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human physiology > Topic 2 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is blood movement involved in?

A

delivery of oxygen and nutrients
transport of hormones
delivery of antibodies and immune cells
removal of waste product

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2
Q

What is the main function of the heart?

A

To transport oxygen

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3
Q

Where is the heart found (2 names possible)?

A

In the mediastinum or interpleural space

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4
Q

What is the apex and base of the heart

A

The apex is located at the bottom left (left ventrical) while the base is at the top right (right atrium)

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5
Q

What are the layers that make the heart wall?

A

The epicardium (Visceral layer), the myocardium (muscle) and endocardium (inner layer)

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6
Q

What is the thickest part of the heart composition?

A

The myocardium

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7
Q

What are the components of the pericardium?

A

fibrous layer, parietal layer, visceral layer

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8
Q

Going from the outside in, what is the order of the parts of the heart?

A

Fibrous layer, pariental layer, pericardial cavity, visceral layer/epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

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9
Q

What layer of the heart is in contact with the blood?

A

The endocardium

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10
Q

What type of tissue is the myocardium?

A

striated

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11
Q

What type of circuits does the heart pump?

A

The right side pumps through the pulmonary circuit
The left side pumps throught the systemic circuit

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12
Q

What are the thickest veins in the body?

A

The superior and inferior vena cava

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13
Q

What is the cornary artery?

A

The vessles that supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

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14
Q

What part of the heart is the strongest and why?

A

The left ventrical because it has to pump the oxygenated blood that travels in the whole body

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15
Q

Explain the cyle of blood flow

A
  1. deoxygenated blood arrived in the right atrium throught the superior and inferior vena cava
  2. The tricuspid/right atrioventricular valve opens
  3. The right ventricle recieves the blood
  4. The pulmonary/semilunar valve opens
  5. The blood travels throught the pulmonary arteries
  6. The blood travels to the pulmonary capillaries
  7. The left atrium recieves the oxyganated blood throught the ventricular vein
  8. The mitral/ left atrioventricular/biscupid valve opens
  9. The left ventricle recieves the oxygenated blood
  10. The aortic valve opens and blood travels in the aorta or coronary artery
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16
Q

What is diastole?

A

The relaxation, filling or repolorization of the heart chambers

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17
Q

What is systole?

A

The contraction, emptying or depolorization of the heart chambers

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18
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

provides blood to the body

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19
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

provides blood to thw heart

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20
Q

When a textbook says systoli, what do they mean?

A

The contraction of the ventricular chambers

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21
Q

What is the auricles?

A

The visible parts of the atria

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22
Q

What are the interventricular sulcus?

A

The borders of the ventricles which contain fat and blood vessles of coronary circulation

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23
Q

Why are the walls of atria not as strong as the ventricals?

A

Its because the blood pressure is lower in the atria

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24
Q

Where does the coronary sinus lead?

A

To the right atrium (deoxygenated blood)

