constancy

Answer 19

size constancy
shape constancy

Question 20

The recognition that an object’s shape remains the same even though its orientation to the observer changes.

Answer 20

Shape constancy

Question 21

The recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as the observer moves toward or away from the object.

Answer 21

Size constancy

Question 22

In the ______ of postnatal development, infants don’t perceive occluded objects as complete; instead, they perceive only what is visible

Answer 22

first two months

Question 23

first two months of postnatal development, infants don’t perceive occluded objects as _____; instead, they perceive only what is _____

Answer 23

complete
visible

Question 24

Beginning at about _____ of age, infants develop the ability to perceive that occluded objects are whole

Answer 24

2 months

Question 25

Beginning at about 2 months of age, infants develop the ability to perceive that occluded objects are ____

Answer 25

whole

Question 26

Infants develop the ability to track briefly occluded moving objects at about _____ months of age

Answer 26

3 to 5

Question 27

play key roles in the development of perceptual completion in young infants.

Answer 27

learning experience self-directed exploration via eye movements

Question 28

constructed miniature cliff with a drop-off covered by glass in their laboratory.

Answer 28

Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk

Question 29

Most infants would not crawl out on the glass, choosing instead to remain on the shallow side,

Answer 29

Depth Perception

Question 30

Immediately after birth, infants cannot hear soft sounds quite as well as adults can; a stimulus must be louder to be heard by a newborn than by an adult (Trehub & others, 1991).

Answer 30

Loudness

Question 31

By _____ months of age, infants' perception of sounds improves, although some aspects of loudness perception do not reach adult levels until _____ years of age

Answer 31

three 5 to 10

Question 32

Involve in hearing perception

Answer 32

Loudness Pitch Localization

Question 33

is the perception of the frequency of a sound. Infants are less sensitive to _____ sounds and are more likely to hear _____ sounds

Answer 33

Pitch low-pitched high-pitched

Question 34

Even newborns can determine the general location from which a sound is coming, but by 6 months of age, they are more proficient at localizing sounds or detecting their origins. Their ability to localize sounds continues to improve during the second year

Answer 34

Localization

Question 35

Even newborns can determine the general location from which a sound is coming, but _____ of age, they are more proficient at localizing sounds or detecting their origins. Their ability to localize sounds continues to improve during the ____

Answer 35

by 6 months second year

Question 36

by 6 months of age, they are more proficient at ______or detecting their origins. Their ability to localize sounds continues to improve during the second year

Answer 36

localizing sounds

Question 37

A touch to the _____ produces a turning of the _____; a touch to the _____ produces ____ movements

Answer 37

cheek head lips sucking

Question 38

consist of areas located in the thalamus, somatosensory cortex, and amygdala

Answer 38

pain matrix brain regions

Question 39

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of adults have found that there is a complex brain activity network that underlies pain, which is called the _____

Answer 39

"pain matrix"

Question 40

Newborns can differentiate odors

Answer 40

Smell.

Question 41

____ they did not show this preference, indicating that they require several days of experience to recognize this odor.

Answer 41

2 days old

Question 42

_____ infants who were breast fed showed a clear preference for smelling their mother's breast pad rather than a clean breast pad

Answer 42

6-day-old

Question 43

Sensitivity to taste is present even before birth

Answer 43

Taste

Question 44

At about _____, infants begin to prefer salty tastes, which as newborns they had found to be ____ (Doty & Shah, 2008).

Answer 44

4 months of age aversive

Question 45

In one study, even at only _____ of age, babies made different facial expressions when they tasted sweet, sour, and bitter solutions

Answer 45

2 hours

Question 46

The ability to relate and integrate information from two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing

Answer 46

Intermodal perception

Question 47

Most perception is ____

Answer 47

intermodal

Question 48

In the ______, infants have difficulty connecting sensory input from different modes, but in the ______ they show an increased ability to make this connection mentally

Answer 48

first six months second half of the first year

Question 49

nature proponents are referred to as _____ and those who emphasize learning and experience are called _____

Answer 49

nativists empiricists

Question 50

However, as infants develop, ______refine or calibrate many perceptual functions, and they may be the driving force behind some functions

Answer 50

environmental experiences (nurture)

Question 51

Much of very early perception develops from _____ foundations, and the basic foundation of many perceptual abilities can be detected in newborns

Answer 51

innate (nature)

Question 52

is not passively accomplished; rather, the infant actively develops a skill to achieve a goal within the constraints

Answer 52

New perceptual- motor coupling

Question 53

occurs as rays of light contact the eyes, become focused on the retina, and are transmitted by the optic nerve to the visual centers of the brain.

Answer 53

sensation of vision