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human physiology > Topic 5 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

What results from metabolic reactions?

A

Compounds used by the body + by-products

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2
Q

What happens to by-products of metabolic reactions?

A

They can be recycled or excreted (waste product)

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3
Q

What are some examples of waste products?

A
  • CO2 and H2O
  • Nitrogenous waste (urea) from protein metabolism
  • Bile salts and pigments from RBC breakdown
  • Various salts from tissues and excess intake
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4
Q

What are the routes for waste removal?

A
  • Respiratory system for CO2 and H2O
  • Sweat glands for H2O, salts and some urea
  • Digestive system for bile salts and pigments
  • Urinary system for H2), salts, urea and other soluble wastes
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5
Q

Open image 1 - What are the different parts of the urinary system and their functions?

A

A- Main vein to the heart, carries cleaned blood
B- Main artery from heart, brings blood with wastes
C- Right kidney
D- Left kidney
E- Ureter, carries urine
F- Ureter
G- Bladder, Collects urine
H- Nerve, tells brain when the bladder is full
I- Muscle, keeps bladder closed
J- Nerve, tells bladder to open
K- Urethra

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6
Q

Where are the kidneys situated?

A

In the dorsal part of the abdomen

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7
Q

What protects the kidneys and from what?

A

Perirenal fat (thick layer of fat) protects them from the pressure of other organs

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8
Q

Why are they considered outside the abdominal cavity?

A

Because they are on the outside of the parietal peritoneum

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9
Q

How and what pushes the kidneys?

A

They are pushed caudally (towards the tail) due to the diaphragm when contracted (during inhale)

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10
Q

What are kidneys covered with?

A

Fibrous connective tissue capsule

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11
Q

What is the hilus of the kidneys?

A

Where blood, lymph, nerves and ureter enter and leave

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12
Q

What collects the urine?

A

The renal pelvis is the collection chamber, it marks the beginning of the ureters

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13
Q

What is a characteristic of the renal pelvis?

A

It can stretch

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14
Q

What is the outer part of the kidney?

A

The renal cortex

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15
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

The inner portion of the kidney

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16
Q

How many renal columns are there in each kidney?

A

Around 8 lobes

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17
Q

Open image 2- What are the different parts of the kidney?

A

A- Renal Cortex
B- Renal medulla
C- Renal pelvis
D- Ureter
E- Renal column
F- Fibrous capsule
G- Hilus

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18
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Filtering, absorbing and secretory systems
They are the basic unit of the kidney

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19
Q

What are the substructures of every nephron?

A

A renal capsule
A proximal convoluted tubule
A loop of Henle
A distal convoluted tubule

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20
Q

Where do excess ions and waste come from?

A

Protein breadown

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21
Q

What is the waste transformed into and why?

A

The waste is transformed into urea which is a less toxic version of the waste so that the body can handle it

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22
Q

If there is blood or protein in urine, what could that indicate?

A

Blood: an infection which irritated which caused RBC to leak in urine
Protein: an issue with the kidneys

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23
Q

What part of the kidney do nephrons span?

A

Renal cortex and renal medulla

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24
Q

Which part of the kidney has a higher concentration of salt?

