Topic 8: EQ1 Flashcards

Question

Do all countries recognise the human right of access to education?

Answer 1

No, and substantially more countries have issues over gender discrimination, with females becoming increasingly barred or deterred from access to other levels of education - secondary and tertiary. Nobel Prize winner Malala Yousafzai illustrated the deep rooted ignorance and violence which prevents females from exercising their right to education in Pakistan, but the issue occurs in many nations across Africa, India and the Middle East.

Answer 2

Obstacles such as: -Ethnicity -physical and mental disability -social class -Wealth

Answer 3

It has done much to ensure ‘every child, boy or girl, has access to quality education as a fundamental human right and as a prerequisite for human development’. Despite this effort, literacy rates are more than a 1/4 lower for women than men in many parts of Africa and South Asia.

Answer 4

Much of the world now has a life expectancy which is over 65. On exception of this, however, is Africa. The traditional subdivision of the world into ‘developing’ and ‘developed’ isn’t entirely clear cut. However, the developing world is muddied by high values in South America, North Africa and throughout Asia. We should also distinguish, however, between emerging nations and the least developed.

Answer 5

In nearly all populations, female life expectancy is greater. It can be a difference of 5 years or more in the developed nations. UK life expectancy for men is 78.4 years, where as its 82.8 years for women. The gap is smaller in developing nations, and the opposite trend can even be seen in places such as Botswana, where men’s life expectancy is higher. This is due to high maternal mortality rates.

Answer 6

Japan is highest (84 years), and Sierra Leone is lowest (46 years).

Answer 7

-Number of doctors per 100,000 people -% of population with regular access to essential drugs. The second measure shows an 3-way global subdivision, of developed countries (over 95%), emerging countries (50-95%) and least-developed countries (>50%)

Answer 8

In Africa, there is an important distinction to be made between the North of the Continent and rest. Life expectancy is higher in the nations in the North of Africa, but falls in many of the lower income nations found in Central and Southern Africa. Life expectancy is much higher (20 years) in Algeria (N Africa) than it is in Democratic Republic of Congo. This relationship can be explained by the fact that with diminishing income, food, safe water, proper sanitation and healthcare all become less guaranteed.

Answer 9

Despite the higher levels of income and economic development, there are still significant national differences. As with the developing world, it is the same four factors which come into play. The term deprivation is used to describe a situation of poor diet, housing and healthcare. These symptoms of poverty can combine to create health risks that ultimately increase the death rate and lower the life expectancy.

Answer 10

When an individual’s well-being and QoL falls below a level regarded as a reasonable minimum. Measuring deprivation usually relies on indicators relating to employment, housing, health and education.

Answer 11

No, the lifestyles of the better-off also carry health risks, such as obesity, smoking, alcoholism and heart disease. The increasingly sedentary lifestyles and deterioration in diet quality with ‘ultra-processed’ foods making up 70% of many’s diets brings these issues with modern living.

Answer 12

There is a difference between countries that offer a ‘free’ healthcare system paid for by taxes, and countries where healthcare is largely in the private sector and for either through social health insurance, or on an ‘as and when’ basis. The USA does have a lower life expectancy than many of its developed counterparts, and it is thought that their lack of a national healthcare system is a root cause for this. It is the poorest in developed nations who suffer most from this, as they cannot afford to visit a doctor unless it is absolutely necessary.

Answer 13

-Regions -Ethnicity -Poverty and deprivation -Lifestyle and socio-economic group -Healthcare The government (specifically its policies and intervention) also plays an important role impacting these differences.

Answer 14

A girl born in the UK at the start of the 20th century had an average life expectancy of 50, but one born today would be expected to life past 80. This is due to the medical advances in the UK, improving diet and housing and changes in the UK economy.

Answer 15

Highest in England (77.7years for men, 81.9 for women), and lowest in Scotland (75.0 for men, and 79.9 for women). These are most likely to reflect the differences in lifestyle and the general level of affluence.

Answer 16

Yes, there is more than 15 year’s difference in the Life Expectancy of those living in Richmond Upon Thames and those living in one of the poorest regions of Manchester. The UK’s biggest killers of heart disease and cancer are most commonly found in the UK’s most deprived areas, which can cause the lower life expectancies seen. Dorset – 83.8 years for men and 86.6 for women. Glasgow city - 73.2 years (-10) for men and 78.3(-8) for women.

Answer 17

Those in the ‘professional’ socio-economic group have the highest life expectancy (≈82.5 years), with those in skilled manual labour, as well as general unskilled labour at the bottom. These will be partially explained by differences in lifestyle and housing of the different socio-economic groups, but working conditions will also give an explanation in some cases. Those who are constantly exposed to harmful chemicals will suffer from respiratory disease, while those in intense office jobs may suffer the effects of increased stress.

