Topic 3 (Saliva) Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
is defined as “a clear, tasteless, odourless, slightly alkaline, viscous fluid, consisting of the secretion from the parotid, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands and the mucous glands of the oral cavity.
A
Saliva
2
Q
forms a film of fluid coating the teeth and mucosa thereby creating and regulating a healthy environment in the oral cavity.
A
Saliva
3
Q
When referring to the fluid normally present in the mouth, the term ____ is commonly used
A
whole saliva
4
Q
which is that flowing from the individual glands
A
duct saliva
5
Q
Total amount/volume/daily secretion:
A
500 to 1,500 ml
6
Q
A large proportion of this volume is secreted at ____, when the secretory rate is highest.
A
meal time
7
Q
slightly cloudy and viscous, due to presence of cells and mucin.
A
Consistency of saliva
8
Q
slightly cloudy and viscous, due to presence of ____ and ____.
A
cells and mucin
9
Q
usually slightly acidic
A
pH of saliva
10
Q
Saliva ph is
A
pH 6.35 - 6.85
11
Q
Specific gravity
A
1.002 - 1.012
12
Q
Freezing point
A
0.07 - 0.34°C
13
Q
Saliva is usually ____ but
approaches isotonicity when flow rates are high
A
hypotonic
14
Q
Saliva approaches ____ when flow rates are high
A
isotonicity
15
Q
Unstimulated (Whole Saliva)
A
0.3 - 0.4 ml/min
16
Q
Unstimulated (Parotid Gland Saliva)
A
0.04
17
Q
Unstimulated (Submandibular & Sublingual Gland)
A
0.1
18
Q
Stimulated (Whole Saliva)
A
2.0 - 5.0 ml/min
19
Q
Stimulated (Parotid Gland Saliva)
A
1.0 - 2.0
20
Q
Stimulated (Submandibular & Sublingual Gland)
A
0.8
21
Q
it is absent in saliva
A
glucose
22
Q
Glucose is found in saliva during ____
A
Diabetes Mallitus
23
Q
How much water does saliva has?
A
99%
24
Q
How much solids does saliva has?
A
0.5%
25
What are the factors affecting composition of saliva:
- Time of the say
- source of secretion
- pathology
- flow rate
- differential gland contribution
- circadian rhythm
- nature of stimuli
- diet & hydration
26
Give the Functions of Saliva:
- Preparation of food for swallowing
- Appreciation of taste
- Digestive function
- Cleansing and protective function
- Role in speech
- Lubrication and protection
- Buffering and clearance
- Maintenance of tooth integrity
27
to produce fluid
Acinar cells
28
Acinar cells: ____, ____ and ____ along with ____ to preserve neutrality
K, Na and HCO3 ions along will Cl
29
Isotonic
Primary Secretion
30
rich blood supply
Ductal Cells
31
Reabsorption of Na ions
Duct Cells
32
Secretion of HCO3 and K ions
Duct Cells
33
Hypotonic
Final Salivary Secretion
34
saliva is a ____ secretion of salivary glands
hypo-osmotic
35
Since saliva is a hypo-osmotic secretion of salivary glands. Hence, metabolic activity i.e. oxygen consumption is increased by ____ during secretory activity as compared to that at rest
5 folds
36
At rest, Saliva contains:
more -
less -
compared to plasma
more K ions
less of Na, Cl and Bicarbonate ions
37
as salivary flow increases, there is less time for ion exchange in the ducts, the result being less ____ and more ____ resembling primary secretion
less hypotonic and more isotonic
38
increases the K concentration and decreases the Na concentration of saliva
Aldosterone
39
What concentration of saliva does aldosterone increases?
K (Potassium) concentration
40
What concentration of saliva does aldosterone decreases?
Na (Sodium) concentration
41
a high salivary Na/K ratio is seen when aldosterone is ____.
deficient
42
Watery saliva
Stimulation of Parasympathetic Nerves
43
Liberates Kallikrein from the gland cells which acts on plasma globulins to form bradykinin
Stimulation of Parasympathetic Nerves
44
are a group of serine proteases that are found in diverse tissues and biological fluids
Liberates Kallikrein
45
Effect mediated by relach of Ach
Stimulation of Parasympathetic Nerves
46
Also casuses release of Vasoactive Intestinal
Polypeptide
Stimulation of Parasympathetic Nerves
47
Vasodilation in salivary glands
Stimulation of Parasympathetic Nerves
48
Increased secretion from the acini
Stimulation of Parasympathetic Nerves
49
Thick & mucus saliva
Stimulation of Sympathetic Nerves
50
Shorter & less strong
Stimulation of Sympathetic Nerves
51
Probably synergistic action
Stimulation of Sympathetic Nerves
52
Effect mediated by release of noradrenaline
Stimulation of Sympathetic Nerves
53
Causes vasoconstriction: secretion of small amounts of saliva rich in organic constituents and mucus from submandibular & sublingual glands
Stimulation of Sympathetic Nerves
54
Salivary Secretion Increases Either By:
- Taste of food within 20-30 seconds (innate reflex)
- By sight, smell, or thought of food (conditioned
reflex)
55
Taste of food within ____
20-30 seconds
56
Taste of food within 20-30 seconds
A. Innate Reflex
B. Conditioned Reflex
A. Innate Reflex
57
By sight, smell, or thought of food
A. Innate Reflex
B. Conditioned Reflex
B. Conditioned Reflex
58
Give the Factors Altering Salivary Flow:
- Unstimulated - Submandibular
- Stimulated - Parotid
- Acidic Food - Maximum Stimulation
- Sweet Food - Least Stimulation
59
Sympathomimetic drugs: adrenaline, ephedrine
A. Increase Salivary Secretion
B. Decrease Salivary Secretion
A. Increase Salivary Secretion
60
Parasympathomimetic drugs: acetylcholine.
