Topic 3 - The Voice of the Genome Flashcards
(20 cards)
Know that all living organisms are made of cells, sharing some features.
3.1
Know the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells
3.2
including nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes, rough & smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, centrioles, lysosomes and Golgi apparatus.
Understand the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) & the Golgi apparatus in protein transport within cells, including their role in the formation of extracellular enzymes.
3.3
Know the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells
3.4
including cell wall, capsule, plasmid, flagellum, pili, ribosomes, mesosomes & circular DNA.
be able to recognise the organelles in 3.2 from electron microscope images.
3.5
Understand how mammalian gametes are specialised for their functions (including the acrosome in sperm and the zone pellucida in the egg).
3.6
Know the process of fertilisation in mammals, including the acrosome reaction, the cordial reaction & the fusion of nuclei.
3.7
Know that the meaning of locus
3.8 (i)
Understand the linkage of genes on a chromosome & sex linkage.
3.8 (ii)
Understand the role of meiosis in ensuring genetic variation through the production of non-identical gametes as a consequence of independent assortment of chromosomes & crossing over of alleles between chromatids.
3.9
Understand the role of mitosis & the cell cycle in producing identical daughter cells for growth & asexual reproduction.
3.10
Prepare & stain a root tip squash to observe the stages of mitosis.
Core practical 5
Understand what is meant by the terms ‘stem cell, pluripotency & totipotency’.
3.11 (i)
Be able to discuss the way society uses scientific knowledge to make decisions about the use of stem cells in medical therapies.
3.11 (ii)
Understand how cells become specialised through differential gene expression, producing active mRNA leading to synthesis of proteins, which in turn control cell proceses or determine cell structure in animals & plants, including the lac operon.
3.12
Understand how the cells of multicellular organisms are organised into tissues, tissues into organs & organs into organ systems.
3.13
Understand how phenotype is the result of an interaction between genotype and the environment.
3.14 (i)
Know how epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation & histone modification, can modify the activation of certain genes.
3.14 (ii)
Understand how epigenetic changes can be passed on following cell division.
3.14 (iii)
Understand how some phenotypes are affected by multiple alleles for the same gene at many loci (polygenic inheritance) as well as the environment and how this can give rise to phenotypes that show continuous variation.
3.15
