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human physiology > Topic 3 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

A

To bring O2 in the body and take CO2 out

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2
Q

What are the secondary functions of the respiratory system?

A

Voice production
Body temperature regulation
Sense of smell
Acid-base regulation

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3
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

External (lungs): air - blood
Internal (rest of the body): blood - tissues

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4
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract structure?

A

Nose
-Nasal passages
-Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx

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5
Q

What is the lower respiratory tract structure?

A

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tree
Alveoli

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6
Q

What type of tissues are in the pharynx

A

Stratified squamous

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7
Q

What are the subparts of pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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8
Q

What are the palatine, lingual and pharyngeal tonsils function and made of?

A

First line of defense to fight infections. There are great amounts of white blood cells

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9
Q

Where is the nasal passages?

A

Between nares and pharynx (throat)

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10
Q

What is the purpose of nasal septum?

A

Separation between the left and right nasal passage

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the soft and hard palate?

A

Separate nasal passage from mouth

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12
Q

What tissue is in the nasal passages?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia

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13
Q

What are the functions of the nasal passages?

A

Sense of smell (receptors)
Warming (blood vessels beneath)
Humidifying (mucus or other fluids on nasal epithelium)
Filtering the inhaled air

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14
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

2 frontal sinuses and 2 maxillary sinuses

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15
Q

What are paranasal sinuses lining and their function?

A

Ciliated lining that sweep mucus produced in the sinuses down the nasal passage

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16
Q

What is the pharynx function?

A

Pathway for the respiratory and digestive system

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17
Q

Why does choking happened so often?

A

Because the respiratory and digestive systems switch places at the pharynx

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18
Q

What parts of the respiratory tract prevent swallowing and breathing to interfere?

A

The pharynx and larynx

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19
Q

What type of tissue is the nasopharynx (top of pharynx)?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated (like nasal cavity)

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20
Q

What type of tissue is the oropharynx (middle of pharynx)?

A

Stratified squamous (protection

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21
Q

Where does food have the right of passage?

A

At the level of the laryngopharynx (bottom pharynx - on top of esophagus/larynx)

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22
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A

Voice production, prevention of foreign material from being inhaled, control airflow

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23
Q

What connects the pharynx to the trachea?

A

Voice box

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24
Q

What is the larynx made of, and what supports it?

