Topic 2

Question 1

fundamentally, a map is

Answer 1

a form of communication in which there is subjectivity and miscommunication is common

Question 2

Anything in GIS deals with

Answer 2

representation
bias is at every step of the map making process and in every choice we make

Question 3

two critical aspects of maps

Answer 3

knowledge is power!
KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE!

Question 4

What is geographical representation?

Answer 4

among the olders and most important forms of human knowledge
graphical (maps and pictures)
verbal ( oral or written)
numerical (statistics)

Question 5

Two key issues in geographic representation/communication

Answer 5

what to represent

how to represent it

(who are you trying to communicate with?)

Question 6

Describe human imperfect knowledge

Answer 6

we do not know everything!
scientific knowledge is work in progress
can seldom establish who or what is correct

Question 7

human made versus natural spatial phenomena

Answer 7

human made = usually discrete (buildings, roads)

natural = continuous

Question 8

what is cognition

Answer 8

perception, thought process, memories, experiences, biases

everyone interprets things differently based on their personal views

things that are close to us are the most important

Question 9

3 aspects of cognitive biases and representations

Answer 9

attaching importance
proximity and familiarity

cultural biases

why do certain symbols/words work
culturally significant - know your audience

Question 10

describe and explain the cognitive map

Answer 10

cognitive maos are an internalization of everything we (individual) know and perceive
prior knowledge plays an important role

EX.
cog map at T0 + new experience (looking at map) = cognitive map at T1

Question 11

describe the importance of shared knowledge in communication

Answer 11

in cartopgrahy there will usually be some overlap between map maker and map reader.
map maker must determine WHAT is that overlap

Question 12

online access to geographic data and its issues

Answer 12

lethora of geographic data online, which dramatically changes how we can learn about people and places

Issue:
who controls this information
what are we not being told

Question 13

describe the cartographic process (feedback loop)

Answer 13

an iterative process between the map maker and map user

Question 14

describe the reality to cognitive map

Answer 14

reality - cartographers reality - map - readers reality

requires following actions
selection
generalization
classification
simplification
symbolization

Question 15

describe NOIR groups

Answer 15

nominal - cannot be sorted (names)

ordinal - ranking between ranks does not matter (first, second , third)

interval - ranking between matters, zero IS arbitrary, can add/subtract

ratio - zero is NOT arbitrary, can do multiplication/division

Question 16

describe the geospatial triangle

Answer 16

an object is connected by 3 primary things

attribute
location
time

Question 17

what are the 4 general types of maps

Answer 17

reference
thematic
static
dynamic

Question 18

map functions ranked

Answer 18

1. navigation
2. urban planning
3. forecast (weather)
4. management/storage or monitoring
5. education
6. legal maps - property lines

Question 19

what are choropleth maps

Answer 19

commonly used to portray data collected from discrete spatial units

limitations
does not show variation within unit
boundaries are arbitrary

Question 20

proportional and graduated symbol maps

Answer 20

scaling symbols in porportion to magnitude of data

proportional - unclassed quantitative, size according to specific value

graduated - distribute features into distinct classes

largest challenge is how to scale the symbol

Question 21

isarithmic mapping

Answer 21

based on continuity of phenomena

isometric - true point data

isopleth - conceptual point data
collected in an area or volume but data is considered at local points

Question 22

map use cube

Answer 22

public visual communication vs private visual thinking

cartograhic “rules” depend on your positon in the map use cube

what is your maps purpose?

Question 23

power and privilege

Answer 23

maps are not objective - carry hidden agendas, can exploit or conceal information

situated knowledge - all knowledge is partial and uncertain

maps are taken for the truth, especially when they visually look good
designers have the power

Question 24

what is an important factor for dynamic animated maps but not static maps

Answer 24

orientation

Question 25

six basic visual variables

Answer 25

position size shape orientation patter colour

Question 26

describe gestalt

Answer 26

something that is made of many parts yet somehow is perceived as a whole very critical for cartography form, shape, whole fundamentally important works with figure/ground

Question 27

figure/ground relationship

Answer 27

ways of accentuating one object over another based on human perception stratified depth based on contrast briing important material forward

Question 28

what is a graticule

Answer 28

network of lines on a gride latitude/longitude

Question 29

HSV & RGB

Answer 29

HSV - used for cartography (attempts to be intuitive and mimic the way humans see light) RGB - not as much use, good for computer colour production (never use)

Question 30

trichromatic colour perception

Answer 30

red, green, and blue in our eyes. colour perception done in your brain (positive/negative effect)

Question 31

CIE L*a*b

Answer 31

best model for how we perceive colour 3d, flexible model

Question 32

spatial fallacies

Answer 32

locational atomic/individualistic ecological MAUP

Question 33

describe MAUP

Answer 33

key analysis of spatial data human like geography as you change boundaries between numerical units you can get different statistics

Question 34

describe ecologial fallacy

Answer 34

use of spatial data about a group and apply it to an individual

Question 35

describe individualistic/atomic fallacy

Answer 35

make decisions about a group based on an individual nearly the opposite of ecological

Question 36

describe locational fallacy

Answer 36

areas of the city summarizes household income but units are based on wok structure Ex. darren income being included in UofC concensus rather than Tuscany

Question 37

classification - univariate

Answer 37

mapping one variable common misuse of data optimal (fisher-jenks) most important (default class)

Question 38

what are developable surfaces?

Answer 38

surfaces that can represent 3d mapping in 2d plane cone cylinder

Question 39

list and example for a conformal and equal area map

Answer 39

conformal - mercator equal area - Wagner IV

Question 40

Patterns of distortion (cylindrical)

Answer 40

tangent - touches globe in one place secant - touches globe in two places

Question 41

what is hypsometry (hysometric tinting)

Answer 41

used for elevation how much of an area is at elevation distribution of elevation

Question 42

what are isolines

Answer 42

point data converted into continuous fields

Question 43

what are hillshade models

Answer 43

models used ot show depth can be unidirectional or multidirectional

Question 44

colour ramp vs classed colour values

Answer 44

colour ramp = smooth gredation classed values you can see where areas of colour start and end

Question 45

bivariate and trivariate choropleths

Answer 45

maps two variables (bi) maps three variables (tri) hard for viewers very advanced

Question 46

nature of time maps

Answer 46

discrete mapping = linear time continuous mapping = cyclic

Question 47

web maps

Answer 47

static dynamic tiled maps - rapid zooming and planning mashup - combination of multiple sources

Question 48

describe the importance of static and longform visual stories

Answer 48

narrative, longform maps are everywhere, very popular, and often trusted and info is retained by viewers