Topic 2 - Cells and Control COMPLETE PK

Question 1

In human cells, what is a chromosome?

Answer 1

a structure found in nuclei, containing a DNA molecule

Question 2

What type of cell division forms two identical daughter cells?

Answer 2

mitosis

Question 3

In which stage of the cell cycle are the chromosomes duplicated?

Answer 3

interphase

Question 4

In which stage of the cell cycle, at the end of mitosis, does the one cell divide into two?

Answer 4

cytokinesis

Question 5

What term describes a cell that has two sets of chromosomes?

Answer 5

diploid

Question 6

Where are plant meristems found?

Answer 6

tips of plant shoots and roots (also just inside bark of trees)

Question 7

What happens in a plant meristem?

Answer 7

Cells divide rapidly by mitosis as the plant grows

unspecialised/stem cells

Question 8

What happens during cell differentiation?

Answer 8

Cells develop special features that help them carry out a particular function.

Question 9

Why is cell differentiation important to plants and animals?

Answer 9

Specialised cells are more effective at carrying out different functions in the body.

Question 10

A root hair cell is a specialised cell. What is its function?

Answer 10

to absorb water and dissolved mineral salts from the soil

Question 11

How is a root hair cell specialised to carry out its function?

Answer 11

It has a long extension into the soil that increases the surface area for absorption

Question 12

Explain how one specialisation of a xylem vessel helps it carry out its function.

Answer 12

any one from: thickened wall to prevent collapse of tube/withstand pressure of water; no cell cytoplasm and lost cell walls to form long tubes through which water flows up the plant; small holes in thick cell wall so water can pass into and out of the vessel from surrounding cells

Question 13

Name one feature, other than mass, that could be measured to show growth in a plant.

Answer 13

any suitable measure that will show change over time, such as: height, tree girth, leaf area, number of leaves

Question 14

Name the type of cell division that cells use to make identical copies of themselves.

Answer 14

mitosis

Question 15

What type of cell has the ability to differentiate into specialised cells?

Answer 15

stem cell

Question 16

In what organ system would you find nerve cells?

Answer 16

the nervous system

Question 17

Are nerve cells diploid or haploid?

Answer 17

diploid

Question 18

What part of a nerve cell contains chromosomes?

Answer 18

nucleus

Question 19

What part of a nerve cell makes proteins?

Answer 19

ribosomes

Question 20

Nerve cells require a lot of energy. What cell structure would you expect them to have a lot of?

Answer 20

mitochondria

Question 21

What is a nerve cell specialised to do?

Answer 21

carry electrical signals/impulses

Question 22

List your senses.

Answer 22

touch, hearing, sight, taste, smell, balance, temperature and plenty of others

Question 23

State the name of one organ in the nervous system.

Answer 23

brain, spinal cord or nerves or a named sense organ

Question 24

What type of cells detect stimuli?

Answer 24

receptor cells

Question 25

In which sense organ would you find receptor cells that detect light waves?

Answer 25

eye

Question 26

What are the electrical signals used in the nervous system called?

Answer 26

impulse

Question 27

List, in order, the organs that an impulse goes through from the hand to the brain.

Answer 27

nerve(s), spinal cord

Question 28

What are the two long ‘arms’ of a sensory neurone called?

Answer 28

dendron and axon

Question 29

List, in order, the parts of a sensory neurone that an impulse goes through.

Answer 29

dendrite, dendron, axon, axon terminal

Question 30

Why are sensory neurones so long?

Answer 30

to carry impulses quickly over long distances

Question 31

What is the name of the fatty sheath that surrounds dendrons and axons?

Answer 31

myelin sheath

Question 32

What does the myelin sheath do?

Answer 32

speeds up transmission of impulses, insulates neurones from each other

Question 33

What letters are DNA made up of?

Answer 33

As, Ts, Cs and Gs

Question 34

What is the structure of DNA?

Answer 34

Double Helix

Question 35

The double helix is ridiculously long so it is further twisted round to be in a

Answer 35

Chromosone

Question 36

Where are chromosomes located?

Answer 36

In the nucleus of a cell

Question 37

In mitosis we go from one parent cell to...

Answer 37

Two identical daughter cells

Question 38

What is the first thing that happens in mitosis?

Answer 38

The DNA condenses in to chromosomes and lines up down the middle

Question 39

Once chromosomes have lined up down the middle and checks have taken place, they...

Answer 39

can start to be pulled apart to either end of the cell

Question 40

What happens when the chromosomes are pulled apart to either end of the cell?

Answer 40

New nuclei will form

Question 41

What happens after new nuclei forms in mitosis?

Answer 41

They will separate in to two identical daughter cells

Question 42

What is the order of the stages of mitosis?

