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Chemistry Edexcel ✅ > Topic 9 - Separate Chemistry 2 > Flashcards

Topic 9 - Separate Chemistry 2 Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

Flame tests are

A

Tests to identify specific metal ions by burnign them as solids over a flame

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2
Q

Lithium ion flame test

A

Red flame

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3
Q

Sodium ion flame test

A

Yellow flame

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4
Q

Potassium ion flame test

A

Lilac flame

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5
Q

Calcium ion flame test

A

Orange-red flame

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6
Q

Copper ion flame test

A

Blue-green flame

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7
Q

The test where NaOH is added is for

A

metal ions in solid or solution that precipitate out of solution when formed

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8
Q

Aluminium ion precipitate test

A

White precipitate at first, then dissolves in excess NaOH to become colourless

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9
Q

Calcium ion precipitate test

A

White precipitate

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10
Q

Copper ion precipitate test

A

Blue precipitate

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11
Q

Iron(II) ion precipitate

A

Green precipitate

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12
Q

Iron(III) ion precipitate

A

Brown precipitate

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13
Q

Test for ammonium ions

A

Add NaOH solution and gently heat it. If ammonia gas is given off then it is ammonium ions. Use red litmus paper to test for gas, it should turn blue

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14
Q

Test for carbonate ions

A

Add dilute acid
If carbonate ions are present, the mixture will fiz and produce CO2 gas
Use carbon dioxide test in limewater to make sure

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15
Q

Test for sulfate ions

A

Add some dilute hydrochloric acid, the nsome barium chloride solution.
If sulfate ions are present, a white precipitate will form

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16
Q

Test for halide ions(chloride, bromide, iodide)

A

Add dilute nitric acid, and a few drops of silver nitrate solution. A precipitate should form
Chloride give white precipitate
Bromide gives cream precipitate
Iodide gives yellow precipitate

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17
Q

Instrumental analysis is

A

Tests that use machines

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18
Q

Advantages of instrumental analysis

A

Very sensitive
Very fast
Very accurate

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19
Q

Flame photometry is

A

A type of instrumental analysis that detects the wavelengths of an ion in a dilute solution.

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20
Q

Alkanes and alkenes are

A

Homologous groups of hydrocarbons

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21
Q

Alkanes general formula

A

CnH2n+2

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22
Q

Acronym to remember order of alkanes

A

Monkeys eat peanut butter

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23
Q

Order of alkanes

A

Methane(CH4)
Ethane(C2H6)
Propane(C3H8)
Butane(C4H10)

