Topic 6 - Plant Structures and their Functions COMPLETE PK Flashcards
(211 cards)
1
Q
In a food chain, consumers eat other organisms. What word is used to describe organisms that make their own food?
A
producers
2
Q
What process do plants and algae use to make their own food?
A
photosynthesis
3
Q
In what sub-cellular part of a plant cell does photosynthesis occur?
A
chloroplast
4
Q
What substance from the air do plants need for photosynthesis?
A
carbon dioxide
5
Q
What substance from the ground do plants need for photosynthesis?
A
water
6
Q
What organs do plants use to get water from the ground?
A
roots
7
Q
How are roots adapted to getting water from the ground quickly?
A
large surface area, root hair cells
8
Q
What energy-storing compound is made in photosynthesis?
A
glucose
9
Q
Suggest one use for glucose in a plant.
A
respiration, making other substances
10
Q
In what sub-cellular part of a plant cell does respiration occur?
A
mitochondria
11
Q
What product of photosynthesis is a gas at room temperature?
A
oxygen
12
Q
Plants photosynthesise. Name one other group of organisms that photosynthesise.
A
algae or cyanobacteria
13
Q
What reactant in photosynthesis is a gas at room temperature?
A
carbon dioxide
14
Q
What are all the materials that make up an organism known as?
A
biomass
15
Q
In what subcellular parts of plants does photosynthesis occur?
A
chloroplasts
16
Q
Where does all the energy originally come from in most food chains?
A
the Sun
17
Q
What polymer inside chloroplasts is made from glucose?
A
starch
18
Q
Name the main sugar that is transported around most plants.
A
sucrose
19
Q
What do we mean by the ‘rate’ of photosynthesis?
A
the speed of the reactions
20
Q
What is a rate of reaction?
A
how fast a reaction happens
21
Q
What do we call something that prevents a rate of reaction increasing?
A
limiting factor
22
Q
If light intensity is a limiting factor, what happens to the rate of photosynthesis when it is increased?
A
The rate increases.
23
Q
When there is plenty of light and plenty of carbon dioxide, suggest one factor that could be limiting.
A
temperature or water
24
Q
What happens to the rate of photosynthesis as a plant is moved further away from a light source?
A
It decreases.
25
What relationship is shown by a straight line through the points on a scatter graph?
linear relationship
26
What sort of linear relationship is shown by a straight line through the origin?
direct proportion
27
Higher and Triple only- By what law does light intensity vary with distance?
inverse square law
28
Higher and Triple only- What is light intensity inversely proportional to?
distance squared
29
What happens to plants if they do not get enough water to fill their cells?
They wilt.
30
What term is used to describe the amount of a substance in a certain unit volume?
concentration
31
What term is used to describe the overall movement of particles from higher concentration to lower concentration?
diffusion
32
What term is used to describe the overall movement of solvent particles from higher concentration to lower concentration through a partially permeable membrane?
osmosis
33
What is the gradual change in concentration from one place to another called?
concentration gradient
34
What process do cells use to transport substances against their concentration gradient?
active transport
35
What adaptation do some root cells have in order to increase the amount of water they can absorb?
root hairs
36
Why do cells that use active transport often have a lot of mitochondria?
Active transport needs a lot of energy.
37
What do plants need nitrate ions for?
making proteins
38
Through what vessels is water moved up a plant?
xylem vessels
39
Through what tissue are sugars transported around a plant?
phloem tissue
40
What is the flow of water through a plant called?
transpiration
41
In what vessels does water flow?
xylem vessels
42
In what vessels are dissolved mineral ions carried?
xylem vessels
43
Give one other function of xylem vessels.
supporting the plant
44
What tissue is used for translocation?
phloem
45
Give the names of the two most common cells in phloem tissue.
sieve tubes and companion cells
46
Why do companion cells contain many mitochondria?
because they actively pump sucrose in and out of sieve tubes
47
If the humidity of the air around a plant is reduced, what happens to the rate of transpiration?
it increases
48
Which cells create the air spaces inside a leaf?
spongy cells
49
What term describes trees that lose their leaves in winter?
deciduous
50
Give one function of cuticle.
to prevent microorganisms entering/to prevent water entering/to reduce evaporation of water
51
What cells control the opening and closing of stomata?
guard cells
52
Explain why conifer trees have their stomata in pits.
to trap water vapour and reduce water loss
53
What word describes trees that lose their leaves in winter?
deciduous
54
Why do deciduous trees lose their leaves in winter?
to prevent water loss when water in the ground may not be available because it is frozen
55
Why is it an advantage for a plant root to grow downwards?
to anchor the plant/to reach water
56
Why is it an advantage for a plant shoot to grow towards the light?