muscarine, physostigmine
A. Increase Salivary Secretion
B. Decrease Salivary Secretion
A. Increase Salivary Secretion
61
Histamine stimulates the salivary secretion
A. Increase Salivary Secretion
B. Decrease Salivary Secretion
A. Increase Salivary Secretion
62
Sympathetic depressants: ergotamine, dipheniramine
A. Increase Salivary Secretion
B. Decrease Salivary Secretion
B. Decrease Salivary Secretion
63
Parasympathetic depressants: atropine, scopolamine
A. Increase Salivary Secretion
B. Decrease Salivary Secretion
B. Decrease Salivary Secretion
64
Anesthetics: chloroform, ether increase secretion of saliva, however deep anesthesia decrease secretion due to central inhibition
A. Increase Salivary Secretion
B. Decrease Salivary Secretion
B. Decrease Salivary Secretion
65
Excess secretion of saliva
Hypersalivation
66
Physiological condition - Pregnancy
Hypersalivation
67
Pathological hypersalivation is called ____
- Ptyalism
- Sialorrhoea
- Sialism
- Sialosis
68
Tooth decay or neoplasm of mouth or tongue
Hypersalivation
69
Disease of esophagus, stomach or intestine
Hypersalivation
70
Neurological disorders like cerebral palsy and mental retardation
Hypersalivation
70
Cerebral Stroke
Hypersalivation
71
Parkinsonism
Hypersalivation
72
Nausea and vomiting
Hypersalivation
73
Reduction in salivary secretion
Hyposalivation
74
What are the two types of Hyposalivation:
- Temporary
- Permanent
75
Emotional conditions like fear, Fever, or Dehydration
Temporary Hyposalivation
76
sialolithiasis, congenital absence or hypoplasia of salivary glands, bell's palsy
Permanent Hyposalivation
77
Dry mouth/Pasties/Cottonmouth
Xerostomia
78
Due to hyposalivation or aptyalism
Xerostomia
79
Give the causes of xerostomia:
1. Dehydration due to Renal failure
2. Sjogren's syndrome
3. Post Radiotherapy
4. Trauma to gland or ducts
5. Side effect of some drugs
6. Shock
7. After smoking marijuana
80
Uncontrolled flow of saliva with inability to retain saliva in the mouth
Drooling
81
Drooling occurs in:
1. During teeth eruption in children
2. Upper respiratory tract infection or nasal allergies in children
3. Dysphagia
4. Tonsillitis
5. Peritonsillar abscess
82
Why is saliva a diagnostic tool?
Because it is..
- Non-invasive
- Limited training
- No costly equipment for collection
- Cost effective
- Eliminates the risk of infection
- Easy, No pain, No needle prick
- Fast
83
Give the methods of collecting saliva:
- Draining Method
- Suction Method
- Spitting Method
- Absorbent Method
84
funnel placed near lip and patient asked to expectorate saliva into the funnel to collect in a pre-weighed test tube.
Draining Method
85
saliva is aspirated into a pre-weighed container using a saliva ejector.
Suction Method
86
saliva allowed to accumulate in the floor of the mouth and then spit into a pre-weighed tube. For stimulated saliva patient is asked to chew on paraffin.
Spitting Method
87
For stimulated saliva patient is asked to chew on ____.
paraffin
88
preweighed swab, cotton roll. gauze sponge.
Absorbent Method
89
Give the General Rules Common to all Salivary Gland:
1. Autonomic nerves control its flow.
2. Osmotic pressure (tonicity) exerted by saliva is
lower than serum.
3. Tonicity increases as flow rate of saliva increases.
4. Saliva contains potassium ions 2 to 10 times the
concentration of serum potassium.
5. Saliva in many animals contains a high level of the
digestive amylase and other macromolecules.
90
During ____ Salivary flow is almost zero, thus it is very important to clean the mouth before sleep to remove substances which can be fermented = caries formation
During Sleep
91
Decrease flow of saliva buffering effect = increase caries.
During Sleep
92
Decrease flow of saliva buffering effect =
increase caries
