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Biology > Topic 3 (Infection and response) > Flashcards

Topic 3 (Infection and response) Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Definition of non-communicable and communicable?

A

Communicable - Caused by pathogens and can be passed from one person to another.

Non-communicable - Can’t be passed on from one person to another.

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2
Q

Name 4 types of pathogens?

A

Bacteria, virus, protist, fungi

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3
Q

What are the 3 ways that pathogens can spread?

A

By air: cold, flu, tuberculosis
By direct contact: malaria, STD’s, HIV
By water: cholera, salmonella

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4
Q

5 examples to improve hygiene?

A
  1. Washing hands
  2. Using disinfectants
  3. Keep meat away from other foods
  4. Cough and sneezing into a tissue
  5. Keep agricultural machinery clean
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5
Q

3 methods of preventing the spread of pathogens?

A
  1. Keep infected isolated.
  2. Destroy the vectors that carry pathogens.
  3. Vaccination.
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6
Q

Salmonella
Type of pathogen?
Symptoms?
Spreads?
What can we do?

A

Type of pathogen - Bacteria.
Symptoms - Fever, vomiting, diarrhoea.
Spreads - Eating uncooked or contaminated meat.
What can we do - Vaccinate chickens to control spread.

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7
Q

Measles
Type of pathogen?
Symptoms?
Spreads?
What can we do?

A

Type of pathogen - Virus.
Symptoms - Fever, red rash on skin.
Spreads - By air: droplets of water from coughs.
What can we do - No treatment, vaccinate children.

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8
Q

Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Type of pathogen?
Symptoms?
Spreads?
What can we do?

A

Type of pathogen - Virus.
Symptoms - Discolouration of leaves which reduce photosynthesis
Spreads - Direct contact between diseased plants/vectors
What can we do - Produce resistant strains, pest control.

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9
Q

Gonorrhoea
Type of pathogen?
Symptoms?
Spreads?
What can we do?

A

Type of pathogen - Bacteria.
Symptoms - Thick yellow discharge from vagina or penis.
Spreads - Sexual contact.
What can we do - Antibiotics. Use a condom/barrier.

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10
Q

HIV
Type of pathogen?
Symptoms?
Spreads?
What can we do?

A

Type of pathogen - Virus.
Symptoms - Flu-like illness, Damages immune system.
Spreads - Sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids(blood).
What can we do - Drugs to stop attack on immune system. No cure or vaccine.

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11
Q

Malaria
Type of pathogen?
Symptoms?
Spreads?
What can we do?

A

Type of pathogen - Protist.
Symptoms - Recurrent fever.
Spreads - Mosquitoes act as a vector.
What can we do - prevent vectors, antimalarial drugs.

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12
Q

Rose black spots
Type of pathogen?
Symptoms?
Spreads?
What can we do?

A

Type of pathogen - Fungus.
Symptoms - Black spots on leaves.
Spreads - Spores are carried by water or wind.
What can we do - Use fungicides to treat plant, burn infected plants.

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13
Q

How does the skin prevent microorganisms getting into your body?

A
  1. Acts as a barrier.
  2. Produces anti microbial secretions to kill pathogens.
  3. Covered in health microorganisms that protect skin.
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14
Q

How is the respiratory system adapted to reduce the entry of microorganisms?

A
  1. Lining of the nose produces mucus and is full of hairs to trap pathogens.
  2. Mucus in the trachea and bronchi catch pathogens which is moved to the back of the throat by cilia.
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15
Q

How is the digestive system adapted to reduce the entry of microorganisms?

A

The stomach produces hydronic acid that destroyed pathogens.

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16
Q

Describe the 3 ways that white blood cells protect us from pathogens?

A
  1. Some ingest pathogens, digesting and destroying them.
  2. Some produce antibodies which target specific pathogens and destroy them.(Antibodies are specific to a pathogen).
  3. Some produce antitoxins that counteract the toxins released by pathogens.
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17
Q

Define vaccine?

A

Dead or inactive form of a disease-causing microorganism

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18
Q

Define antigen?

A

Unique protein on the surface of cells

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19
Q

Define antibody?

A

Produced by white blood cells to recognise specific antigens

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20
Q

Define herd immunity?