Answer 42

Interphase - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telephase - Cytokinesis

Question 43

What is a good acronym to remember the order of the stages of mitosis?

Answer 43

I Party Madly At The Club

Question 44

What is the advantage of sexual reproduction?

Answer 44

You will get a genetically diverse population which means they are going to be better protected from diseases

Question 45

What is the disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

Answer 45

You will get a genetically identical population - if a disease comes along and one plant is susceptible, chances are all plants are going to be susceptible too and they will all be wiped out at once

Question 46

Give 1 advantage of asexual reproduction

Answer 46

Any from there is only one parent meaning that the plant or animal doesn't have to wait for a mate and their energy is conserved - the parent is putting all of its energy in to conserving its own genes

Question 47

What is the disadvantage of sexual reproduction?

Answer 47

A mate is required and this can sometimes be hard to find especially in sparsely populated locations

Question 48

What is cancer?

Answer 48

When cells begin to divide uncontrollably

Question 49

What does the uncontrollable division of cells lead to?

Answer 49

Lumps which can either be benign tumours or malignant tumours

Question 50

What are benign tumours?

Answer 50

Things like warts and moles - they are slow and generally harmless

Question 51

What are malignant tumours?

Answer 51

Fast growing, aggressive and mobile - cells will move throughout your body and cells from the initial lump will jump in to the bloodstream and move somewhere else - they could set up tumours and lumps in other places

Question 52

A lump on your skin generally could do you a lot of damage/probably won't do you much damage

Answer 52

Probably won't do you must damage

Question 53

A lump on your brain, liver or lungs could do you a lot of damage/probably won't do you much damage

Answer 53

Could do you a lot of damage

Question 54

Name 2 risk factors of cancer that we are in control of

Answer 54

Any 2 from smoking, diet, sun and unprotected sex

Question 55

How is smoking a risk factor of cancer?

Answer 55

Has large implications in lung cancer

Question 56

How is diet a risk factor of cancer?

Answer 56

A good diet can reduce your risk of bowel cancer whereas if you don't eat much fruit and vegetables you are putting your bowel at risk of cancer

Question 57

How is the amount of time we spend in the sun a risk factor of cancer?

Answer 57

Can effect your susceptibility to skin cancer

Question 58

How is unprotected sex a risk factor of cancer?

Answer 58

Can leave you at risk of cervical cancer

Question 59

What do stem cells have the potential to do?

Answer 59

Turn into any other type of cell

Question 60

How can stem cells be used when treating Parkinsons disease?

Answer 60

Grow new brain scells

Question 61

How can stem cells be used when treating brain and spinal injuries?

Answer 61

Grow new bones to fill the gap

Question 62

How can stem cells be used to combat organ failure?

Answer 62

Can grow new organs/parts of organs instead of making someone wait on the transplant waiting list

Question 63

What is the method for making stem cells?

Answer 63

Nuclei removed from egg cell - nuclei from patient cell inserted in to empty egg - egg starts to develop into embryo - stem cells removed from embryo - stem cells turned into new cells

Question 64

What controversy comes with making stem cells?

Answer 64

Human embryos will be created and destroyed - there are lots of religious objections to this as lots of people say that life starts when embryos are created and people object to the destruction of embryos

Question 65

The nervous sytem is incredibly complex/simple

Answer 65

complex

Question 66

What is in the CNS?

Answer 66

The brain and spinal chord as well as all the neurons (receptors and effectors)

Question 67

What does CNS stand for?

Answer 67

Central Nervous System

Question 68

What needs to happen when you pick up a stimuli?

Answer 68

That signal needs to travel from wherever you picked it up (your fingers) all the way up to your nervous system

Question 69

Where will the signal sent after picking up a stimuli sometimes stop?

Answer 69

The spinal chord

Question 70

What is a reflex?

Answer 70

When you pick up a stimuli and the signal gets sent to your CNS, which then sends the signal straight back

Question 71

Touching something hot and moving your hand away without thinking about it happens as a result of your...

Answer 71

reflexes

Question 72

Nerve cell bodies are incredibly short/long

Answer 72

long

Question 73

What can nerve cells send?

Answer 73

Fast electrical signals

Question 74

What happens when nerve cells have to send a signal from one nerve cell to another?

Answer 74

Things slow down

Question 75

Why do things slow down when nerve cells have to send a signal from one nerve cell to another?

Answer 75

They have to cross a synapse

Question 76

What is sent across a synapse?

Answer 76

A slow chemical signal

Question 77

Why is crossing a synapse a slow process?

Answer 77

The chemical has to be released, diffused across the channel, get picked up and then initiate another electrical signal