Answer 18

Highest for Chinese (≈80years), and lowest for Bangladeshi (≈74.5 years). It is possible that the explanation for these may lie within the inherited genes, but it could also be due to ethnic groups often living in bubbles together, which means they will then be likely to reflect the regional differences in life expectancy.

Answer 19

the number of deaths of females per 100,000 live births in a year while pregnant or within 42 day of pregnancy finishing.

Answer 20

the average number of years a person might be expected to live based on the year of their birth.

Answer 21

the number of deaths of children under 1 year of age compared with the total number of live births in one year in an area. % or out of 1000.

Answer 22

Globally, maternal mortality has reduced 45% between 1990 and 2013. It has improved by as much as 86% in developing nations such as Cambodia, but only 17% in Kenya. Child mortality has reduced by 47%, especially high in Peru (77%), but low in Somalia 17%.

Answer 23

Average GDP per capita US$800 in DRC, with 40% of children suffering from severe malnutrition and are forced for work. Water supply for 47.6% the population is ‘unimproved’ and despite the civil conflict having formally ended, fighting still continues which threats future developments. In Algeria, between 1980-2014, GDP per capita increased by 30%, and life expectancy from birth increased by 16.6 years to 76 (DRC’s is 56). Despite these improvements, Algeria still has relatively low literacy rates, 23% below the poverty line and 20% of the rural population lacking access to safe sanitation.

Answer 24

Indigenous people make up about 3% of Australia’s population of 24 million. For the Aboriginal people, the average life expectancy is estimates to be about 10 years lower than the 82 years average which is enjoyed by the rest of the population.

Answer 25

-According the UN, QoL for aboriginal people is the 2nd worst in the world. A genetic reason could partially explain this, but the issue is grown due to: -Poor housing -Dispossession of their traditional lands -Low education level -High unemployment -Hidden ethnic discrimination -Inability of politicians to address standing issues -Use of substances and alcohol abuse -Heavy smoking

Answer 26

While spending per capita on indigenous is higher than non-indigenous populations, many of these people lack the transport to get them to medical centres, meaning healthcare is an issue. Despite this partially being due to 25% of them living in rural remote areas, 30% also now live in major cities.

Answer 27

The capital and Human Resources that drive and sustain human development. The link between these two types is critical, and is in the hands of the government. The government determines how much of a country’s wealth should be spent on factors that enrich human development, such as education and health. The amount they choose to spend depends on the government attitude towards social development.

Answer 28

One running from left wing (socialist) to right wing (capitalist), and the other running from democratic (a regularly elected governmental body) to authoritarian and totalitarian.

Answer 29

Two examples of these countries are Ethiopia and Cuba, who both have more than 5% of total GDP spent on education. In Ethiopia, this could be because it’s democratic republican government is more inclined to invest in education. In Cuba, it would be because of the socialist commitment to give all children equal access to schooling.

Answer 30

Only 3.5% of GDP is invested into education, compared to 10.3% for healthcare. This difference could be reflected by the Japanese lifestyle, or the fact that the population has few young and many elderly. In other countries, lack of spending on education could be due to totalitarian regimes not wanting society to become too informed.

Answer 31

Democratically elected governments, such as the UK and Japan, which spend 9.1% and 10.3% of GDP expenditure on healthcare respectively.

Answer 32

This would presumably be because more well-off citizens spend their own money on medical assistance, or will go to other nations for treatments.

Answer 33

A system of government that is centralised and dictatorial. It requires complete subservience to the state with control being in the hands of elites. These may be the military or powerful families or tribes.

Answer 34

This is the idea that societies can and do improve their economic, political and social structures. It is about meeting basic human needs, raising well-being and creating opportunities for people to improve their lot. It can be slow, but accelerated by: -Government intervention -Social enterprise (businesses trading for a social or environmental purpose) -Social activism

Answer 35

-Has one of the highest levels of gov spending of G20 nations (over 56% GDP) -It has a predominantly state funded healthcare system, although French citizens also pay a small top-up health insurance. -Welfare and pension payments are high, annual pension for a full-time worker for 40 years is roughly £15000. -France has a high education spending, about £8500 per student in 2015. In London this is only £7000.

Answer 36

-Saudi Arabia is the G20s most autocratic power- with a ruling royal family. Oil production makes up 97% of export earnings, largely owned by royal elites. They control the Saudi economy, and when oil prices are high, the government enjoys significant revenue. 50% of the 10 million employees in Saudi are ex-pats (from overseas). This is often for contract work,

Answer 37

-Their healthcare system is 80% state funded. Hospitals are high quality and State healthcare is free. -Welfare and pension payments vary. In 2015, 1/3 of working age Saudis were in work, but the official unemployment rate was just 12%. Hidden rates were higher, as only 22% of Saudi Arabian women work. -20% of the population live in poverty, with half the population ages 25 or less, and many unemployed. -Pensions are low by global standards (£300 a month), but very few ex-pats remain in Saudi Arabia.