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24
Q

Alkanes are

A

saturated hydrocarbons

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25
Alkanes are saturated because
Each atom forms bonds with as many other atoms is they can
26
Alkenes have a
Double C=C bond
27
Fisrt three alkenes are
Ethene Propene Butene
28
Butene can be either
But-1-ene But-2-ene
29
Why is there 2 butenes
In longer chains, the double bond can be in the middle or at the end of the chain
30
But-1-ene has the double bond in the
Middle
31
But-2-ene has the double bond at the
End of the chain
32
Alkenes are
Unsaturated hydrocarbons because the double bond can open up and allow for more bonds to be made
33
You can test for alkenes using
Bromine water
34
Bromine water test for alkenes
Shake together. The alkene will decolourise bromine water and turn it from orange to colourless. This is because it is an addition reaction where bromine gets added to the chain and the double bond opens up.
35
Alkanes dont react with bromine water because
There cant be an addition reaction when there is no more possible bonds to be made
36
What happens in the complete combustion of alkanes and alkenes
Burn in oxygen. The hydrocarbons get oxidised to form carbon dioxide and water
37
Polymers are
substances with high average molecular masses made by joining up lots of small repeating units called monomers
38
If ethene molecules combine together in a polymerisation reaction,
A polymer forms called poly(ethene)
39
The name of the polymer always comes from
the type of monomer its made from. Poly(monomer)
40
Formula of polymers are
The formula of monomer in brackets with a small n after. eg(C3H6)n
41
Addition polymers are made from
Unsaturated monomers
42
4 types of addition polymers need to know
Poly(ethene) Poly(propene) Poly(chloroethene) (PVC) Poly(tetraflouroethene) (PTFE)
43
Poly(ethene) properties
Flexible, electrical insulator, cheap
44
Poly(ethene) uses
Plastic bags, bottles, wire insulation
45
Poly(propene) properties
Flexible, strong, tough, mouldable
46
Poly(propene) uses
Crates, furniture, ropes
47
Poly(chloroethene) properties
Tough, cheap
48
Poly(chloroethene) uses
Window frames, water pipes
49
PTFE properties
Unreactive, tough, non-stick
50
PTFE uses
Non-stick pans, waterproof clothing
51
Polymers can also be made using
Condensation polymerisation
52
Condensation polymerisation is
Involves two different types of monomer, each containing two fucntional groups on the end of their molecules The functional groups react with eachother and bond, which creates long chains of alternating monomers. For each new bond that forms, a small molecule is lost
53
Polyesters are
condensation polymers
54
Polyesters form when
Dicarboxylic acid and diol monomers react together to form an ester link. For each ester link formed, a molecule of water is lost
55
Problems associated with polymers
Uses crude oil which is non-renewable Stays in landfill because it isnt biodegradable Toxic gases are released when burned They are hard to recycle
56
Advantages of recycling polymers
Reduces amount of landfill Reduces emissions of toxic gases Less energy than making new plastics Reduces amount of crude oil needed Saves money and creates jobs
57
Disadvantages of recycling polymers
Difficult and expensive to seperate When mixed it leads to a lower quality product Only be recycled a number of times Meltign them releases dangerous gases
58
3 naturally ocurring polymers
DNA(made up of nucleotide monomers) Proteins(made of amino acids monomers) Starch(made of sugar monomers)
59
Alcohols general formula
CnH2nOH
60
Alcohols contain the functional group
OH
61
Fisrt four alcohols in homologous series
Methanol Ethanol propanol Butanol
62
Alcohols are named by
adding -ol to the end
63
If a mixture of alcohol and and acid catalyst is heated
It is a dehydration reaction that forms and alkene and water
64
Investigating the efficiency of alcohols as fuels
Put alcohol in spirit burner and measure the mass of the burner and fuel. Measure 100cm^3 distilled water into a copper calorimeter Insulate the calorimeter and place a thermometer and lid on top Take initial temp of water and then light the wick Let water heat up by 20*C Reweigh the burner and fuel Compare how much alcohol is used to heat water up
65
Alcohols can be oxidised to form
carboxylic acids
66
Carboxylic acid functional group
-COOH
67
Carboxylic acid general formula
Cn-1H2n-1COOH
68
Fisrt four carboxylic acids
Methanoic acid Ethanoic acid Propanoic acid Butanoic acid
69
Carboxylic acid properties
Like typical acid properties partially ionise and form H+ ions
70
Ethanol + Oxidising agent --->
Ethanoic acid
71
Members of a homologous series have similar reactions because
Their molecules contain the same functional group
72
Ethanol can be made by
Fermentation of carbohydrates in aqueous solution with yeast
73
Fermentation is the process of
using yeast to convert a sugar into alcohol
74
Ethanol production by fermentation process
Yeast provides and enzyme. The mixture of yeast and carbohydrate is placed in a warm place in anaerobic conditions(to prevent ethanoic acid forming) When alcohol forms, it kills off the yeast and it falls to the bottom. The ethanol is collected from the top
75
Ethanol can be concentrated by
Fractional distillation`
76
nanoparticles are
Very tiny particles that contain a few hundred atoms
77
nanoparticles size
1-100nm
78
Nanoparticles have a high
SA:V ratio
79
Uses of nanoparticles
Catalysts Sunscreens Nanomedicines Lubricant coatings
80
Possible issues of nanoparticles
Tiny and dont break down so could build up in cells Could cause lung inflammation if breathed in
81
2 types of ceramics
Glass and clay
82
Ceramics are
materials made by baking substances
83
Ceramics properties
Brittle and stiff
84
Composites are
Made of one material embedded into another
85
Examples of composites
Carbon fibre(carbon fibres held together in a polymer resin matrix) Fibre glass Concrete
86
Metals properties
Conduct heat and electricity High density Malleable Alloys can be formed

Chemistry Edexcel ✅ (9 decks)

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