A

The medulla

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25
What is the path of blood flow in the nephron?
Afferent arteriole (oxygenated blood) Glomerulus (capillaries) Efferent arteriole Pertubular capillaries or vasa recta
26
What vessel feeds the kidneys?
The renal artery
27
What happends in the renal capsule?
It filters blood
28
Where is the renal capsule located?
Cortex
29
What is the renal capsule made of?
The glomerus (pack of capillaries) and Bowman's capsule
30
What is the Bowman's capsule?
It surrounds the glomerus and is continuous with the PCT (2 layers - parietal layer and visceral)
31
What does the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) do?
Majority of the reabsorption and secretion (tubular filtrate = primitive urine)
32
Describe the proximal convoluted tubule?
longest part, twisting path through the cortex
33
What type of cell is the proximal convoluted tubule made of?
Cuboidal cells with brush border (increases surface area)
34
Where is the loop of Henle located?
It descends the medula and goes up the cortex
35
What cell type is the loop of Henle made of?
Simple squamous without brush border
36
What is the main function of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?
Majority of secretion
37
Describe the distal convoluted tubule
twisting path through the cortex but not as twisted as the PCT
38
What do DCT converge into?
Collecting ducts
39
What are collecting ducts?
They are the primary site of action of ADH+potassium regulation+acid-base balance
40
What is the main function of kidneys?
produce urine to maintain homeostasis
41
How do the kidneys maintain homeostasis?
By changing the composition of blood plasma
42
What acid-base and fluid-electrolyte do the kidneys regulate?
Sodium (Na), Potassium (P), Cl (Chlorine)
43
How does the kidney maintain homeostasis specifically?
1. Blood filtration, reabsoption and secretion 2. Fluid balance regulation 3. Acid-base balance regulation 4. Hormone production
44
How does fluid ballance regulation work?
Control the amount of urine produced so body maintains right amount of water
45
What is it called when there is a lot, little or no urine?
a lot: Diuresis little: Oligouria none: Anuria
46
How do the kidneys regulate acid-base balance?
remove H+ and bicarbonate ions from blood
47
How do kidneys help hormone production?
It is associated with the endocrine system and they produce hormones (EPO, prostaglandins) and regulate the relase of hormones for the body
48
What is the nerve supply of the kidneys?
Primarily the sympathetic autonomic nervous system
49
Can a kidney function without nerve supply?
Yes, similarly to the heart, the nerve supply controls the blood flow in the glomerular capillaries but it isn't essential
50
What is the anatomy of the renal artery?
branches off the abdominal portion of the aorta enters the kidney at the hilus divides into arterioles until glomerular arterioles
51
What is the function of the afferent glomerular arterioles?
Carry the blood into the glomerular capillaries
52
What is the function of the glomerular capillaries?
Filter some of the plasma out the blood and puts it in the capsular space of Bowman's capsule
53
What is the function of the efferent glomerular arterioles?
- Divides into network of capi;;aries = peritubular capillaries - Oxygen transfer takes place - Substances are taken out tubular filtrate and put into blood - substances are secreated from blood into tubular
54
What is unique about the glomerular capillaries in term of the blood they carry?
The only capillaries in the body where the blood entering and leaving is oxygenated
55
What is the function of the pertubular capillaries?
Converge to form venules and then renal vein
56
What is the anatomy of the renal vein?
Leaves the kidney at the hilus and joins the abdominal caudal vena cava
57
Where is the blood the purest in the body?
In the renal veins
58
Where in the urinary system are most substances reabsorbed?
In the distal convoluted tubule or cortex
59
In what part of the kidney are the parts of the nephron located?
Glomerulus: Cortex Proximal Convoluted Tubule: Cortex Loop of Henle: Medulla Distal Convoluted Tubule: Cortex
60
What causes the plasma to come out into the capsular space?
the pressure of the blood and the fact fnestrations (pores) are in the endothelium of the glomerular capillaries (helps movement fluid)
61
Why is the capsular space in the glomerular considered outside the body?
It's connected to the outside as it can get covered in bacteria (not sterile) How UTI's work
62
If waste prodcuts aren't eliminated in the glomerular capillaries, what happends?
Blood secretes them into the DCT
63
Why does fluid in the capillaries leak even thought theres external pressure?
The pressure within the capsule and pressure of protein in the blood is lower than the pressure in the capillaries pushing outwatrds
64
Why is there a pressure of proteins in blood?
The presence of protein in blood makes water stay in the vessels
65
When salts gets reabsorbed, what does water do?
Water follows salt, so it also gets reabsorbed
66
What type of cell line the urethra and why?
Transitional epithelium, allows for expansion
67
Whats the difference between male and female urethra?
Female urethra is shorter and straighter
68
What is the functions of the urethra (general, female and male)?
Carries urine from the bladder to outside Female: urinalry function Male: carries urine, sperm and seminal fluid
69
What are other name for urination?
Micturition or uresis
70
What are the three steps of urinattion?
1. Urine accumulation bladder keeps filling until it reaches trigger point = activates stretch receptors 2. Muscle contration spinal reflex is activated = motor impulse to bladder muscles (contration = sensation of needing to pee 3. Sphincter muscle control control of external muscular sphincter around neck of bladder
71
What type of cell line the bladder?
Transitional epithelium that stretch
72
What type of muscle is the bladder?
Smooth muscles run the length, obliquely in circular direction
73
What are the 2 parts of the bladder?
Muscle sac and neck (circular external sphincter - skeletal muscles)
74
What happends to the lumen when the bladder is empty?
There is virtually none
75
What are the functions of the urinary bladder?
Collect, store and release urine
76
What are ureters?
Tubes that exist the kidneys at the hilus and connect to the urinary bladder
77
What are ureters composed of?
3 layers: Outer (fibrous) Middle (muscular) = smooth muscles Inner (epithelial) = transitional epithelium`
78
What are the functions of the ureters?
Smooth muscle propel urine through the ureter
79
What type of contraction do ureters do and why?
Peristaltic contraction to counter the position of the person
80
At what angle do ureters enter the bladder?
oblique angle to prevent urine from backing up when the bladder is full
81
Where is the most water control done in the nephrons?
In the collecting ducts
82
What is reabsorption and secretion?
Reabsorption = fluids go from the tubules to the blood stream Secretion = fluid go from blood stream to tubules
83
How is the urine volume determined?
The amount of water contained in the tubular filtrate when it reaches the renal pelvis
84
Where is ADH released from?
The posterior pituitary gland
85
What hormones are responsible for urine volume regulation?
ADH and aldosterone
86
How does ADH work?
It acts on DCT and collecting tubes to promote water reabsorption
86
Where is aldosterone secreted from?
adremal cortex
86
What happends if ADH is absent?
Polyuria
86
What allows the fluids to move through the tubules of the nephron?
The difference in pressure in Bowman's capsule (high) and the renal pelvis (low)
86
How does Aldosterone work?
increases reabsorptionof sodium in bloodstream (in DCT and collecting duct) = causes osmotic imbalance = water is reabsorbed
86
Can water be reabsorbed without ADH presence?
No, there needs to be sufficient ADH control for water to move out the DCT and collecting duct

human physiology (10 decks)

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