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25
What is the pulmonary trunk?
It's a part of the heart that becomes the pulmonary artery, and divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries towards each lung
26
How does the heart get blood for itself?
It uses the coronary system, vessels for the heart muscles itself it does not feed from the chambers
27
What determines the valves opening and closing?
The pressure differences between the chambers
28
Which valves have 3 flaps?
Tricuspid/right atrioventricular valve Pulmonary/semilunar valve Aortic/semilunar valve
29
Which valves have 2 flaps?
Mitral/bicuspid/left atrioventricular valve
30
What is the main purpose of the valves?
To prevent blood from going back to the previous chamber
31
What parts of the atrioventricular valves prevent them from bending back?
The chordae tendinae
32
What are the muscles connected to in the atrioventricular valves?
The papillary muscles
33
Which valves are open during ventricular systole?
Pulmonary/semilunar valve and aortic/semilunar valve
34
Which valves are closed during atrium diastole?
Tricuspid/right atrioventricular valve and mitral/left atrioventricular valve/bicuspid
35
What modulates the heart beat?
The nervous system and hormones
36
How does the appearance of cardiac muscles compared to skeletal?
They are striations but smaller and have multiple branches
37
How many nuclei do cardiac muscles have
One unlike skeletal which can have multiple
38
What are intercalated disks, and where do they occur?
They are the attachment sites between cardiac muscle cells. They occur at the Z line of the sarcomere
39
What structures are found in intercalated disks, and their functions?
Desmosomes (holds cells together) and gap junctions (allow ion transfer for electrical impulses)
40
What is the function of ATP in cardiac muscle contractions?
Allows muscle filaments to come closer and contract
41
T or F: cardiac muscle cells contract independently
True
42
What rhythm do cells follow?
The fastest one between them
43
What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
It's the heart's pacemaker and generates impulse by itself
44
How do cardiac muscle cells differ from skeletal muscles cells in impulse conduction?
Cardiac muscles can conduct an impulse
45
What is the role of ion movement across the sarcolemma?
It’s the source of electrical impulses
46
How does the autonomic nervous system influence cardiac muscle activity?
Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) Parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest)
47
What causes rapid depolarization in cardiac muscle cells?
The opening of voltage-gated fast Na+ channels
48
What maintains the plateau phase during cardiac action potential?
The opening of slow Ca2+ channels and closing of K+ channels
49
What happens during repolarization in cardiac muscle cells?
Opening of K+ channels and closing of Ca2+ channels`
50
What is the "domino effect" in cardiac action potentials?
When one channel opens, it triggers the opening of adjacent channels which spreads depolarization
51
What do the cells share in the gap junctions?
They share their cytoplasm
52
What are the two main parts of the cardiac cycle?
Systole and diastole
53
Why does the AV node delay the impulse before passing it to the ventricles?
To allow the atria to complete their systolic contraction before the ventricular systole
54
What is the role of Purkinje fibers in the cardiac cycle?
They transmit electrical impulses to the ventricles, causing them to contract
55
What are the two pathways electrical impulses can take in the heart?
Fast: SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers Slow: the rest
56
What happens to the atria while the ventricles are contracting?
The atria relaxes and fills with blood
57
How do pacemaker cells generate impulses without external stimulation?
They slowly leak Na+ that gradually depolarizes the cell by itself
58
What ion is responsible for the initial depolarization in cardiac muscle cells?
Sodium (Na+)
59
How are pacemaker cells different?
They can contract on their own, unlike muscle cells that react to stimuli
60
What happens during repolarization of a cardiac muscle cell?
Potassium (K+) exits the cell
61
Why do fetus bypass pulmonary circulation?
They receive oxygen from the blood of the mother
62
What are the names of the 2 structures to bypass pulmonary circulation?
Open foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
63
What does the open foramen ovale do?
It passes oxygenated blood coming from the placenta from the right atrium to the left atrium
64
What does the open ductus arteriosus do?
It passes oxygenated blood from the pulmonary arteries into the aorta (so minimal blood to the lungs)
65
What makes the sound of the heart?
The closing of the valves
66
Which valves are the sound lub?
Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves (ventricular systole)
67
Which valves are the sound dub
Closure of semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) (venctricular diastole)
68
What is cardiac output?
the amount of blood that leaves the heart
69
What are the two factors that determine cardiac output?
Stroke volume: amount of blood per contraction Heart rate: number of contractions per minute
70
What can be said about heart rate and SA nodes?
Heart rate depends on the rate which the SA node depolarizes
71
What is blood pressure determine by?
The cardiac output (CO) and systemic resistance
72
What is resistance when it comes to blood flow?
How easy it is for it to flow - how open and closed the vessels are
73
When veins are contracted, what can be said about pressure and flow?
Veins fight gravity, so contracting them reduces pressure which increases flow
74
When arteries are contracted, what can be said about pressure and flow?
Pressure increases, which reduces flow
75
What is an electrocardiograph?
It measures electrical currents
76
What is the P-wave?
The contraction of the atrium due to SA node triggering
77
What is the PQ interval?
Blood flowing into the right and left ventricles
78
What is the PR interval?
The delay of the AV node to allow ventricles to fill and atrium to finish their contraction
79
What is the R peak and S peak?
R: contraction of the left ventricle S: contraction of the right ventricle
80
What is the QRS complex?
The overall depolarization of the ventricles
81
What is the ST segment?
The start of ventricle repolarization
82
What is the T wave?
Ventricular repolarization (relaxing of ventricles)
83
Is the blood in systemic circulation under higher or lower pressure than coronary or pulmonary circulation?
Higher due to the distance, gravity, resistance, higher blood volume
84
Why are the aorta and pulmonary arteries more elastic fibers?
So they can stretch as they receive high-pressure blood from ventricles
85
Why do veins have thinner walls?
Since their pressure is lower than arteries
86
Define arteries, veins and capillaries
Arteries: send blood from the heart Veins: send blood to heart Capillaries: material exchange with tissues
87
Why are the veins' lumen diameter wider?
To accommodate the blood flow since pressure is lower
88
What is the function of the coronary sinus?
To collects deoxygenated blood from the heart and drains it into the right atrium.
89
Where does the coronary sinus deliver blood?
The right atrium

human physiology (10 decks)

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