to get energy for photosynthesis
57
What is a growth in response to a stimulus called?
tropism
58
What is a growth in response to the stimulus of light called?
photosynthesis
59
What is a growth away from light called?
negative phototropism
60
Name a part of a plant that shows negative phototropism.
root
61
What effect do auxins have on cells in a plant shoot?
cause them to elongate
62
What effect do auxins have on cells in a plant root?
stop them elongating
63
Name the growth response of a root in the direction of gravity.
positive gravitropism
64
Name the group of plant hormones that are used to help seeds germinate.
gibberellins
65
Name the plant hormone that is a gas and is used to ripen fruit.
ethene
66
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
Water + carbon dioxide -\> oxygen + glucose
67
Why is light not put in the word equation for photosynthesis?
It is not a reactant - it is just a condition that's needed
68
What is the symbol for water?
H20
69
What is the symbol for carbon dioxide?
CO2
70
What is the symbol for oxygen?
O2
71
What is the symbol for glucose?
C6H12O6
72
What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?
6H2O + 6CO2 -\> 6O2 + C6H12O6
73
Which of the following is the correct way to write the symbol for carbon dioxide?
CO2 CO2 CO2 2CO
CO2
74
What happens during photosynthesis?
Energy is taken from light and locked up in glucose
75
Is photosynthesis and exothermic or an endothermic reaction?
Endothermic
76
What does photosynthesis being an endothermic reaction mean?
It takes in energy
77
Name 2 requirements for photosynthesis
Any 2 from chlorophyll, water, carbon dioxide and sunlight
78
What is chlorophyll?
The green pigmentin leaves
79
Why are water and carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis?
They are the reactants
80
The levels of chlorophyll, water, carbon dioxide and sunlight have a minor/major impact on how much photosynthesis takes place
major
81
True/False: The rate of photosynthesis depends on the % level of carbon dioxide
True
82
As the % level of carbon dioxide increases, the rate of photosynthesis...
increases to a point until there are other limiting factors
83
Why does the % level of carbon dioxide only cause the rate of photosynthesis to increase to a point?
There are other limiting factors such as water, light and temperature
84
Give 2 examples of limiting factors that may not allow the rate of photosynthesis to increase as the % of carbon dioxide increases
Any 2 from water, light and temperature
85
The graph showing the impact that the % level of carbon dioxide has on photosynthesis is also the same for \_\_\_\_\_
water
86
When plants are very cold, everything acts very quickly/slowly
slowly
87
As the temperature slowly increases, the rate of photosynthesis...
slowly increases to a point, until it gets too hot and the enzymes start to denature
88
What happens to the rate of photosynthesis when the enzymes are at the optimum temperature?
There is lots of photosynthesis going on
89
What happens during photosynthesis when enzymes get warmer than the optimum temperature/it starts to get too hot for the enzymes?
They begin to denature and the rate of photosynthesis will fall very rapidly
90
True/False: Enzymes die when they are too hot
False, they become denatured. They are not killed
91
True/False: Night time is the best time for photosynthesis to occur
False, when it is dark not much photosynthesis occurs
92
As we get further through the day and light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis...
increases to a point where it is no longer the limiting factor and other things like the reactants or temperature need to be increased
93
True/False: Photosynthesis stops occuring when the blue line is flat
False, the rate of photosynthesis is just not increasing as much as it was before. It is at a steady rate
94
True/False: The rate of photosynthesis depends on lots of different things all at once
True
95
The glucose from photosynthesis is stored as \_\_\_\_\_\_
starch
96
The most obvious example of starch is...
potatoes
97
What happens in the palisde mesophyll?
Photosynthesis
98
What is the cuticle of a cross section of a leaf?
Waxy layer
99
What do the upper and lower epidermis of a leaf do?
Cover the plant
100
What is spongy mesophyll in a leaf?
A space for gas exchnge
101
What takes place in the guard cell and stomata of the cross section of a leaf?
Transpiration
102
Inside a plant there is p\_\_\_\_\_ and x\_\_\_\_
phloem and xylem
103
What does the xylem carry?
Water
104
In what direction do the xylem generally carry water?
Upwards
105
Where do the xylem transfer water from and to?
From the roots where it is collected to the leaves where it can be used for photosynthesis
106
Why do the xylem carry water to the leaves?
So it can be used for photosynthesis
107
What do the phloem carry?
Ions and food
108
In what direction to the phloem generally carry ions and food?
Downwards
109
Where do the phloem carry food and ions from/to?
From the leaf where food can be made in photosynthesis to the roots where it can be stored in, for example, potatoes
110
Why do the phloem transfer food and ions from the leaves to the roots?