Answer 38

Among the major players involved in the promotion of global development are the World Bank, WTO and IMF. Their efforts are very much focused on economic development, seeing it as the springboard for advances on other fronts of human development.

Answer 39

They see economic growth as the stemming of a more even and equitable playing field. This relies of things such as free trade, privatisation and the deregulation of financial markets. Not all IGOs are focused on economic growth, for example UNESCO have a much greater focus on human condition, human rights and quality of life.

Answer 40

This means theories based on economic liberalism where state intervention is reduced, and the working of the private markets is left unregulated.

Answer 41

-A founding member of the Global Partnership for Education (GPE). This invests in early childhood education for all children. Has especially focused on the most disadvantaged children, including girls, ethnic minorities and those with disabilities or in places of conflict. Over $35billion was invested between 2002 and 2015.

Answer 42

-Has had a new initiative - the climate change action plan. -Aims to help developing countries such as India add renewable energy to their mix, and provide 100million people with early flooding warning systems. Also invested into agricultural development in 40 countries. -This has been done because of the increased recognition that climate change is a threat to efforts to end global poverty.

Answer 43

-Had a role to strengthen weak currencies and foster strong economic development policies. -In return for re-arranging loans at adjusted interest rates, structural readjustment programmes (SAPs) were imposed on the indebted countries.

Answer 44

Aim was to reduce the role that the State plays in the economies of these countries involved (e.g through privatisation). The effect was to provide greater benefits to TNCs in nations.

Answer 45

The IMF has shifted its focus to global poverty, through the poverty reduction programme. Instead of imposing conditions, countries develop their own medium-term development plans in order to receive aid, loans and debt relief. Currently, the IMF is working with the government of Haiti to implement development strategies which would enable its economy to become more resilient. They target making Haiti an emerging country by 2030.

Answer 46

They have encouraged nations to increase trade as a way of promoting economic development and reducing their debts. However, these policies have often caused negative effects such as environmental degradation. WTO trade policies now aim to tackle environmental problems by: -Restricting the international movements of harmful or endangered species and products. -Challenging trade agreements where there may be implications for climate change, such as forest clearance.

Answer 47

This is the widening income and prosperity gap between the global ‘haves’ of the developed world and the ‘have nots’ of the developing world.

Answer 48

The UN’s MDGs were a set of targets agreed in 2000 in a series of international conferences and summit meetings of the world’s leaders. The aim was to fight poverty and combat a range of issues hampering human development. The overall goals is to reduce the development gap. -8 MDGs were agreed relating to specific aspects which developing nations needed to improve on to catch up. Data allowed these to be measured annually, and each country set a specific and measurable target to aim for for each of the 8 goals.

Answer 49

A report was made available in 2015, and it considers the worldwide progress nations have made on the 8 targets. Crucially, it recognises that progress has been uneven between regions and countries. It was very evident that Sub-Saharan Africa stands out as the region that is struggling most to get near the MDGs, followed by Oceania.

Answer 50

-Eradicate extreme poverty -Achieve universal primary education -Promote gender equality and empower women -Reduce Child mortality -Improve maternal health -Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases -Ensure environmental sustainability -Develop a goal partnership for development

Answer 51

A meeting in 2010, with representatives of over 70 nations, was made for a post-2015 agenda to take over from the MDGs. The outcome was 17 SDGs, which focus on ending poverty, fighting inequality and injustice, as well as tackling climate change by 2030.

Answer 52

The new SDGs and broader sustainability agenda go further than the MDGs. They address the root cause of poverty and the universal need for a style of development that works for all people. They’re connected to 3 focus areas of the UN development programme: -Sustainable development -Democratic governance and peace building -Climate and disaster resilience.

Answer 53

-No poverty -Zero hunger -Clean water and sanitation -Reduced inequalities -Sustainable cities and communities

Answer 54

Can be split into education, employment and politics. -Was successful in education, ratio of girls:boys enrolled in primary education went from 74:100 in 1990 to 103:100 in 2015. -Improvement in employment, with % of workers being female (excluding agriculture) by from 35% to 41%. -Lots more work still to be done politically, with women only making up roughly 20% of parliamentary seats globally.

Answer 55

The gini coefficient is a measure of income inequality in a nation, with 1 being the most unequal, and 0 being the most equal. This can be displayed graphically by using the Lorenz curve.