TOPIC 4

Question 1

Chronic venous disease encompasses a wide disease spectrum, with an estimated 22 million women and 11 million men in the United States affected by varicose veins. Symptomatic patients with varicose veins that do not respond to conservative management may benefit from endovenous laser therapy, radiofrequency
sclerotherapy, ablation, and

Answer 1

venous intervention

Question 2

vein walls consist of three layers;

Answer 2

tunica intima (inner layer)
tunica media (middle layer)
tunica externa (outer layer)

Question 3

(the empty space of the vessel in which the blood moves through) Is generally larger in veins, which enables them to contaln more blood.

Answer 3

lumen

Question 4

blood is drawn inserting a needle into a vein, usually in the arm (the median cubital vein is commonly used). Also known as blood extraction, the reverse of infusion.

Answer 4

VENIPUNCTURE

Question 5

swollen, twisted veins that are usually blue or dark purple in color, usually found in the legs and feet. They are a frequent condition, especially in people over 50 years of age, pregnant women, and those who stand or sit for extended periods

Answer 5

varicose veins

Question 6

CAUSES OF VARICOSE VEINS:

Answer 6

venous insufficiency
genetics
hormonal changes
obesity
prolonged inactivity

Question 7

injected directly into the varicose vein, which causes the walls of the vein to adhere to each other and close. With time, the vein is reabsorbed by the body. Most commonly employed for small to moderate-sized varicose veins and spider veins. Recovery is low downtime, and patients tend to be back to normal very quickly after surgery.

Answer 7

sclerotherapy

Question 8

used in standard contemporary clinical practice are usually irritants, osmotic agents, or detergents, destroy the tunica intima’s endothelial cells as well as the luminal 300 um of the tunica media. Irritants and osmotic sclerosants are cytotoxic directly; detergents are less so but break intercellular connections, In the United States, the most widely used sclerosants are the osmotic agent hypertonic saline and the detergents STS and polidocanol.

Answer 8

sclerosant

Question 9

sclerosants

Answer 9

ScLEROSANTS
Irritant sclerosants
Osmotic sclerosants
Detergent sclerosants

Question 10

are chemical corroves that lyse cellular membranes and cause vessel fibrosis

Answer 10

Irritant sclerosants

Question 11

lyse cells by causing rapid diffusion of intracellular fluid into the vessel, causing dehydration of the cell and damage to the membrane

Answer 11

Osmotic sclerosants

Question 12

cause damage to cell membranes through denaturation of protein, also create micelles at some concentrations and will create a foam when combined with gas

Answer 12

Detergent sclerosants

Question 13

A laser fiber is introduced into the involved vein. The laser releases energy that warms and seals the vein, redirecting blood to healthier veins. As appropriate for larger varicose veins. For recovery, patients are normally able to resume normal activities within a day.

Answer 13

EVLT (Endovenous Laser Treatment)

Question 14

catheter is placed into the vein, radiofrequency energy is applied to heat the vein, closing it off. Similar to laser treatment, this process redirects blood to healthier veins. This is suitable for larger veins. With little discomfort, the patients usually go back to usual activities promptly.

Answer 14

Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)

Question 15

Some of the potential risks and complications of RFA include.

Answer 15

bleeding
infection
pain
damage to nearby structures
skin burns
other complications

Question 16

Common types of RFA Procedures:

Answer 16

1. Trigeminal Nerve Radiofrequency Ablation
2. Genicular Nerve Ablation (RF Neurotomy)
3. Radiofrequency Neurotomy of the Cervical Facets
4. Radiofrequency Neurotomy of the Lumbar Facets

Question 17

minimally invasive surgical intervention wherein tiny incisions are done on the skin for the extraction of varicose veins. It is commonly carried out on surface veins. This is ideal for greater varicose veins that are protruding. This is usually done under local anesthesia and recovery is usually rapid.

Answer 17

ambulatory phlebectomy

Question 18

newer procedure that involves a medical adhesive used to seal off the varicose vein. A catheter injects the adhesive, which closes off the vein. Appropriate for patients seeking an alternative to thermal ablation techniques. Very little discomfort and downtime; patients can resume normal activities within a short time after the procedure.

Answer 18

VENASEAL CLOSURE SYSTEM