A

Segments of cartilage and hyoid bone supports it

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25
What are false vocal cords?
They are vestibular folds who support the vocal folds, they produce no sound
26
What in the lower respiratory tract is attached to arythenoid?
The vocal cords/vocal folds
27
How is the tension of the muscles in the vocal folds changed?
By moving the cartilage
28
What type of tissue is present below the vocal folds?
Pseudostratified ciliated - important for protection
29
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Prevents food and drink from entering the windpipe by swelling up
30
What are vocal folds made of and why?
Elastic fibers which allow voice production through vibrations
31
If there is more tension, what happens to the pitch of the sound?
The pitch is higher
32
If the fibers are longer and thinner, how does it affect the pitch of the voice?
They vibrate less, which results in a deeper voice
33
What is it called when the abdominal straining causes the glottis to close?
Valsalva's maneuver
34
What is the function of the trachea, and how does it separate?
The windpipe from the neck into the thorax. It divides into 2 bronchi that enter the lungs
35
As air goes deeper into the respiratory tract, how does the resistance change?
Resistance goes down
36
Where does the bifurcation of the trachea occur?
At the level of the base of the heart
37
What lining does the trachea have and its purpose?
Ciliated to moves mucus towards the larynx
38
Where do the bronchus enter?
At the hilum for each lung
39
Which bronchus is of bigger size and why?
The right bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical due to the position of the heart being more towards the left
40
What are the smaller divides of the bronchus?
Alveolar duct -- alveolar sac -- alveolus
41
What type of fibers are found in the bronchial tree?
Elastic fibers
42
How does the epithelium change as circulation goes deeper?
it becomes thinner to aid diffusion
43
Why is there not a lot of mucus and secretion/cilia in the bronchial tree?
It is at such a deep level, the air should be clean. Any cleanup is done by macrophages
44
What adjusts the diameter of the airway (body part)?
Smooth muscles (relaxed muscle = dilated airways)
45
What happens in the alveoli?
External respiration: O2 and CO2 are exchanged between blood and air
46
Describe the alveoli
Tiny, thin-walled sacs that are surrounded by capillaries
47
What are the layers of cells that make the barrier between respiratory membrane?
Wall of alveolus and capillaries, both are composed of simple squamous epithelium
48
What are alveolus lined with, and its function?
A thin layer of fluid that contains a surfactant which reduces surface tension, so the alveoli don't collapse
49
What is the function of the diaphragm or location?
Separates thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
50
Where is the lung fastened in place?
The hilus
51
What is the cycle for blood to be oxygenated in the lung?
Pulmonary artery -- pulmonary arterioles-- capillaries (oxygenated) -- pulmonary veinules -- pulmonary vein
52
What are the two pleural membrane in the thorax?
Visceral layer: covers the organs (lungs) Parietal layer: lines the cavity (ribs)
53
What is the diaphragm?
A thin sheet of skeletal muscle
54
When the diagram is relaxed, what can be said about the lungs?
The volume of the lungs is reduced since the relaxed diaphragm assumes its dome shape
55
What muscles work during inspiration?
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
56
What muscles work during expiration?
Internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
57
When the diaphragm relaxes, what occurs?
The muscles of the lungs contract and the size of the chest wall decreases, volume decreases and pressure increases = air leaves the lungs
58
When the diaphragm contracts, what occurs?
The muscles of the lungs expand and increase the size of the chest wall, volume increases and pressure decreases = air comes into the lungs
59
If the intrapulmonary pressure and the intrapleural pressure are equal, what happens?
The lung cannot expand/ it collapses
60
What is tidal volume?
The volume of air during 1 breath
61
What is minute volume?
Volume of air during 1 minute
62
What is residual volume?
Volume that remains in the lung after maximal expiration
63
What is inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume?
The additional air that can be inhaled or exhaled after a normal breath
64
What is vital capacity?
The maximum volume the lungs can inhale or exhale going from empty lungs to filled (does not include the residual volume)
65
What is inspiratory and functional residual capacity?
It's the maximum and minimum volume of air (half-half of the total lung capacity) Tidal volume + the inspiratory reserve volume Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
66
How does the exchange of gases occur?
Simple diffusion (high concentration to low concentration)
67
In the lungs, what diffuses where?
O2 diffuses from the alveolar air into the blood CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveolar air
68
How come the same amount of CO2 flows out vs O2 flows in?
Because CO2 is 20 times more soluble than O2, so it balances it out
69
Explain ventilation-perfusion coupling
O2 levels control perfusion by changing arteriolar diameter CO2 levels control ventilation by changing bronchiolar diameter
70
What is the response of the body to increased ventilation?
Increase airflow -- elevated oxygen levels in blood vessels -- vasodilation of pulmonary vessels -- increased blood flow
71
What are the two forms of hemoglobin
Tense and relaxed
72
Which form of hemoglobin releases O2?
The tense form
73
Why is 2,3-BPG important?
It stabilizes the T state of hemoglobin, since it decreases its affinity for oxygen. It stops the oxygen and hemoglobin to bind together like in the R state
74
How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
As bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the plasma
75
What happens to hemoglobin when it binds to hydrogen ions (H+)?
The hemoglobins' affinity for oxygen decreases since the pH decrease, promoting oxygen release in tissue (Bohr effect)
76
What does the H+ ion do after being released in the red blood cell?
It combines with hemoglobin but does not sit where O2 does
77
Where does the CO2 from the tissues go during diffusion?
Part of it diffuses into the blood/plasma, while some goes into the red blood cell to be turned into H+ and HCO3+
78
What is the middle point of the reaction of CO2 into H+ and HCO3-
Carbonic acid (H2CO3)

human physiology (10 decks)

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