TOPIC 2//Circulatory system/ Lungs/ Cardiovasc Disease/ Cancer/ Health and Disease

Question 1

What carries out gas exchange in the human body

Answer 1

Alveolis

Question 2

how does the alveoli carry out gas exchange

Answer 2

the alveoli is surrounded by cappilaries which contain red blood cells which came from the lungs and contain a lots of carbon dioxide and little oxygen. oxygen diffuses out of alveoli into red blood cell and carbon dioxide diffuses out of red blood cell into alveoli to leave the body

Question 3

what is the circulatory system made up of

Answer 3

bloodvessels, heart and blood

Question 4

what do the valves do in the heart

Answer 4

prevent backflow of blood and keeps it moving in one direction

Question 5

what is the purpose of the coronary arteries surrounding the heart

Answer 5

it gives and makes sure the heart has its own supply of oxygenated blood

Question 6

what is a pacemaker

Answer 6

a group of cells in the right atrium wall which produce small electric impulses which spread to surrounding muscles cells causing them to contract

Question 7

What is an artificial pacemaker

Answer 7

a little device implanted under skin and has a wire going to the heart which produces electric current to keep heat beating regularly if natural pacemaker doesnt work

Question 8

3 facts about an artery

Answer 8

1. artery walls have elastic fibre because heart pumps blood at high pressure and needs to be stretchy and spring back
2. the walls are thick compared to the lumen
3. they have thick layers of muscle to make them strong

Question 9

4 facts about a cappilary

Answer 9

1. cappilaries walls are one cell thick which increases rate of diffusion
2. they carry blood really close to every cell in body to exchange substances with
3. permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out
4. they suply food and oxygen and take away waste like carbon dioxide

Question 10

3 facts about veins

Answer 10

1. the blood is at lower pressure in veins so the walls dont need to be thick like arteries
2. they have big lumens to help blood flow
3. they have valves

Question 11

formula for rate of blood flow

Answer 11

volume of blood / minutes

Question 12

what is the role of red blood cells

Answer 12

to carry oxygen from lungs to all body cells

Question 13

describe the structure of a red blood cell

Answer 13

its shape is a biconcave disc which gives it a large surface area for absorbing oxygen.
they also dont have a nucleus which allows more room for carrying oxygen

Question 14

what is the role of white blood cells

Answer 14

defend against infection. some can change shape to engult unwelcome microorganism in a process called phagocytosis. others produce antibodies to fight microorganisms as well as antitoxins to neautralise any toxins produced my microorganism

Question 15

what do white blood cells not contain

Answer 15

Nucleus

Question 16

describe purpose of platelets in blood

Answer 16

small fragments of cells which have no nucleus and helps the blood clot at a wound to stop all your blood pouring out

Question 17

what can a lack of platelets cause

Answer 17

excessive bleeding and bruising

Question 18

describe coronary heart disease

Answer 18

coronary arteries that supply blood to muscles of the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up

Question 19

what does coronary heart disease cause

Answer 19

causes arteries to become narrow so blood flow is restricted and theres a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle resulting in a heart attack

Question 20

What is a stent and the function of stents

Answer 20

stents are tubes inserted inside artery which keeps artery open ensuring blood can flow through to heart muscle and keeps persons heart beating

Question 21

What is a advantage of using stents

Answer 21

stents lower the risk of an heart attck. they are effective for a long time and the recovery time for the surgery is relatively quick

Question 22

What are disadvantages of using stents

Answer 22

there are risk of complications during operation and a risk of infection from surgery. there is also a risk of patient developing a blood clot near stent called thrombosis

Question 23

what are the 2 types of cholesterol

Answer 23

LDL (BAD)
HDL (GOOD)

Question 24

what are statins

Answer 24

drugs that can reduce the amount of bad cholesterol present in bloodstream which slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming

Question 25

What is cholesterol

Answer 25

an essential lipid that your body produces and needs to function properly

Question 26

What happens if you have too much LDL
cholesterol in your bloodstream

Answer 26

can cause fatty deposits to form inside arteries which lead to coronary heart disease

Question 27

What are 2 advantages of statins

Answer 27

1. by reducing LDL in blood, statins reduce risk of developing strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attack
2. statins also increase the amount of HDL in your bloodstream which can remove LDL cholesterol

Question 28

What are the 3 disadvantages of statins

Answer 28

1. long term drug that must be taken regularly and is a risk of forgetting to take them
2. statins can sometimes cause negative side effets e.g. headaches and some serious ones like kidney failure, liver damage and memory losss
3. the effect of statins is not instand. it takes time for it to kick in

Question 29

What are artificial hearts

Answer 29

mechanical devices that pump blood for a person whose own heart has failed which is usually a temporary fix to keep person alive untiil donor heart is available to help a person recover by allowing their heart to rest and heal

Question 30

What is one advantage of a artificial heart

Answer 30

they are less likely to be rejected by bodys immune system than a donor heart because theyre made from metal and plasticsso body doesnt recognise them as foreign

Question 31

what is 4 disadvantage of artificial heart

Answer 31

1. surgery to fit artificial heart can lead to bleeding and infection
2. artificial hearts dont work as well as natural ones
3. blood doesnt flow through artificial hearts as smoothly which can cause blood clots and strokes
4. the patient has to take blood thinning drugs

Question 32

what is an artificial blood

Answer 32

artificial blood is a blood substitute which is used to replace the lost volume of blood . it can keep the patient alive and enough time to produce new red blood cells

Question 33

Define health

Answer 33

the state of physical and mental wellbeing

Question 34

Define Communicable disease

Answer 34

those that can spread between people or between animals and people

Question 35

what are comminucable diseases caused by

Answer 35

things like bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi

Question 36

Define Non-Communicable disease

Answer 36

those that cannot spread between people or between animals and people

Question 37

5 factors that affect your health are…

Answer 37

Balanced diet
stress
life situation
bad immune system
mental health

Question 38

what are the 4 risk factors that cause disease

Answer 38

substances in environment
smoking
obesity
drinking a lot of alcohol

Question 39

what is cancer caused by

Answer 39

Uncontrolled cell growth and division

Question 40

What is a Benign Tumour

Answer 40

Where the tumour grows until there is no more room
This tumour isnt normally dangerous and cancerous
The tumour stays in one place within a membrane rather than invading other tissues in the body

Question 41

What is a Malignant tumour

Answer 41

where the tumour growns and spreads to neighnouring healthy tissues
Malignant tumours are dangerous and cancerous
Cells can break off and spread to other parts of the body by travelling in bloodstream
malignant cells then invade healthy tissues elsewhere in the body and form secondary tumours

Question 42

what are the 4 risk factors of cancer

Answer 42

Smoking
Obesity
Viral Infection
Inheriting faulty genes