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A

When vaccination of a significant proportion of the population provides protection for individuals who are not immune

21
Q

Describe how vaccinations prevent illness

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A
  1. Introduce small quantities of dead or inactive virus.
  2. This stimulates white blood cells to produce memory cells and antibodies towards the virus.
  3. If host is infected the white blood cells recognise it and respond quickly so you don’t get ill.
22
Q

Why are antibiotics less affective today?

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A

The use of antibiotics has greatly reduced the deaths from infections. However the over use of antibiotics has caused resistant strains of bacteria to develop.

23
Q

What plant did heart drugs come from?

24
Q

What plant did painkillers come from?

25
What plant did penicillin come from?
Penicillium mould
26
How do new drugs get created today?
Synthesised by chemists in a lab, but they might still start from a chemical extracted from a plant.
27
Different stages to test if a drug is safe for the market?
1. Drug discovery 2. Preclinical trials 3.phase 1-3 clinical trials 4. Drug gets released
28
What happens in Preclinical trials?
Test for toxicity and efficiency. Tested on cells, tissues, organs and animals.
29
Phase 1 clinical trials?
Test for side effects. Low doses given to healthy people.
30
Phase 2 clinical trials?
Test for efficiency. Tested on small number of patients.
31
Phase 3 clinical trials?
Test for optimum dosage. Tested on large number of patients.
32
What is a double-blind trial?
A test in which a group of patients are split in half and one half get the drug and the other get a placebo. (Neither the patient or doctor knows who has what)
33
What is a placebo and why do they use it?
A placebo is a tasteless sugar pill. It is used to see if the condition improves on its own due to physiological effects.
34
Describe the process in which monoclonal antibodies are produced?
1. Mouse is injected with an antigen. 2. B cells are harvested from the mouse. 3. The B cells are fused with cancer/tumour cells to form Hybridoma cells. 4. Divide Hybridoma cells and harvest antibodies from them.
35
Why do you fuse B cells with cancer cells?
B cells don’t divide so they fuse it with cancer cells so it divides continuously.
36
What do cancer cells do?
Uncontrolled cell division
37
Monoclonal antibodies are specific. What does this mean?
They only bind to one antigen. This means they can be used to target a specific chemical or cell in the body.
38
What is a problem with monoclonal antibodies?
They create more side effects than expected.
39
Name five ways in which monoclonal antibodies can be used
1. For diagnosis 2. Measuring levels of chemicals in the body 3. For detecting pathogens 4. For research 5. To treat some diseases
40
Explain how monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat cancer?
The antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing. It delivers the substance to the cancer cells and because it is specific to the cancer cells, it doesn’t harm other cells in the body.
41
Describe how monoclonal antibodies work in a pregnancy test?
1. Urine applied to end. 2. HCG bind with mobile anti-HCG antibodies. 3. In test window a line of bound anti-HCG antibodies will bind to HCG. (Forms a red line) 4.Mobile anti-HCG antibodies with no bound HCG move to control window which form another red line.
42
List 7 ways that you can tell if a plant is diseased?
Stunted growth, spots on leaves, areas of decay/rot, growths, malformed stems, discolouration, pests.
43
Give three ways to identify a plants disease.
1. Use a gardening manual or website. 2. Identify the pathogen in a lab. 3. Using a test kit.
44
How would you know if a plant had a magnesium deficiency?
Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll. The leaves become yellow because there isn’t enough chlorophyll.
45
Name three adaptations that plants have to physically protect themselves?
1. Thorns and hairs to deter animals. 2. Leaves that droop or curl when touched. 3. Mimicry ti trick animals.
46
How would you know if a plant had a nitrate deficiency?
Nitrate ions affect protein synthesis. They help a plant convert the sugars made in photosynthesis into proteins needed for growth. This means if there isn’t enough nitrate, the plant will have stunted growth.
47
Name three physical defences that plants have against microorganisms?
1. Cellulose cell walls 2. Tough waxy cuticle on leaves. Layers of dead cells around stems which fall off. (Bark on trees)
48
Name two chemical defences in plants?
1. Antibacterial chemicals 2. Poisons to deter herbivores

Biology (4 decks)

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