Topic 2 - Development Dynamics Flashcards
(51 cards)
What are the different aspects that development is judged upon?
Economic- economic growth, how wealthy a country is, its level of industrialisation and use of technology
Social- standard of living, health care and clean water
Political- having a stable political system with institutions that can meet the needs of society
Describe the fertility and mortality rates of developing counties.
They have higher fertility and birth rates because there is no use of contraception, people have lots of children and lots die because of a lack of healthcare.
Death rate is high due to poor health care.
There are lots more children compared to adults
Describe the fertility and mortality rates of emerging countries.
Fertility rates fall as woman have a more equal place in society and a better education.
The use of contraception increases and women work instead of having children.
Health care improves so life expectancy improves
There are more people working age than there are children
Describe the fertility and mortality rates of developing countries.
Fertility rates are low because people want possessions and a high quality of life, they may have elderly relatives so there is less money available for having children.
Health care is good so death rate is low and life expectancy is high
Lots more elderly people and the proportion of children decrease
How is climate a factor that can affect how developed a country is?
If a county is really hot or really cold not much will grow. It reduces the amount of food produced, which can lead to malnutrition, people who are malnourished have a lower quality of life.
People have fewer crops to sell so less money to spend
How is topography a factor that can affect how developed a country is?
If the land in a country is steep then it wont produce alot of food it has the same affect as having a poor climate (malnutrition).
Steep land makes it difficult to develop infrastructure, it can limit trade and makes it harder to provide basic services
How is education a factor that can affect how developed a country is?
Educating people provides a more skilled workforce, meaning that the country can produce more goods and offer more services that can bring money into the country.
Educated people also earn more, so they earn more, so they pay more taxes. It provides money which can be spent on investment.
How is health a factor that can affect how developed a country is?
In some poorer countries, lack of clean water and poor health care mean that many people suffer from diseases such as malaria and cholera
People who are ill cant work so they are not contributing to the economy. They may also need expensive medicine or health care.
Lack of contribution to the economy and increased spending on healthcare means there is less money for development
How is colonialism a factor that can affect how developed a country is?
Countries that were colonised are often at a lower level of development when they gain independence than they would be if they had not been colonised
European countries colonised much of Africa in the 19th century, they controlled the economies of their colonies, removed raw materials and slaves and sold back expensive manufactured goods. It was bad for Africa development because parts of Africa were dependant on europe and led to famine
How is neo-colonialism a factor that can affect how developed a country is?
After colonies gained their independence, richer countries continued to control them indirectly.
For example some TNCs exploit the cheap labour and raw materials of poorer countries
International organisations sometimes offer conditional loans, which means poorer countries are forced to develop the way that there donates want them to
How Economic and political a factor that can affect how developed a country is?
Authoritarian governments can put development polices in place without warning or stopping them, this can be good but can also be bad
Corrupt governments can hinder development by taking money intended for development
Countries with good international relations are more likely to get good trade agreements they can also get loans for development easier
What are the educational impacts that global inequalities have on developing counties
Poorer countries cant afford to invest as much into education
Poorer people may not be able to afford school fees or children may have to work instead of going to school
Lack of education means low skilled jobs so poverty cycles continues
What are the health impacts that global inequalities have on developing counties
People in developing countries are at a higher risk for many diseases than people in developed countries leading to lower life expectancy
Infant mortality rates are much higher
Poorer people find it harder to get quality health care and healthy food
What are the political impacts that global inequalities have on developing counties
Inequalities can increase political instability, crime and discontent in poorer countries
This means civil wars are more likely in developing countries. Conflict can increase inequality, poverty increases as money is spent on fighting than on development.
Developing countries are often dependant on richer countries, it means they have less influence over regional and global decisions
What are the environmental problems caused by global inequalities in developing countries?
Economic development leads to more consumption of food, water and energy as people get wealthier. It can threaten ecosystem as people have to build on green land.
Industrialisation increases pollution
Waste from dumps and fields ends up in rivers killing marine life
Many developed countries have factories in developing countries so there is both factories from developed and developing countries in that country
If people cant afford fuel then they have to chop down trees leading to deforestation
What is rostows theory?
It predicts how a county’s level of development changes over time, it describes how an economy changes from relying mostly on primary industry to secondary then tertiary and quaternary. At the same time peoples standard of living improves.
What are the fives stages of develop,ent in rostows theory? (Don’t describe)
Traditional society Preconditions for take off Take off Drive to maturity Mass consumption
Describe traditional society in the rostows theory of development.
Subsistence based, farming fishing and forestry. Little trade
Describe preconditions for take off in the rostows theory of development .
Manufacturing starts to develop. Infrastructure is built, e.g roads, power networks. International trade begins.
Describe take off in the rostows theory of development
Rapid, intensive growth, large scale industrialisation. Increasing wealth
Describe drive to maturity in the rostows theory of development
Economy grows so people get wealthier. Standards of living rise. Widespread use of technology
Describe mass consumption in the rostows theory of development
Lots of trade. Goods are mass produced. People are wealthy, so there are high levels of consumption
What is franks dependancy theory?
Franks dependancy theory was developed as an alternative to rostows.
It suggests that poorer weaker, periphery, countries remain poor because they are dependant on the rich, core, countries
The rich countries continue to take control of the poorer countries for labour and materials( neo-colonialism)
For example poor countries sell crops cheaply to core countries but are forced to manufactured goods expensively from core countries trapping them.
Periphery countrys could be lent money with high amounts of interest .
It means that poor countries stay dependant on richer countries
D3scribe globalisation
Every country has its own political and economic systems as well as culture
Globalisation is the process of the worlds systems and cultures becoming more integrated, its the whole world coming together like a single community.