Food is made in photosynthesis and then it travels to the roots where it can be stored in, for example, potatoes
111
There are little/several factors that affect the rate of transpiration
several
112
Transpiration not only involes water moving ___ of the stomata but also up through the \_\_\_\_\_
out, xylem
113
True/False: Bright light leads to less transpiration
False, it leads to more transpiration
114
More light means more/less photosynthesis, which means there is going to need to be more/less water brought up into the cell
more, more
115
True/False: A high temperature will lead to more transpiration
True
116
Why will a high temperature lead to more transpiration?
The rate of reaction will happen faster
117
True/False: High wind will lead to less transpiration
False, it will lead to more
118
Why does high wind lead to more transpiration?
It brushes against the leaf and moves things out the way so diffusion will play a part
119
High humidity leads to higher/lower transpiration
lower
120
Why does high humidity lead to lower transpiration?
Water will struggle to leave the leaf because there is a very high concentration of water - it is very humid outside
121
Photosynthesis is where...
energy enters most of the food chains on Earth
122
Organisms that carry out ______________ have crucial positions at the start of food chains
photosynthesis
123
Plants are able to make their own food by what process?
Photo synthesis
124
During photosynthesis, what use energy from the sun to make glucose?
Photosynthetic organisms such as green plants and algae
125
Give an example of a photosynthetic organism
Any from green plants and algae, etc
126
During photosynthesis, photosynthetic organisms use what from the sun to make what?
energy to make glucose
127
Some of the glucose produced as a result of photosynthesis is used to make larger, complex molecules that...
the plants or algae need to grow
128
What make up an organism's biomass?
The larger, complex molecules that some of the glucose from photosynthesis is used to make - plants or algae need this to grow
129
Biomass
The mass of living material
130
How does energy stored in an organisms' biomass work its way through the food chain?
As animals eat them and each other
131
True/False: Photosynthetic organisms are the main producers of food for nearly all life on Earth
True
132
Where does photosynthesis happen?
Inside chloroplasts
133
Why does photosynthesis happen inside chloroplasts?
They contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light
134
Chlorophyll absorbs \_\_\_\_\_
light
135
How is energy transferred to the chloroplasts?
By light
136
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide + water ----------------------------------\> glucose + oxygen
light & chlorophyll
137
What is the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O -\> C6H12O6 + 6O2
138
Photosyntesis is an exo/endothermic reaction
endothermic
139
What does photosynthesis being an endothermic reactoin mean?
Energy is taken in during the reaction
140
Give 2 factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis
Any 2 from light intensity, the concentration of CO2 and the temperature
141
Which factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis can become a limiting factor?
All of them
142
If temperature is the limiting factor of rate of photosynthesis... what does this mean?
It's stopping photosynthesis from happening any faster
143
The temperature has to be ____ \_\_\_\_\_ for photosynthesis?
Just right
144
Why does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?
It affects the enzymes involved
145
Usually, if the temperature is the limiting factor of photosynthesis it's because it's too high/low
low
146
The enzymes needed for photosynthesis work more quickly/slowly at low temperatures
slowly
147
If a plant gets too hot, the enzymes needed for photosynthesis and its other reactions will...
be denatured
148
At which temperature will a plant get too hot and the enzymes it needs fo rphotosynthesis denature?
About 45 degrees celcius, which is pretty hot for outdoors although greenhouses can get that hot if you're not careful
149
True/False: The temperature outside is often over 45 degrees celcius
False, although greenhouses can get that hot if you're not careful
150
Not enough light speeds up/slows down the rate of photosynthesis
slows down
151
Light transfers the ______ needed for photosynthesis
energy
152
At first, as the light level is raised, the rate of photosynthesis...
increases steadily - the rate of photosynthesis is directly proportional to light intensity
153
True/False: The rate of photosynthesis is directly proportional to light intensity
True, but only up to a certain point
154
Why will light intensity not make a difference after a certain point?
It'll either be the temperature or the CO2 level which is the limiting factor
155
How can you investigate light intensity in a lab?
By moving a lamp closer to or further away from a plant
156
If you just plot the rate of photosynthesis against "distance of lamp from the plant", what shape graph will you get?
You get a weird-shaped graph
157
To get an accurate graph showing how light intensity affects rate of photosynthesis, you need to measure the light intensity at the plant using...
a light meter
158
The square of the distance from the lamp and the light intensity are inversely proportional to each other. this means...
as the distance increases, the light intensity decreases
159
The light intensity decreases in proportion to the ______ of the distance
square
160
The square of the distance from the lamp and light intensity being inversely proportional is called the...
inverse square law
161
Light intensity ∝ 1 / d2 is the equation for...
the inverse square law
162
The inverse square law means that if you halve the distance, the light intensity will...
