Topic 3//Fighting disease/Vaccination/Drugs/Developing drugs

Question 1

What 6 things in human defence system prevent pathogens entering body

Answer 1

Skin
Hairs/Mucus
Trachea/Bronchi
Stomach

Question 2

how does skin prevent pathogens entering body

Answer 2

skin acts as a barrier to pathogens and secretes antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens

Question 3

how does hairs and mucus prevent pathogens entering body

Answer 3

Hairs and mucus in your nose trap particles that could contain pathogens

Question 4

how does the trachea and bronchi prevent pathogens entering body

Answer 4

trachea and bronchi are lined with cilia which is hair like structure which waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed

Question 5

how does the stomach prevent pathogens entering body

Answer 5

produces HCL which kills pathogen to make it that far from mouth

Question 6

What happens if pathogens make it into your body and passes your defence system

Answer 6

Your white blood cells from your immune system which travel around in your blood and crawl into every part of you constantly patrolling for microbes. When they come across invading microbes, they have 3 lines of attack

Question 7

What is the 1st line of attack for white blood cells

Answer 7

Consuming them:
White blood cells can engulf foreign cells and digest them which is called phagocytosis

Question 8

What is the 2nd line of attack for white blood cells

Answer 8

Producing antibodies:
every invading pathogen has unique molecules called antigens on it surface. when white blood cells come across foreign antigen, the white blood cells produce proteins called antibodies to bind onto the antigen on the pathogen so they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells. The antibodies produced are specific to that type of antigen. Antibodies are then produced rapidly and carries around body to find all similar bacteria or virus. The person is naturally immune to that pathogen and wont get ill

Question 9

what is the 3rd line of attack for white blood cells

Answer 9

Producing antitoxins:
Counteract any toxins produced

Question 10

How does vaccinations work

Answer 10

involves injecting small amount of dead or inactive pathogens which carry antigens which causes your body to produce antibodies to attack pathogens

Question 11

What happens if a person is infected with the same pathogen again

Answer 11

The white blood cells will rapidly produce the antibodies to kill it because the person is naturally immune to that pathogen and wont get ill

Question 12

How does immunisation work

Answer 12

When vaccinated, you are injected with dead or inactive pathogens which have antigens on them. once the Lymphocytes detect a foreign antigen, white blood cells produce antibodies which fight and kill the pathogens.

Question 13

What is active immunity

Answer 13

the immunity which results from the production of antibodies

Question 14

What are 2 pros of vaccines

Answer 14

1. Has helped control lots of communicable diseases
2. Big outbreaks of diseases called epidemics can be prevented if majority population is vaccinated

Question 16

What are 2 cons of vaccines

Answer 16

1. Dont always work sometimes dont give you immunity
2. you can sometimes have bad reactions to vaccines

Question 17

What are painkillers

Answer 17

drugs that relieve pain

Question 18

Why arent Pain killers used to cure a problem

Answer 18

They actually dont tackle the cause of the disease or kill pathogens they just help relieve symptoms

Question 19

What does antibiotics do

Answer 19

different types of antibiotics kill different types of bacteria causing the problem without killing your own body cells

Question 20

Why do doctors not give antibiotics to patients with minor infections

Answer 20

To prevent resistant bacteria developing

Question 21

Why do antibiotics not destroy viruses

Answer 21

Viruses reproduce using your own body cells which makes it very difficult to develop drugs that destroy only the virus without killing body cells

Question 22

how does bacteria cause disease once entering body

Answer 22

By producing toxins which damage the host cells and cause diseases

Question 23

Name a type of medicine that kills bacteria inside your body

Answer 23

Antibiotics

Question 24

How are antibiotics efficient

Answer 24

Has greatly reduced the number of deaths from communicable diseases caused by bacteria

Question 25

How can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

Answer 25

By bacteria mutating, they become resistant to an antibiotic

Question 26

How can a resistant strain cause a serious infection that cannot be treated by antibiotics

Answer 26

when you have an infection, some bacteria might be resistant to antibiotics so only non-resistant bacteria will get killed. The resistant bacteria will survive and reproduce and population of resistant bacteria will increase. Then the resistant strain could cause serious infection that cannot be treated by antibiotics

Question 27

How do you slow down the rate of development of resistant strains

Answer 27

Doctors have to avoid over prescribing antibiotics so you wont get them for a sore throat only something serious

Question 28

Why do most drugs come from plants

Answer 28

Plants produce a variety of chemicals to defend themselves against pests and pathogens which can be used as drugs to treat human disease and relieve symptoms

Question 29

What are the three main stages in drug preclinical testing

Answer 29

1. Drugs are tested on human cells and tissues in the lab
2. Test drugs on live animals to test the success of the drug and find out its toxicity and find best dosage
3. If passes test on animal, its tested on human volunteers