Be four times greater / double
163
The inverse square law means that if you double the distance, the light intensity will...
Halve/be fall times smaller
164
You can use 1/d2 as a measure of...
light intensity
165
Too little carbon dioxide speeds up/slows down photosynthesis
slows down
166
CO2 is one of the ___ materials needed for photosynthesis
raw
167
As with light intensity, increasing the CO2 concentration does what to the rate of photosynthesis?
Increases it up to a point
168
After a point, a graph showing how CO2 concentration affects the rate of photosynthesis will...
flatten out
169
What does the graph showing how increasing CO2 concentration affects the rate of photosynthesis flattening out show?
That the CO2 is no longer the limiting factor
170
In terms of the rate of photosynthesis, as long as CO2 is in plentiful supply then...
light or temperature is the factor limiting photosynthesis
171
Canadian pondweed can be used to measure the effect of what on the rate of photosynthesis?
Light intensity
172
When investigating the rate of photosynthesis, the rate at which the pondweed produces oxygen corresponds to the rate at which...
it's photosynthesising
173
The faster the rate of oxygen production, the faster/slower the rate of photosynthesis
Faster
174
When investigating how changing light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis, the gas syringe should be full/empty to start with
empty
175
Sodium hydrogencarbonate may be added to the water to...
make sur ethe plant has enough carbon dioxide
176
Why would sodium hydrocarbonate be added to water to make sure the plant has enough carbon dioxide?
Soidum hydrocarbonate releases CO2 in the solution
177
A source of _____ \_\_\_\_\_ is placed at a specific distance from the pondweed
white light
178
The pondweed is left to _______________ for a set amount of time
photosynthesise
179
True/False: This experiment can be modified to test the effect of temperature of carbon dioxide concentration
True
180
What is important to remember when considering modifying this experiment to test the effect of temperature or carbon dioxide concentration?
To only change one variable at a time
181
True/False: You must use Canadian pondweed when measuring the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis
False, you can also use algal balls instead of pondweed. These are little balls of jelly which contain algae
182
What is another way of measuring how much oxygen is produced in this experiment?
By counting the number of bubbles given off in a certain time - but this is less accurate
183
What would be the drawback of counting the number of bubbles given off in a certain time to measure how much oxygen is produced?
It would be less accurate
184
After is photosynthesises, the oxygen released will collect in the...
gas syringe
185
The oxygen collecting in the gas syringe allows you to...
accurately measure the volume of oxygen produced
186
When this experiment is finished, it is repeated with...
the light source at different distances from the pondweed
187
How can the rate of oxygen production at each distance be calculated?
Volume produced / time taken
188
For this experiment, any variables that could affect the results should be...
controlled
189
How would you control the temperature in this experiment?
By putting the conical flask in a water bath
190
How would you control the carbon dioxide concentration in this experiment?
By adding a set amount of sodium hydrogencarbonate to a set volume of water
191
You can compare the rate of photosynthesis at different light intensities by comparing the...
rate of oxygen production
192
Increasing light intensity increases/decreases the rate of oxygen production
increases, but only until temperatore or CO2 become the limiting factor instead
193
Flowering plants have how many types of transport vessel?
Two
194
What are the two types of transport vessels in flowering plants?
Xylem and phloem
195
True/False: Both xylem and phloem go to every part of the plant
True
196
What do root hairs take in?
Minerals and water
197
Tje cells on the surface of plant roots grow into "\_\_\_\_\_"
hairs
198
Where do the cells on the surface of plant roots which grow into "hairs" stick out?
Into the soil
199
Each branch of a root will be covered in millions of microscopic \_\_\_\_\_
hairs
200
What do the microscopic hairs on branches of a root give the plant?
A large surface area
201
How is a plant having a large surface area beneficial?
For absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil
202
The concentration of mineral ions is usually higher/lower in the root hair cells than in the soil around them
higher
203
By what process are mineral ions absorbed in root hair cells?
Active transport
204
Why are mineral ions absorbed from soil to root hair cells by active transport?
The concentration of mineral ions is usually higher in the root hair cells than the souil around them
205
By what process to root hair cells absort water?
Osmosis
206
Phloem tubes transport
Food
207
Phloem tubes are made of columns of...
elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls
208
What do the columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls of phleom tubes do?
Allow stuff to flow through
209
What do phloem tubes do?
Transport food substances made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use
210
Phloem tubes transport food substances (mainly \_\_\_\_\_\_\_)
sucrose
211
Phloem tubes
